여헌旅軒 장현광張顯光의 군주론

최병덕(Choi Byung-deok) 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2011 한국학논집 Vol.0 No.42

1930년대 초 안동지역 사회주의세력의 민족해방운동: 「안동콤그룹」의 조직과 활동

최병덕 ( Byung Deok Choi ) 대한정치학회 2004 대한정치학회보 Vol.12 No.1

한말 근대국가 건설을 위한 개화파의 정치체제 개혁 : 내각제도 수립과 의회설립을 중심으로

최병덕(Choi, Byung Deok) 동아시아국제정치학회 2021 국제정치연구 Vol.24 No.4

조선조 정치사에서 19세기 후반은 근대국가 건설의 계기적 발전을 이루는 시점이었고, 그것은 주도한 것은 개화파였다. 이들은 서세동점으로 야기된 변화를 적극적으로 수용하면서 밖으로부터의 위기에 대응하여 “부국강병”을 이룩하여 나라의 자주독립을 유지하고, 안으로의 위기에 대응하여 봉건적 정치기구를 혁신하고 민중에 대한 불법 수탈을 제거함으로써 근대국가를 수립한다는 지향성을 가지고 있었다. 근대국가건설을 위한 개화파의 정치체제 개혁 시도는 갑신정변을 계기로 처음으로 표명되었고, 개화파가 일시적으로 정권을 장악한 갑오개혁기에 본격적으로 추진되었다. 근대국가 건설을 위한 정치개혁을 완수하지 못한 채 갑오개혁이 좌절되면서 정권에서 배제된 개화파 세력은 방향을 전환하여 독립협회를 조직하여 대중적 정치개혁 운동을 전개하면서 근대국가 수립을 위한 정치체제 개혁을 요구하였다. 개화파의 근대국가 건설을 위한 정치체제 개혁 시도는 당대의 현실과 괴리가 있어 제대로 실현되지는 못하였다. 하지만, 개화파의 근대국가 건설을 위한 시도는 근대적 체제로 전환하여 힘의 논리를 앞세우면 다가오는 서양 제국과 봉건사회의 해체와 근대사회로의 전환이라는 세계사적 추세에 적극적으로 대응해 나간 적극적으로 근대국가건설이라는 구체적 비전을 제시한 진보적 정치사상이었고, 근대로의 전환기에 국가 정체성 확립을 모색한 운동의 한 패턴이었다. The initiatives of the political reform for founding modern state was the Enlightenment Party in the late 19th century of chosun dynasty. They planed to enhance the national prosperity and defense for independence coping with the outer crisis from penetration of western imperialism and planed to establish the modern state corresponding to the inner crisis from falling the feudal system. The first political reform launched by the Enlightenment Party was the Kapsin Coup of 1884 which planned to build the modern state which limited the king’s power and prevented him from intervening in politics. The Gap-O Reform of 1894 in the period of holding the reigns of government by the Enlightenment Party realized the political projects of Kapsin Coup. And after the failure of the Gap-O Reform, the Enlightenment Party incorporated the Independence Club and concentrated on the popular political reform movement. In the end, although political system reform of the Enlightenment Party was failed, it was the progressive attempt presenting the vision of the modern state corresponded with the current of the world situation. And it was the movement for establishing the national state in the turning point toward modern society.

조선조의 유교정치문화와 ‘기강(紀綱)’담론의 존재양상

최병덕 ( Byung Deok Choi ) 대한정치학회 2009 대한정치학회보 Vol.17 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to analyse political meanings and existence aspects of discipline(紀綱) in the reign of the Joseon dynasty which profess realization of confucianism ideology. Discipline was central discourse of political debate for the social stabilization, because it was the inner source and the abstract life force which enable existence of public order. Since saheonbu(司憲府) stressed that discipline establishment is the most important political affair in the first memorial to the king immediately after establishment of Joseon dynasty, discourses on the discipline became expansive reproduction by the doers who participate in political process. Discourses on the discipline in the political process of Joseon dynasty was associated with the political rhetoric, the function of political system, regal order and moral order. And it was expressed the political regulation logic that consider law and ethics at the same time. Though Joseon dynasty as premodern state had weak law and institution and fragile social controls relatively, it could be continued stably for 500 years because of discourses on discipline that considered law and institutional affect and human`s morality affect complementarily. Therefore, discourse on the discipline in the Joseon dynasty is reflection of the political culture which harmonize moral politics(德治) and legal politics(法治), and is product of attempting to supplement law institutional vulnerability with the human`s moral will.

선조대 초 퇴계 이황의 정치적 위상과 정치구상

최병덕(Choi, Byung-Deok) 동아시아국제정치학회 2012 국제정치연구 Vol.15 No.2

Toegye Lee Hwang provided the governing principles and the future directions of the choseon dynasty while he opened the new horizons of understanding of neo-confucianism and contributed to the transition which is neo-confucianism switch to choseon confucianism. So, this paper analyzes Toegye’s political projects to realize neo-confucian political norms at a time when the Sarim led to political situation at the end of era of ‘Purges of confucian scholars’. First, I try to explain Teogye’s political career and political position in the early of the King Seon Jo to emphasize the fact that he was not only the confucian scholar but also the politician. He passed the small and great government service examinations, was appointed to important offices and was getting the respect as the best scholar of Confucianism at that time and as Ju Ja of the East. Second, I try to survey the meaning of politics in the view of Toegye and his political projects to build neo-confucian moral society through contents analysis of ‘Six Articles Memorial Throne(the King Seon Jo) in Year Mu Jin’ and ‘Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning’. He asserted that the aim of politics focuses on cultivating human’s innate morality rather than establishing new law or institutions which create in human’s external behaviors. Especially, he emphasized that self-cultivation of the king for the morality edification is the key requisite to embody neo-confucian moral society in choseon dynasty because all political decision are made by the king ultimately.

대구지역에서 민주시민교육의 현실과 과제

최병덕(Choi, Byung-Deok),채장수(Chae JangSoo) 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2017 한국학논집 Vol.0 No.67

퇴계의 정치인식과 정치론

최병덕(Byung-Deok Choi) 한국정치학회 2004 한국정치학회보 Vol.38 No.1

이 논문은 조선조 정치사회에서 체제운영 전반에 걸친 지배적인 가치정향으로 자리잡은 성리학적 정치이념이 내포하는 정치인식과 그것이 구상하는 이상정치를 실현하기 위해 제시된 정치론을 퇴계 이황의 관점에서 체계적으로 분석하고 있다. 그것은 퇴계 이황이 조선성리학의 정통적 지위를 확립하였을 뿐만 아니라 그것에 내포되어 있는 기본적 패턴을 최초로 체계적으로 제시함으로써, 그것이 송대 성리학의 아류에서 벗어나 조선조의 정치현실을 설명하는 독자적 패러다임으로 뿌리내리는 데 결정적 계기를 제공하였기 때문이다. 퇴계가 비록 ‘정치’라는 문제를 적극적으로 탐구하고 체계적인 견해를 제시하지는 않았지만, 그에게 있어 정치는 ‘이미’ 도덕적 존재인 인간이 그 도덕성을 완전하게 실현할 수 있도록 도와주는 가장 유효한 수단으로 인식되고 있다. 이러한 맥락에서 구체적 정치행위에서도 인간을 외부로부터 규제하는 객관적 규범이나 제도를 마련하는 것보다 인간의 내면적 도덕성을 확충시켜 나가는 것이 보다 근본적인 것으로 인식되고 있다. 이러한 정치인식을 토대로 퇴계가 도덕적 정치사회를 실현하기 위해 제시하고 있는 정치론을 ‘군주의 덕성함양,’ ‘현능한 인재의 등용,’ 그리고 ‘백성들의 삶에 대한 배려’라는 세 가지 범주로 나누어 그것이 구체적으로 어떻게 전개되고 있는가를 분석하였다. 성리학이 구상하는 이상정치가 ‘성군현상에 의한 애민정치’라 할 때, 그것이 제시하는 정치론이 이 세 가지 범주에서 벗어나지 않을 것이고, 퇴계 역시 성리학자이기 때문이다. This paper explores the meaning of politics in the view of Toegye and analyzes his political theory to realize a moral society. In the view of Toegye, politics is the most effective means of entirely actualizing human’s innate morality. So he asserts that the essential aim of politics is cultivating human’s moral character internally rather than establishing new laws or institutions that restrict human’s actions externally. Toegye’s political theory to realize a good society in the Chosun dynasty is concentrated on the following three requisites. First, he emphasizes that self-cultivation of the king is the key requisite to embodying a good society, because all political decisions in the Chosun dynasty based on monarchy were made by the king. Second, he accentuates the just and prudential personnel management for selecting a wise and able subject. In the Chosun dynasty, the core person in charge of politics is the king but the subject are also important political existence, who assist the king’s affairs and share in the political responsibility. Finally, Toegye asserts that the stabilization of the people’s livelihood, which forms the basis of human’s moral act, is also one of the main requisite of politics to realize a good society. In the view of Toegye, a stable life of the people can be settled by not the material assistance but the moral concern.

정암 조광조의 정치인식과 도학적 정치구상

최병덕(Choi, Byung-deok) 동아시아국제정치학회 2007 국제정치연구 Vol.10 No.2

조선조의 예치(禮治)와 기강(紀綱)확립의 정치

최병덕 ( Byung Deok Choi ) 대한정치학회 2011 대한정치학회보 Vol.18 No.3

This paper aims to analyze the relevance between the ritual politics and the establishment of discipline in the chosun dynasty. In the confucian society of chosun dynasty, the ritual was not only the moral principle to emphasize in process that complete personality, but also the criterion of the social behavior to form a social relation soundly. And the establishment of discipline was the central discourse of political debate for the social stabilization, because it was the inner source and the abstract life force which enable existence of the public order. The politics of the establishment of discipline was realized to two ways which are the cultivation of morality internally and the regulation of the social behavior externally. So everyone who live in the chosun dynasty has asked for cultivating morality through self-discipline and living it as well on one hand and their behavior has controlled by strict social rules which reflect on the confucian ritual order on the other hand. Because the cultivation of morality and practice of it were stressed always in the chosun dynasty, the morality was the most important criterion of not only literati-scholar`s personality but also selection of government official. For the establishment of discipline through the confucian behavioral norm, the chosun dynasty tried to officially operate the confucian ritual from the official ceremony of nation to the everyday life of the people from the beginning of founding the country.