A. Malraux의 예술사상의 기원과 동양 예술사상과의 관계 : La Tentation de l' Occident을 중심으로

최영환 한국불어불문학회 1985 佛語佛文學硏究 Vol.20 No.1

Influence of Previous Statin Therapy on Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Ezetimibe

최영환,김영,현철원,현승협,권지은,원호연,신승용,이왕수,이광제,김상욱,김태호,김치정 대한심장학회 2014 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.44 No.4

Background and Objectives: The inhibition of cholesterol absorption by ezetimibe increases cholesterol synthesis. The effect of inhibition of cholesterol synthesis on cholesterol absorption is controversial. The influence of these interactions on cholesterol levels is unknown. We investigated on the extent to which cholesterol levels were affected by the reaction of one pathway to the inhibition of the other pathway. Subjects and Methods: This case-controlled study enrolled 198 patients who needed cholesterol-lowering drugs. Ezetimibe (10 mg) was administered to the patients with (n=58) and without on-going statin therapy (n=58). Simvastatin (20 mg) was administered to the patients treated with (n=41) and without ezetimibe (n=41). Results: Ezetimibe without statin lowered the total cholesterol by 13.3±8.8% (p<0.001) and the low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) by 18.7±15.3% (p<0.001). Ezetimibe added to statin decreased the total cholesterol by 21.1±7.7% (p<0.001) and the LDL-C by 29.9± 12.6% (p<0.001). The total cholesterol and LDL-C were reduced more by ezetimibe in patients with statin therapy than in those without statin therapy (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). The differences in the effect of simvastatin on total cholesterol and LDL-C between the patients with and without ezetimibe showed borderline significance (p=0.10 and p=0.055, respectively). Conclusion: A prior inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by statin enhanced the effect of ezetimibe on total cholesterol and LDL-C by 7.8% and 11.2%, respectively. This finding suggests that ezetimibe increased cholesterol synthesis, resulting in a significant elevation of cholesterol levels.

STS 304 鋼의 摩滅의 대하여 溫度 및 濃度의 影響에 관한 硏究

崔榮煥,金元鎰 경남대학교 신소재연구소 1993 論文集 Vol.3 No.-

부식환경 중에서의 ??磨滅特性을 明確하게 하기 위하여 오스테나이트스테인레스綱(STS 304)을 사용하여 蒸溜水 및 NaCl水溶液中에서 NaCl濃度, 雰園氣溫度 및 미끄럼距離에 따른 腐?磨滅量을 측정하였다. 또한 이들 雰園氣變化에 의한 摩擦表面層, 接觸 表面層下部의 變質層組織 및 龜裝發生과 傳심擧動을 조사하기 위하여 실험을 하였다. NaCl의 低濃度域에서의 臨界 미끄럼距離는 一定溫度이상에서 급격히 증가하며 이 臨界溫度는 高農度일수록 低溫으로 되고, 輕磨滅에서 比腐?磨滅率 Wsc는 NaCl농도 0.1%에서 最大値를 가진다. 扶植生成感은 潤滑作用 및 表面硏磨效果가 있고 接觸表面에서의 生成物의 生成率과 용액중으로의 批除率이 臨界미끄럼距離에 영향을 주며, 생성율이 높고 批除率이 낮은 조건에서는 輕磨滅狀態가 된다. The present study was undertaken to investigate the corrosive wear characteristics of the austenitic stainless steel(STS 304). The carried out wnder different experimental conditions using the wear test device, which was made in laboratory, and in which the annular surfaces of wear testing specimens were rubbing in NaCl aqueous solution by varying the temperature, NaCl concentration and sliding distance etc. The critical sliding distance in the lower concentration domain of NaCl rapidiy increased above constant temerature and the critical temerature became low with increasing NaCl concentration. It was found that the specific wear rate reach a maximum at about 0.l %, wt.% NaCl concentration. The corrosion product Fe(OH)₃contributed lubrication and polishing effect. The generated rate of corrosive producth and the eliminated rate to the solution from specimen on the surface was found to exert a significant effect on the oritical sliding distance and that the mild wear state still continues under the condition of high generated rate and low eliminated rate of the corrosion product.

국어과 교수 학습 모형의 체계화 방안

최영환 국어교육학회 1999 國語敎育學硏究 Vol.9 No.1

The Purpose of this study makes clear the relations of teaching models. Teaching models can be classified three types: strategy integrated model, general model, and assistive model. This paper suggests that three types of models must be taken into account for the improving material, modifying procedure of teaching. When we make materials, we consider the strategy integrated model. The contents and arrangements of materials are based on the procedure of the strategy integrated model. Teachers have to understand the structures and properties of several general models. They can modify the models in the goals of education. And they select the assistive models for enhancing the effect of teachinglearning. It helps students learn effectively. And we can obtain the educational effect additionally such as cooperative spirit, mutual respect, and understanding of human being from using this model. It must be focused on teacher's selection and application for an appropriate teaching model for language education.

재미 한글 학교의 한글 교재 사용 실태 및 개선 방안 연구

최영환 한국초등국어교육학회 2013 한국초등국어교육 Vol.51 No.-

As we know, demand and supply of textbooks are considerably different in domestic schools and overseas Korean schools. To solve problems, it is necessary for us to suggest new improvement plans of textbooks for teaching Hangul. First, we have to separate textbooks of Hangul from textbooks of Korean, because Hangul is not a language but an alphabet. Second, teachers want to have several textbooks of Hangul aimed at a specific age group in order to teach beginners in all age groups. Third,textbook authors must unify contents and methods of teaching Hangul, because there are many teachers to select plural textbooks of Hangul. Finally, we need to make an united textbook management system for improvement and distribution of textbooks to Korean schools. 이 연구는 재미 한글학교의 한글 교재 사용 실태를 살펴보고 바람직한 한글교재를 제작하여 보급하는 방안을 찾기 위한 것이다. 재미 한글학교의 한글 교재는 교육과학기술부와 관련된 세 개 기관에서 제작하여 보급하고 있는데, 각 기관이 독자적으로 교재를 개발하는 과정에서 여러 가지 문제가 생겼다. 대부분의 교재는 유아나 초등학교 저학년을 대상으로한 것이다. 초등학교 중학년 이상부터 성인에 이르는 다양한 연령층을 위한 한글 교재는 전혀 없다. 또한 이미 개발된 교재는 한글 교육 대상의 면에서는중복이 되고, 한글 교육 방법의 면에서는 상호 대립이 되기도 하여 혼란을 일으키고 있다. 재미 한글 학교에서는, 정부에서 배포하는 한글 교재를 적용하기 어려운 학습자를 위해, 재미 한글학교 연합회나 지역별 협의회에서 제작한 교재를 사용하거나 학교별, 교사별로 교재를 자체 제작하기도 하지만, 이런 교재 사이에는일관된 한글 교육의 원리가 부족하다. 재외 동포용 한글 교재는 한국어 교재의 일부가 아니라 한글 교육 전용으로분리하여 개발해야 한다. 또한 유아에서 성인에 이르는 전 연령층을 위해 적어도 3∼6개 대상을 정하여 개발하여야 한다. 한글 교재의 내용은 표준화하여 개발하되 복수 표준화 및 모듈화 방안까지 고려할 필요가 있다.

Target Controlled Infusion(TCI)을 이용한 Propofol 마취유도시 설정된 마취유도 시간이 측정지수 및 활력징후에 미치는 영향

최영환,이승준,김대우,길호영,오완수,이성익,채봉수 대한마취과학회 1999 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.37 No.5

Background: Anesthesia induction time is related to speed of injection, injected volume, and Keo. In the case of target controlled infusion, induction time can be controlled by adjusting the induction time mode. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of induction time mode on variable parameters and vital signs during anesthesia induction with propofol using a target controlled infusion (TCI). Methods : Sixty unpremedicated adult patients (ASA class I or II, 18 55 yrs) scheduled for elective surgery were randomly allocated to four groups according to induction mode. Group 1 was assigned a flash induction mode, and groups 2, 3 and 4 were assigned 2, 3 and 4min respectively. The end point of anesthesia induction was loss of eyelash reflex. Various parameters including induction time, infused volume, current/effect concentration at induction, and vital signs were compared. Results : As the induction time mode was prolonged, induction time was delayed, but there was no difference in infused volume. Also, the current concentration decreased gradually, but the effect concentration did not show any difference. The vital signs were more stable in groups 3 and 4 compared with groups 1 and 2. Conclusions : For anesthesia induction, a rapid induction mode showed more rapid induction and low current concentration, but vital signs were relatively unstable and the effect concentration at induction showed no difference. For critically ill patients or patients with unstable hemodynamics, a more gradual induction mode for anesthesia induction in propofol TCI is recommended. (Korean J Anesthesiol 1999; 37: 750∼755)

Clinical Features and Outcomes of Bilateral Decompression Surgery for Immediate Contralateral Hematoma after Craniectomy Following Acute Subdural Hematoma

최영환,임태규,이상구 대한신경손상학회 2017 Korean Journal of Neurotrauma Vol.14 No.2

Objective: Immediate contralateral epidural hematoma (EDH) and traumatic intracerebral hematoma (T-ICH) after craniectomy for traumatic subdural hematoma (SDH) are rare but devastating post-operative complications. Their clinical features and outcomes are not well studied. In this report, we present the clinical features and outcomes of immediate contralateral acute hematoma cases requiring a second operation. Methods: This study includes 10 cases of immediate contralateral EDH and T-ICH following bilateral craniectomy for theevacuation of traumatic SDH and contralateral hematoma between 2004 and 2015. Their medical records and radiographicfndings were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively. Results: Ten of the 528 patients (1.89%) who underwent craniectomy for the evacuation of traumatic SDH developed postoperative EDH (n=5), T-ICH (n=5). The trauma was caused by a fall in 5 patients and by a traffc accident in 5 patients. Thepatients who suffered trauma due to pedestrian accidents died. Seven patients had a low admission Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS; GCS≤8) score in the preoperative state (average admission GCS, 7.7; average discharge GCS, 3.4; and average discharge Glasgow Outcome Scale, 2.0). Severe intra-operative brain swelling was noted in all patients, while skull fracturewas observed in 8. Multiple associated injuries and medication for heart disease were characteristic of patients who died. Conclusion: The prognosis of delayed contralateral hematoma was very poor. Multiple associated injuries, past medicalhistory and traffc accidents, especially pedestrians were seemed to be associated with higher mortality rates. Finally,contralateral skull fractures can indicate high risk of delayed contralateral acute intracranial hematoma.

초피 과피의 성숙정도에 따른 향기성분의 변화

최영환,이영근,김근기,신동수,안철진,주우홍,강점순,손길우,Ken C. Sink 한국생명과학회 2003 생명과학회지 Vol.13 No.2

초피의 성숙과정중 향기성분을 조사하고자, 경상남도 밀양시 제약산 일대에서 2001년 6월 2일, 7월 14일 및 9월 11일에 채취한 초피 과피의 향기성분을 CC-MS로 분석한 결과, 6월 2일에는 52종, 7월 14일에는 47종 및 9월 11일에는 44종이 확인되었다. 각각의 채취시기에 대한 구성성분의 종류를 비교하면 terpene류는 6월 2일과 7월 14일에는 myrcene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, $\alpha$-terpinolene, $\alpha$-phellandrene, $\beta$-caryophyllene 등 8종이 검출되었으나, 9월 11일에는 $\alpha$-phellandrene과 $\beta$-raryophyllene이 검출되지 않았다. Alcohol류는 6월 2일 채취시에는 linalool L, citronellol 등 13종이, 7월 14일과 9월 11일에는 cis-linalool oxide와 piperitol isomer가 추가되어 15종이 검출되었다. Aldyhyde류는 채취시기에 관계없이 citronellal 등 3종이 검출되었으나, 9월 11일에는 citronellal의 함량이 현저히 증가하였으며, ketone류도 cryptone, piperitone 등 5종이 검출되었는데 구성성분의 종류는 채취시기에 관계없이 동일하였으나, 함량의 차이는 있었다. Ester류는 6월 2일에 채취하였을 경우에는 lavandulyl acetate, $\alpha$-terpinenyl acetate 등 6종이 검출되었으나, 7월 14일과 9월 11일에 채취한 과피에서는 [(E)-6,7-ephoxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-octenyl]ester of acetic acid 가 새로이 검출되어 7종이었다. Hyrocarbon류는 $\delta$-cadinene, neopentylideneclohexane 등 7종이었는데, 7월 14일과 9월 11일에는 $\alpha$-muurolene이 추가되어 8종이 검출되었다 초피 과피의 향기성분은 채취시기에 따라서 구성성분의 종류는 물론 농도의 변화가 현저하였다. This study was conducted to estimate volatile compounds in pericarp of Zanthoxylum piperitum DC (Chopi). Chopi which harvested on lune 2, July 14 and September 11 in 2001 was dried at room temperature for one week. Fifty-two, 47, and 44 volatile compounds were analyzed with GC-MS in pericarp harvested on lune 2, July 14 and September 11, respectively. Eight terpenes including myrcene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, $\alpha$-terpinolene, $\alpha$-phellandrene and $\beta$-caryophyllene were detected in pericarp harvested on tulle 2 and July 14, but not $\alpha$-phellandrene and $\beta$-caryophyllene in pericarp harvested on September 11. Thirteen alcohols or terpene alcohols including linalool L and citronellol were detected in pericarp harvested on lune 2, and added cis-linallol oxide and piperitol isomer in pericarp harvested on July 14 and September 11. Three aldehydes or terpene aldehydes were not affected by degree of maturation, but citronellal was increased in pericarp harvested on September 11. Five volatile compounds of ketones containing cryptone and piperitone were detected, and their concentration was changed during maturation. Six esters including lavandulyl acetate and $\alpha$-terpinenyl acetate were detected in pericarp harvested on lune 2, and [(E)-6,7-ephoxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-octenyl]ester of acetic acid was added in pericarp harvested on July 14 and September 11. Seven hydrocarbons including $\delta$-cadinene and neopentylidene cyclohexane were detected in pericarp harvested on June 2 and $\alpha$-muurolene was newly added in pericarp harvested on July 14 and September 11. We suggest that kinds and concentration of volatile compounds in pericarp were remarkably different from those in mature stage.

TV 중계로 인한 스포츠 현장의 변화

최영환,주상욱 고려대학교 스포츠과학연구소 1999 스포츠科學論叢 Vol.10 No.1

On the days without TV, the only one way to watch sports game was buying tickets and going to the stadium. But, spreading TV set with pull of televised sports games made busy people couch potatoes than screamers on hard and uncomfortable chairs of stadium. The Olympic game and The World-Cup Soccer game which are top of sports event, have 10 times larger spectators than those who watch TV at home. Also, total amount of ticket sales is much smaller than broadcasting contract. Consequently, increasing TV power on sports altered sports itself to be modified as a piece of TV program. Undoubtedly, it is true that changing game schedule based on broadcasting company's interests, or changing game rules made sports bipolar by popularity. Even though these problems, Broadcasting Companies are biggest supporter for sports survive, and it will makes sports more relying upon TV.

한글 자음자(子音字) 지도 순서에 관한 연구

최영환 한국초등국어교육학회 2014 한국초등국어교육 Vol.54 No.-

한글 자음자의 배열 순서를 다시 확정하는 일은 교육적으로 매우 중요하다. 기존의 국어학적 접근을 토대로 한 자음자 배열 중 일부는 교육의 효율성이나 사용의 적절성 면에서 다소 문제가 있기 때문이다. 자음자 배열에는 조음 위치와 조음 방법이 중요한 기준이 된다. 이 두 가지기준의 선후를 달리하여 배열하면 ‘조음 위치 → 조음 방법’, ‘조음 방법 → 조음위치’의 두 가지 형태를 만들 수 있다. 여기서 조음 위치를 앞에 둘 경우 자음의소리의 세기가 강해지는 정도나 자음자의 형태가 가획 및 병서로 확장되는 과정을설명하기 어렵다. 반면에 조음 방법을 제1기준으로 할 경우 소리의 세기에 따라자음자를 차례로 배열할 수 있으며, 동시에 소리의 세기가 자음자의 가획 및 병서에 반영되므로 자형의 복잡도를 반영할 수 있다. 국어 사용 빈도에 관한 조사를 보면, 조음 위치를 제1기준으로 할 경우 사용빈도가 매우 불규칙한 양상을 보이는데 반해, 조음 방법을 제1기준으로 할 경우사용 빈도는 비교적 규칙적인 양상을 보인다. 따라서 향후 자음자의 배열 순서는제1기준을 조음 방법으로 하고, 제2기준을 조음 위치로 하여 조정하는 것이 바람직하다. This study aims to clarify the numbers of Hangeul alphabet and rearrange Hangeul alphabetically order. There are 19 consonants in Hangeul, and two standards of arrangement for Hangeul alphabetical order. One is articulation place, the other is articulating method. [표] It is Hangeul consonantal system. [표] We can rearrange consonants the following. ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅈ ㅇ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅊ ㅎ ㄲ ㄸ ㅃ ㅆ ㅉ So, we have to study the rearrangement of Hangeul consonants to teach primary school students and foreign learners.