교육의 결과적 평등에 대한 소고: 최소 기준을 중심으로

최휘도 ( Choi Hwi Do ),최진 ( Choi Jin ) 대경교육학회 2022 교육학논총 Vol.43 No.2

COVID-19 이후 교육적 불평등에 관한 이슈가 점차 심화되는 가운데, 교육에서 ‘평등’에 관한 논의는 새로운 주제가 아니다. 그러나 지금까지 우리나라에서 교육의 평등이란 곧 기회와 과정의 평등을 의미하는 것이었다. 즉, 학생들이 자신들이 속한 사회적 환경에 상관없이 비슷한 수준의 교사, 학교 교실 그리고 교육과정에서 학습할 기회를 제공하는 것이 우리가 이해하는 일반적인 교육적 평등으로 이해되었다고 할 수 있다. 이 글은 여기에 교육의 ‘결과적 평등’에 관한 논의가 보완될 수 있음을 밝히며 이를 뒷받침할 수 있는 이론적 자원을 탐색하고자 한다. 궁극적으로 이 글에서 제안하는 결과적 평등은 학생들이 반드시 갖추어야 할 최소 기준의 달성 여부와 관련된다. 이러한 논의의 전개를 위해 첫째, 평등과 교육 평등의 의미를 시대적 관점의 변화에 따라 확인하고, 우리 교육이 교육 평등과 교육의 결과적 평등을 추구해야 하는 이유를 밝힌다. 둘째, 교육의 결과적 평등을 실현한 실제로써 핀란드 교육의 교육 평등적 특징에 대해 분석한다. 마지막으로 우리 교육이 역량 중심으로 교육의 최소 기준을 설정해야 하는 까닭을 결과적 평등의 관점에서 제시한다. As the issue of educational inequality gradually intensifies after COVID-19, the discussion of equality in education is not a new topic. However equality of education in Korea has meant equality of opportunity and process. In other words it is understood as a general educational equality that we understand that students provide a similar level of opportunity to learn in school classroom and curriculum regardless of their social environment. This article attempts to explore theoretical resources that can supplement the discussion on on the equality of outcome in education by thinking about points that are not sufficient for this discussion of educational equality. The equality of outcome in education is related to having the essential competencies that students must have. Therefore it suggests the meaning of equality and education through changes in the perspective of the times and major concepts and clarify the reason why our education should pursue education equality and the equality of outcomes in education and analyzes the educational equality characteristics of Finnish education as a realization of the resulting equality of education. Finally this article suggests the reason why our education should set minimum standards for education centered on competency.

급성 심근 경색 환자에서 좌심실 기능 , 좌심방 기능 및 폐정맥 혈류 양상의 변화

김복근(Bok Kun Kim),주승재(Seung Jae Joo),배영환(Young Hwan Bae),박선미(Sun Mi Park),최진(Jin Choi),최휘(Hwi Choi),윤병철(Byung Chul Yoon),오원섭(Won Sub Oh),구양훈(Yang Hwun Koo),홍성준(Sung Jun Hong),김진(Jin Kim),박능화(Neung Hwa 대한내과학회 1997 대한내과학회지 Vol.53 No.6

Objectives: Acute myocardial infarction decreases left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. Left ventricular diastolic function is usually assessed with the left ventricular filling patterns. Abnormal left ventricular tilling patterns after acute myocardial infarction can be classified as relaxation abnormality, pseudonormalization, and restriction, but sometimes the differentiation between pseudonormalization and the normal pattern is difficult. To assess left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, and left atrial function after acute myocardial infarction, M-mode, two-dimensional, pulsed Doppler, and automated border detection echocardiography were performed. To complement the information obtainable from the mitral flow patterns, pulmonary venous flow patterns were also analysed to assess the left ventricular filling patterns. Methods: Twenty six patients (mean age 60 ±10) underwent echocardiographic examination 7 to 14 days after acute myocardial infarction. Twenty healthy persons(mean age 57±12) were served as a control group. Various indexes were obtained with M-mode, two-dimensional, pulsed Doppler, and automated border detection echocardiography Results: 1) Mean age, sex ratio, heart rate, body mass index were not different between patient and control groups. There were five patients with hypertension in patient group. Left ventricular mass index of patient group was greater than that of control group (163±43g/㎡ vs. 109±22g/㎡, P<0.0D1). 2) Patients had decreased cardiac index(2.35±0.53L/min/㎡ vs. 3.02±0.70L/min/㎡, P<0.05) and left ventricular ejection fraction(55±12% vs. 62± 0.4%). There was a negative correlation between left ventricular regional wall motion score and ejection fraction(r=-0.71; P<0.001). 3) In patients, peak mitral flow velocity at atrial contraction(A) was higher(73±11cm/sec vs. 63±13 cm/sec; P<0.01), E/A ratio was lower(0.77±0.28 vs. 1.01±0.25; P<0.01), and left ventricular isovolumic relaxation time was longer(126±34msec vs. 97±21msec; P<0.005). 4) Patients had smaller systolic time-velocity integral(13.0±3.30cm vs. 14.8±2.83cm, P=0.056) and diastolic time--velocity integral(9.18±2.21cm vs. 11.2±2.77cm, P<0.01). 5) Relaxation abnormality of left ventricular filling patterns, which was classified by E/A ratio of less than 1, was more frequently founded in patients than in controls(45%). Four patients had E/A ratio of greater than 1; SV/DV ratio was greater than 1 in two and less than 1 in others. 6) End-diastolic area of left atrium(minimal area) was larger in patients(11±1.9㎠ vs. 9.6+1.4㎠, P<0.01). Therefore, patients showed decreased atrial emptying index and expansion index. Patients had a greater extent of left atrial area decrease resulting from atrial contraction. Conclusion: Patients with acute myocardial infarction showed a decreased left ventricular systolic function and a relaxation abnormality 7 to 14 days after attack, Minimal area of left atrium increased and left atrial function decreased.

갑상선결졀에 대한 초음파 유도하의 세침흡인세포 검사의 진단적 가치

최영식,임학,구양훈,장희경,홍성준,최휘,박요한,오경승 대한내분비학회 1996 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.11 No.4

Background: Thyroid nodule is a common disease of thymid gland. The incidence of malignant nodule is about 3%, so most of thyroid nodules are benign. Because most thyroid nodule morbidity is related to cancerous lesions, early detection of malignant nodule is important. However, some of these nodules are srnall sized or deep seated which were not detected by physieal exarnination but by ultrasonography incidentally. In these cases the diagnostic approach is difficult with conventional methods but it is easy with ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA). However, the role of ultrasound-guided FNA on the thyroid nodules has been poorly evaluated, so we tried to assess the diagnostic value of high resolution ultrasound-guided FNA in the thyroid nodules. Methods: We examined the medical records retrospectively of all patients who were engaged in high resolution ultrasonography(ATL Ultramark-9, 10 MHz linear transducer) due to thyroid nodules and/or other thyroid abnormalities from September, 1995 to March, 1996. Ultrasound- guided FNA was performed in 137 patients with palpable or nonpalpable(small sized or deep seated) nodules which were detected by high resolution ultrasonography. Results: The mean age of the patients was 45 and most of them were middle aged. Male to female ratio was 1:8.1. Malignant nodules were frequent in patients over 30 yus of age. Of 137 patients 43 were involutional change, 45 hyperplasia, 12 Hashimotos thyroiditis, 12 follicular neoplasm, ll papillary carcinoma, 1 Hurthle cell tumor, 1 medullary carcinoma, and 12 inadequate specimen. In 22 cases thyroid nodules were not detected by physical examinatian but by ultrasonography and in 31 cases additional thyroid nodules were detected by ultrasonography. In the nature of thyroid nodules, 99 cases were solid, 16 cystic, 22 mixed. Malignant nodule were more frequent in the solid nodule, but thete was no significant difference between each group. The size of masses was categorized into four groups. Thirty-one cases measured less than 1cm, 63 between 1cm and 1.9cm, 29 between 2cm to 2.9cm, and 14 over 3cm. The malignant nodule was not palpable in 3 cases and the smallest was 0.7cm in diameter. Most of malignant lesions were between 1cm and 2.9cm, but the difference of incidence rate of rnalignant nodules between each group was not significant. The incidence rate of malignancy was 8.8% in solitary nodule and 8.7% in multiple nodules. Twenty-three cases including 12 malignancies diagnosed by FNA underwent operation. Of those 13 were papillary earcinoma, 1 follicular carcinoma, 1 medullary carcinoma. Upon the correlation of ultrasound-guided FNA cytology with pathologic diagnosis, the sensitivity of ultrasound-guided FNA cytology in differentiating benign and malignant nodule was 80.0%, the specificity 100% and overall diagnostic accuracy was 86.1%. The obtainability of adequate cytologic specimen by ultrasound-guided FNA was 91%. No complication except pain was noted during this study. Conclusion: High resolution ultrasound-guided FNA cytology in the thyroid nodules may be useful in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer especially in the nodules which were small sized or deep seated and also useful in early detection of recurrence of thyroid cancer. (J Kor Soc Endocrinol 11:391, 1996)