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누리호 탑재 위성들의 충돌위험의 예측 및 향후 상황의 대응을 위한 분석
최승환,유중현,김종원,김성애,신경우,김용일,이재진,최성환,송재욱,김해동,마미순,김덕수,Shawn Seunghwan Choi,Peter Joonghyung Ryu,John Kim,Lowell Kim,Chris Sheen,Yongil Kim,Jaejin Lee,Sunghwan Choi,Jae Wook Song,Hae-Dong Kim,Misoon Mah,Doug 한국우주과학회 2023 우주기술과 응용 Vol.3 No.2
Space is becoming more commercialized. Despite of its delayed start-up, space activities in Korea are attracting more nation-wide supports from both investors and government. May 25, 2023, KSLV II, also called Nuri, successfully transported, and inserted seven satellites to a sun-synchronous orbit of 550 km altitude. However, Starlink has over 4,000 satellites around this altitude for its commercial activities. Hence, it is necessary for us to constantly monitor the collision risks of these satellites against resident space objects including Starlink. Here we report a quantitative research output regarding the conjunctions, particularly between the Nuri satellites and Starlink. Our calculation shows that, on average, three times everyday, the Nuri satellites encounter Starlink within 1 km distance with the probability of collision higher than 1.0E-5. A comparative study with KOMPSAT-5, also called Arirang-5, shows that its distance of closest approach distribution significantly differs from those of Nuri satellites. We also report a quantitative analysis of collision-avoiding maneuver cost of Starlink satellites and a strategy for Korea, being a delayed starter, to speed up to position itself in the space leading countries. We used the AstroOne program for analyses and compared its output with that of Socrates Plus of Celestrak. The two line element data was used for computation.
최승환(Seunghwan Choi),최선모(Sunmo Choi),정동수(Dongsoo Jeong),장영준(Youngjune Chang),Yasuo Moriyoshi 한국자동차공학회 2006 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-
A new gasoline internal combustion engine was designed and built by improving the cranking mechanism. Numerical simulations were also performed to optimize the cranking mechanism to achieve both a high compression ratio operation without knocking and a high thermal efficiency operation. As a result, a special cranking mechanism was considered to make a rapid piston motion near TDC, leading to less heat loss and also a tolerance for knocking limit. To evaluate this new concept, a leaf-shaped gear system was employed in a test engine. As a result, indicated thermal efficiency with the gear system in compression ratio of 12 was improved by 12% compared to a conventional engine with compression ratio of 10. Moreover, the exhaust gas emissions of HC and NOx were much reduced
국제법상 중국의 對韓 사드(THAAD) 경제보복조치의 주요 쟁점과 평가
최승환(CHOI Seunghwan) 대한국제법학회 2017 國際法學會論叢 Vol.62 No.3
2016년 7월 8일 한국정부가 취한 사드배치 결정은 중국의 격렬한 비난과 다양한 한국산 제품 및 서비스에 대한 일방적 경제보복조치를 초래하였다. 이글은 한국정부의 사드배치 결정에 대한 중국의 對韓 경제보복조치에 관련된 국제법상의 주요 쟁점을 검토하고 경제보복조치의 적법성 및 정당성 여부를 평가하는 것을 주된 내용으로 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 사드배치 결정이후 취해진 중국의 일방적 경제보복조치의 실태와 특징을 소개하고, 중국의 경제보복조치에 관련된 일반국제법상의 주요 쟁점과 WTO 협정상의 주요 쟁점을 검토⋅평가하였다. 일반국제법상 중국의 사드 경제보복조치는 국제법상 적법한 보복(retortion) 또는 복구(reprisal) 조치로서 정당화될 수 없고, ‘UN 헌장’ 제2조 제3항에 규정된 분쟁의 평화적 해결의무에 위반되며, 일반국제법상 확립된 국내문제불간섭의 무에도 위반된다. WTO 협정은 정치적 목적을 달성하기 위한 경제보복조치를 허용하지 않으며, 정치적 목적의 사드 경제보복조치를 정당화하기 위해 중국정부는 ‘1994년 GATT’ 제XXI조 또는 GATS 제XIV조의2(안보예외)를 원용할 수도 없다. 일반시민이나 민간기업의 자발적인 행위에 대해서는 WTO 협정이 적용될 수 없겠으나, 사드 경제보복조치에 대해 중국정부의 직접적⋅간접적 위임이나 지시가 있어 중국정부에게 귀속되는 조치가 있는 경우 패널은 WTO 협정에의 부합성 여부를 판단할 수 있다. 예컨대 중국여행사들을 통한 한국 관광서비스상품의 판매금지조치는 GATS 규정상 ‘서비스의 국경간 공급’(Mode 1) 또는 ‘서비스 소비자의 해외소비’(Mode 2)에 대한 규제에 해당한다. ‘한-중 FTA’서비스양허표에서 중국은 ‘호텔(아파트 포함)⋅레스토랑’과 ‘여행알선 대행’ 서비스 부문의 <Mode 1>과 <Mode 2>에 있어 아무런 제한없이 양허하였기 때문에 중국여행사를 통한 서비스의 국경간 공급과 해외소비를 제한하는 것은 GATS 제II조(최혜국대우), GATS 제XVI.1조(시장접근), 제XVII.1조(내국민대우)에 위반된다. 중국의 일방적인 사드 경제보복조치를 철회하도록 요구할 수 있는 국제통상법적 대응방안으로는 WTO 협정 위반 개연성이 높은 한국 관광서비스상품의 판매금지조치 등에 대해 WTO 분쟁해결기구에 회부하는 것이다. WTO 회부에 대비하여, 우리 정부당국과 관련 기업들은 WTO 회부 요건(정부조치의 존재 입증 등)의 충족에 필요한 정보 및 증거를 충분히 수집하도록 하여, 향후 중재패널이 설치될 경우 사드 경제보복조치를 위해 공기업과 사기업 및 민간기관에 대한 중국정부의 지시나 위임 또는 기타 관여 사실을 적절히 입증해야 할 것이다. The decision taken by the government of Republic of Korea (“South Korea”) on 8 July 2016 to deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense(THAAD) system resulted in China’s fierce condemnation and unilateral economic retaliations against a variety of Korean products and services. This article reviews legal issues related to China’s economic retaliations and appraises its legality and legitimacy under international law. This article introduces relevant cases and special features of economic retaliations taken by China since 8 July 2016, and analyzes some legal issues related to economic retaliations under general international law and the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement. China’s economic retaliations for the deployment of THAAD cannot be justified as a lawful retortion or reprisal under international law, violates a duty of peaceful settlement of disputes under the United Nations(UN) Charter (Article 2.3), and is not consistent with a duty of non-intervention into domestic affairs under international law. The WTO Agreement does not allow Members to undertake economic retaliations for a political purpose, and China cannot invoke Article XXI(Security Exception) of GATT 1994 or Article XIV bis(Security Exception) of the General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS) to justify its economic retaliations for THAAD. The WTO Agreement may not be applied to voluntary acts taken by the public or private company. The Panel may review and judge, however, the illegality of measures attributable to the Chinese government if the Chinese government had entrusted or directed public or private entities to undertake economic retaliations for THAAD. For example, the prohibition by Chinese travel agencies of providing tourism and travel related services for the tourists to South Korea belongs to the regulation on cross-border supply (Mode 1) or consumptions abroad (Mode 2) under GATS. Since China has not made any conditions or reservations for Mode 1 and Mode 2 at the tourism and travel related services sector under the ROK-China FTA and GATS, the total restriction on the cross-border supply and consumptions abroad may violate GATS Article II(MFN treatment), Article XVI.1(market access), and Article XVII.1(national treatment). A countermeasure based on international trade rules against China’s unilateral economic retaliations is to bring trade restrictions not consistent with WTO Agreement to the Dispute Settlement Body(DSB) of WTO. For example, the Korean government may bring the prohibition measures by Chinese travel agencies of providing tourism and travel related services for the tourists destined to South Korea to DSB. Before bringing the case to DSB, Korean government and relevant companies should collect properly informations and evidences necessary to prove the entrustment or direction of the Chinese government for trade restrictions taken by the pubic or private entities as a retaliation for the deployment of THAAD.
최승환(Seunghwan Choi),곽진호(Jinho Kwak),김명일(Myungil Kim),노명현(Myunghyun Roh),권해붕(Haeboung Kwon),최선모(Sunmo Choi) 한국자동차공학회 2006 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-
In case of conventional speed humps, there are problems of grounding because of the induced heavy pitching motion for the buses especially. Therefore it is strongly needed to new vehicle speed reduction schemes. It will be thought that speed cushions do not generally cause excessive discomfort to passengers of large buses, or excessive discomfort to emergency vehicles such as fire service vehicles or ambulances. To optimize the shape of speed cushion which is replaced with the conventional speed humps, the specifications of the domestic vehicles are surveyed. Based on these survey results, several types of speed cushions are designed and the vertical acceleration data are acquired through the 3D-accelerometers. Two-types of design with heights of 75 or 100 ㎜, plateau width of 1400 ㎜, plateau length of 2400 ㎜, ramp slope of 1-in-8 and side slope of 1-in-4 would give the least effect on buses while still causing discomfort for car occupants.
최승환(Seunghwan Choi),권해붕(Haeboung Kwon),이정기(Jungki Lee),정혁(Hyuk Jung),최동석(Dongseok Choi),김남용(Namyong Kim),박용성(Yongsung Park) 한국자동차공학회 2010 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2010 No.5
DPF cleaning is considered as one of good solutions of DPF regenerations. And the DPF cleaning is expected to be subsidized by the government in near future in Korea. But nobody knows the quantitative effect of DPF cleaning on the improvement of DPF regenerative performance, especially damaged DPF filter. This study shows the characteristics of damaged DPF regeneration by DPF cleaning through the field data of DPF cleaning shop and the engine dynamometer test.