Existing test data for the Act on Registration & Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances

최봉인,Byung-Taek Ryu,Suk-Hyun Na,정선용 환경독성보건학회 2015 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.30 No.-

Objectives In this study, the possibility of using existing test data provided in Korea and elsewhere for the registration of chemical substances was examined. Data on 510 chemical substances that are among the first subject to registration under the “Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances (K-REACH)” were analyzed. Methods The possibility of using existing data from 16 reference databases was examined for 510 chemical substances notified in July 2015 as being subject to registration. Results Test data with the reliability required for the registration of chemical substances under the K-REACH constituted 48.4% of the required physicochemical characteristics, 6.5% of the required health hazards, and 9.4% of the required environmental hazards. Conclusions Some existing test data were not within the scope of this research, including data used for registration in the European Union (EU). Thus, considering that 350 of these 510 species are registered in EU Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation & Restriction of Chemicals, more test data may exist that can be utilized in addition to the data identified in this study. Furthermore, the K-REACH states that non-testing data (test results predicted through Read Across, Quantitative Structure- Activity Relationships) and the weight of evidence (test results predicted based on test data with low reliability) can also be utilized for registration data. Therefore, if methods for using such data were actively reviewed, it would be possible to reduce the cost of securing test data required for the registration of chemical substances.

韓國的 QC 分任組活動의 定着

崔鳳仁 慶北大學校 經營大學院 1987 最高經營者課程 論文集 Vol.- No.5

생산자책임재활용제도의 현황과 문제점

최봉인 한국환경정책학회 2005 한국환경정책학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2005 No.10

Analysis of the utilization of existing test data for phase-in substance registration under the Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances

최봉인,Yeong-Don Kwak,Yu-Mi Jung,Byung-Taek Ryu,Chang Gyun Kim 환경독성보건학회 2015 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.30 No.-

Objectives Approximately 2000 phase-in substances are subject to registration according to the Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances (KREACH), and the expected testing cost is 2.06 trillion Korean won assuming all the test data required for registration are acquired. The extent to which these enormous test costs can be reduced depends on the availability of existing data that can be used to meet the requirements of the K-REACH we examined the current availability of test data that can be used for chemical substance registration. Methods We analyzed the possibility of utilizing the existing test data obtained from 16 reference databases for 369 of 518 kinds of phase-in substances subject to registration that were reported in last October 2014. Results The physical and chemical properties were available for 57.1% of substances, whereas data regarding human hazards and environmental hazards were available at considerably lower rates, 8.5% and 11.8%, respectively. Conclusions Physical and chemical properties were available for a fairly high proportion, whereas human hazards and environmental hazards were reported for considerably fewer substances.

디지털 공제 방사선 촬영술에 있어서 기계적 및 투사적 규격화의 평가

최봉인,조봉혜,나경수,Choi Bong-In,Cho Bong-Hae,Nah Kyung-Soo 대한영상치의학회 1998 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.28 No.1

The following conclusions were obtained from the non-reconstructed and reconstructed subtraction images of the standard intraoral radiographs which were taken with paralleling technique with Rinn XCP only and with occlusal bite registration for geometric standardization using bilateral mandibular premolar and molar regions of two dry human skulls. 1. The SD of the overall subtraction images of the premolars and molars of the non-reconstructed, that is, the manual superimposition showed statistically significant difference between the non-registered and registered groups. 2. In non-reconstructed and non-registered cases, the quality of the subtraction images were improved when superimposition was focally done and this was more evident in areas where the radiographic images tend to be distorted due to anatomic reasons. 3. In non-reconstructed and registered cases, the subtraction images were consistent regardless of the anatomic site or the focus of superimposition. This means that the geometric standardization with only occlusal bite registration could produce serial radiographs which is suitable for subtraction. 4. The SD of the overall subtraction images of the premolars and molars of the reconstructed, that is, the automatic superimposition showed statistically insignificant difference between the non-registered and registered groups. This means that using reconstruction, subtraction radiography is possible without occlusal bite registration. 5. In reconstructed and non-registered cases, compatible quality of the subtraction images were obtained regardless of the anatomic site or area of the corresponding points. 6. In reconstructed and registered cases, best subtraction images whose quality showed sensitivity to the areas of corresponding points were obtained.

Study on the biodegradation of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and PFOS alternatives

최봉인,나숙현,손준효,신동수,유병택,Kyun-Suk Byeon,정선용 환경독성보건학회 2016 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.31 No.-

Objectives In this study, we investigated the biodegradation features of 4 perfluorooctanesulfonate(PFOS) alternatives developed at Changwon National University compared to those of PFOS. Methods Biodegradation testing was performed with microorganisms cultured in the good laboratory practice laboratory of the Korea Environment Corporation for 28 days following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines for the testing of chemicals (Test No. 301 C). Results While C8F17SO3Na, PFOS sodium salt was not degraded after 28 days, the 4 alternatives were biodegraded at the rates of 20.9% for C15F9H21S2O8Na2, 8.4% for C17F9H-25S2O8Na2, 22.6% for C23F18H28S2O8Na2, and 23.6% for C25F17H32O13S3Na3. Conclusions C25F17H32S3O13Na3, C23F18H28S2O8Na2, and C15F9H21S2O8Na2 were superior to PFOS in terms of biodegradation rates and surface tension, and thus they were considered highly applicable as PFOS alternatives. Environmental toxicity, human toxicity, and economic feasibility of these compounds should be investigated prior to their commercialization.

경산 임당지역 고분 주‧부곽 유구 형태에 대하여

최봉인 한국고대사탐구학회 2016 한국고대사탐구 Vol.22 No.-

The large-sized and the mid & small sized tombs is in Imdang tombs, Gyeongsan, it is divided two types which is an adjoining grave hole and separate grave hole. A separate grave hole have type of series connection and type of parallel connection, it discusses with time and social change by type of series connection and type of parallel connection. The type of series connection on the large-sized tombs made on from the 3rd quarter of the 4th century to the 1st quarter of the 6th century AD, the type of parallel connection built on the 1st quarter of the 6th century AD. The type of series-parallel connection of the Large-sized grave didn't construct on the 2rd quarter of the 6th century AD. The type of series connection on the mid & small sized made on from the 2nd quarter of the 5th century to the 1st quarter of the 6th century AD, the type of parallel connection was built from the 4th quarter of the 5th century to the 3rd quarter of the 6th century AD. The type of parallel connection became popular at the 1st quarter 6 century AD. It induced type of parallel connection of the mid & small sized by Gyeongju(Silla). The type of parallel connection was more increased the mid & small sized than the large-sized tombs. It guesses to immigrated group with used the type of parallel connection of the mid & small sized and disappeared the large-sized grave. The type of parallel connection of the mid & small sized graves were introduced in Imdang area, it's to disappeared the large-sized grave's group by social change. It seems to influenced by the operation of social system under control of Gyeongju(Silla). 경산 임당지역 고분은 대형묘와 중‧소형묘가 있으며, 동혈묘광과 이혈묘광에는 주곽과 부곽으로 구분되는 것이 있다. 이 글은 이혈묘광의 묘 배치형태에 따라 직렬형과 병렬형으로 나누고, 이 두 가지 형의 변화를 시기별로 알아보아 이를 통해 사회상을 살펴보았다. 대형묘는 4세기 3/4분기부터 6세기 1/4분기까지 직렬형이 관찰되며, 6세기 1/4분기에 병렬형이 축조되었다. 6세기 2/4분기부터는 대형묘가 조성되지 않았다. 중‧소형묘는 5세기 2/4분기부터 6세기 1/4분기까지 직렬형이 조성되며, 5세기 4/4분기부터 6세기 3/4분기까지 병렬형이 만들어진다. 6세기 1/4분기부터 병렬형이 대부분을 차지하게 된다. 경주의 영향에 따라 도입된 병렬형은 중‧소형묘에서 먼저 차용하였고, 대형묘에서 병렬형이 들어오는 시기에 중‧소형묘에는 병령형이 급증한다. 이는 중‧소형묘의 병렬형을 사용한 집단이 유입된 것으로 추정되며, 대형묘가 소멸하는 것으로 짐작된다. 중‧소형묘의 병렬형 도입은 임당지역에 사회적 위상 변화로 대형묘 집단을 사라지게 하는 계기가 되었으며, 이는 신라의 영향 아래 있는 것으로 보인다.

PFOS salts 및 PFOS 대체물질에 대한 미생물분해시험

최봉인,나숙현,손준효,신동수,유병택,정선용 한국환경보건학회 2016 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.42 No.2

Objectives: In this study, we investigated the biodegradation rates of 8 perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS)alternatives synthesized at the at Changwon National University in comparison to those of PFOS potassium saltand PFOS sodium salt. Methods: A biodegradability test was performed for 28 days with microorganisms cultured in the goodlaboratory practice laboratory at the Korea Environment Corporation following the OECD Guidelines for thetesting of chemicals, Test No. 301 CResults: While C5H8F3SO3K, C8F17SO3K and C8F17SO3Na were not degraded after 28 days, the 3alternatives were biodegraded at the rates of 31.4% for C8H8F9SO3K, 25.6% for C10H8F13SO3K, 23.6% forC25F17H32S3O13Na3, 20.9% for C15F9H21S2O8Na2, 15.5% for C23F18H28S2O8Na2, 8.5% for C17F9H25S2O8Na2 and4.8% for C6H8F5SO3K. When the concentration was the same(500 mg/L), C23F18H28S2O8Na2 had the lowesttension with 20.94 mN/m, which was followed by C15F9H21S2O8Na2 (23.36 mN/m), C17F9H25S2O8Na2 (27.31mN/m), C25F17H32S3O13Na3 (28.17 mN/m), C10H8F13SO3K (29.77 mN/m) and C8H8F9SO3K (33.89 mN/m). Having higher surface tension of 57.64 mN/m and 67.57 mN/m, respectively, than those of the two typesof PFOS salts, C6H8F5SO3K and C5H8F3SO3K were found valueless as substitute for PFOS. Conclusion: The biodegradation test suggest that 6 compounds could be used as substitutes for PFOS. C23F18H28S2O8Na2 and C15F9H21S2O8Na2 were found to be the best substitutes based on biodegradation rateand surface tension, followed by C25F17H32S3O13Na3, C8H8F9SO3K and C10H8F13SO3K. C17F9H25S2O8Na2 wasfound to have relatively low value as an alternative but it still had a potential to substitute the conventionalPFOS.

디지탈 공제 방사선 촬영술에 있어서 기계적 및 투사적 규격화의 평가

나경수,조봉혜,최봉인 大韓口腔顎顔面 放射線學會 1998 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.28 No.1

The following conclusions were obtained from the non-reconstructed and reconstructed subtraction images of the standard intraoral radiographs which were taken with paralleling technique with Rinn XCP only and with occlusal bit registration for geometric standardization using bilateral mandibular premolar and molar regions of two dry human skulls. 1. The SD of the overall subtraction images of the premolars and molars of the non-reconstructed, that in, the manual superimposition showed statistically significant difference between the non-registered and registered groups. 2. In non-reconstructed and non-registered cases, the quality of the subtraction images were improved when superimposition was focally done and this was more evident in areas where the radiographic images tend to be distorted due to anatomic reasons. 3. In non-reconstructed and registered cases, the subtraction images were consistent regardless of the anatomic site or the focus of superimposition. This means that the geometric standardization with only occlusal bite registration could produce serial radiographs which is suitable for subtraction. 4. The SD of the overall subtraction images of the premolars and molars of the reconstructed, that is, the automatic superimposition showed statistically insignificant difference between the non-registered and registered groups. This means that using reconstruction, subtraction radiography is possible without occlusal bit registration. 5. In reconstructed and non-registered cases, compatible quality of the subtraction images were obtained regardless of the anatomic site or area of the corresponding points. 6. In reconstructed and registered cases, best subtraction images whose quality showed sensitivity to the areas of corresponding points were obtained.

PFOS 대체물질의 환경유해성에 관한 연구

최봉인(Bong-In Choi),정선용(Seon-Yong Chung),나숙현(Suk-Hyun Na),신동수(Dong-Soo Shin),유병택(Byung-Taek Ryu) 대한환경공학회 2016 대한환경공학회지 Vol.38 No.6

PFOS sodium salt (C8F17SO₃Na)는 28일 동안 미생물에 의한 분해가 이루어지지 않은 반면 4종의 대체물질(C25F17H32ScO13Na₃, C15F9H21ScO8Na₂, C23F18H28S₂O8Na₂, C17F9H25S₂O8Na₂)은 각각 21.6%, 20.5%, 15.8% 그리고 6.4% 분해가 이루어졌다. Daphnia magna를 이용하여 48시간 동안 수행한 물벼룩급성독성시험에서 sodium salt (C8F17SO₃Na)의 반수영향농도(EC50)는 54.5 mg/L인 것으로 확인된 반면 4종의 대체물질은 500.0 mg/L에서 아무런 영향이 나타나지 않았다. 500.0 mg/L에서 PFOS sodium salt (C8F17SO₃Na)의 표면장력은 46.2 mN/m이었으며 대체물질 4종의 표면장력은 모두 PFOS sodium salt 보다 우수한 것으로 확인되었다. C23F18H28S₃O8Na₂ (20.9 mN/m)는 가장 낮은 표면장력을 갖고 있었다. 그 다음은 C15F9H21S₂O8Na₂ (23.4 mN/m), C17F9H25S₂O8Na₂ (27.3 mN/m) 그리고 C25F17H32S₃O13Na₃ (28.2 mN/m) 순인 것으로 확인되었다. 미생물분해시험, 물벼룩급성 독성시험 그리고 표면장력측정 결과를 종합해 보면 4종의 PFOS 대체물질(C25F17H32S₃O13Na₃, C15F9H21S₂O8Na₂, C23F18H28S₂O8Na₂, C17F9H25S₂O8Na₂)은 모두 PFOS sodium salt (C8F17SO₃Na) 보다 우수한 것으로 확인되었으며 특히 3종의 대체물질(C15F9H21S₂O8Na₂, C23F18H28S₂O8Na₂, C25F17H32S₃O13Na₃)은 미생물분해율이 15.8~21.6%로 상대적으로 높고, 물벼룩급성독성과 표면장력측정이 PFOS sodium salt 보다 상당히 우수하다. 그러므로 이들 4종의 대체물질은 PFOS 대체물질로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. While PFOS sodium salt (C8F17SO3Na) was not degraded by microorganisms for 28 days, the 4 alternatives were biodegraded at the rates of 21.6% for C25F17H32S₃O13Na₃, 20.5% for C15F9H21S₂O8Na₂, 15.8% for C23F18H28S₂O8Na₂ and 6.4% for C17F9H25S₂O8Na₂, respectively. The acute toxicity test using Daphnia magna was conducted for 48 hours, the half effective concentration (EC50) of PFOS sodium salt (C8F17SO₃Na) was evaluated in 54.5 mg/L. While the 4 alternatives did not show any effect at 500.0 mg/L. The surface tension of the PFOS salt (C8F17SO₃Na) is 46.2 mN/m at a concentration of 500.0 mg/L. While the surface tension of the 4 alternatives was found to be superior to PFOS sodium salt (C8F17SO₃Na). The surface tension of C23F18H28S₂O8Na₂ (20.9 mN/m) has the lowest, followed by C15F9H21S₂O8Na₂ (23.4 mN/m), C17F9H25S₂O8Na₂ (27.3 mN/m), C25F17H32S₃O13Na₃ (28.2 mN/m). The four kinds of alternatives (C15F9H21S₃O8Na₂, C17F9H25S₂O8Na₂, C23F18H28S₂O8Na₂, C25F17H32S₃O13Na₃) were found to be superior to PFOS sodium salt (C8F17SO₃Na) in terms of biodegradation, Daphnia sp. acute toxicity and surface tension, and thus they were considered applicable as PFOS alternatives. Especially biodegradation rate of C15F9H21S2O8Na₂, C23F18H28S₂O8Na₂ and C25F17H32S3O13Na₃ was relatively high as 15.8~21.6%, and Daphnia sp. acute toxicity and surface tension were considerably superior (surface tension 39~55%) to PFOS sodium salt. Therefore, these alternatives are considered to be available as an alternative of PFOS.