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The Neoliberalization of South Korea after the 1997 Economic Crisis
Joo-Hyoung Ji(지주형) 한국정치학회 2013 한국정치학회보 Vol.47 No.3
이 논문은 1997년 한국의 경제위기에 대한 문화정치경제학적 분석을 통해 위기, 위기담론, 위기관리의 본성을 탐구한다. 한국의 사례는 (1) 위기의 복잡한 현실이 상이한 행위자들에 의해 상이한 담론으로 축소될 수 있고 (2) 지배적 담론이 위기 이후 변동의 과정을 일차적으로 규정하고 제한하는 한편, 지배적 담론의 완전한 실현을 방해하는 복합적인 정치투쟁 때문에 실제의 위기관리는 지배적 위기담론으로 부터 유의미하게 벗어날수 있으며 (3) 위기담론과 위기관리에 대한 정치적 투쟁은 위기의 특정 측면에 대한 관리를 보다 강조함으로써 특정한 행위자들, 전략들, 실천들의 선택, 보전, 강화로 이어지고, 위기 이후 새로운 정치경제적 발전경로를 만들어 내고 발전시킬 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. 결론적으로 한국에 신자유주의적 금융화의 경로가 급속히 형성된 것은 복잡한 위기와 그에 대한 관리가 특정한 정치적 과정을 통해 담론적으로나 실제적으로나 주로 외환위기와 금융위기 및 그에 대한 관리로 축소되었기 때문이다. This article examines the nature of crisis, crisis discourse, and crisis management through a cultural political economy analysis of the 1997 economic crisis in South Korea. The Korean case shows that: (1) the complex reality of crisis can be reduced into different narratives by different actors; (2) while dominant crisis discourses primarily define and delimit the process of transformation after crisis, actual crisis management can deviate significantly from the dominant crisis discourses because complex political struggle prevents the full realization of such discourses; and (3) political struggle over crisis discourse and management can lead to the selection, retention, and reinforcement of particular actors, strategies, and practices rather than others, creating and developing a new political economic path after crisis by privileging certain aspects of crisis and crisis management. All in all, a path for neoliberal financialization was rapidly created in Korea through the process of the politically-bounded reduction of the complex crisis and its management mainly into a foreign exchange and financial crisis and their management at both the discursive and practical levels.
지주형 ( Joo-hyoung Ji ),조희정 ( Hee-jung Cho ),김순영 ( Soon-young Kim ) 경남대학교 인문과학연구소 2018 인문논총 Vol.47 No.-
This article studies the institutional conditions for the popularization of digital micro fundraising. It calls for the introduction of new payment methods technologically; the consolidation of open and democratic principles ethically; and the revision of the related laws institutionally. Despite the limits of the current legal framework, there are a variety of fundraising methods available while election funds have become nearly an essential element in political campaigns. However, enacted in 2004, the current Political Funding Act does not fully accommodate the recent changes in political fundraising while recognizing the desirability of micro fundraising. In order to popularize political donations, it is needed to establish the political values and principles of digital grassroots donation, improve the related systems, and introduce new technologies for fundraising. With such a background, this article reviews recent studies, recent legislations, and recently introduced methods regarding political fundraising to develop a reform agenda in technological, ethical and institutional terms.
정치경제학의 방법론적 토대들: 사상사적 흐름과 이론적 비판
지주형 ( Joo Hyoung Ji ) 경남대학교 인문과학연구소 2013 인문논총 Vol.32 No.-
This study locates various currents in political economy in their historical and methodological contexts to reveal their historical conditions and theoretically categorize and critique them. The history of political economy can be characterized as the struggle between political, social, institutional, and historical methods and abstract, mathematical, and modelling methods around the problem of how to relate politics and economy. Through this struggle, political economy has developed a number of competing and contrasting methodological foundations:reductionism(economism and politicism), soft economic sociology and political economy including eclecticism and separatism on the one hand, and hard political economy, post national global political economy, and cultural political economy on the other. In its earliest stage, political economy did not fully abandon political analysis although its main role was to provide theoretical grounds for liberal governmentalities and policies in line with the(supposedly) autonomous logic of the economic sphere. However, soon it broke with its origins and transformed into(allegedly) politics free economics or even economic analyses of political phenomena. Then this transformation brought about reactions such as eclecticism, politicism or political reductionism. Nonetheless, political economy also developed hard political economic methods for analyzing political, historical, institutional nature of the economic and social order as well as global analysis beyond the national scale. However, conventional hard political economy tend to neglect political analysis as well as the global dimensions of the political economy in its actual practice. Post-national or global political economy tends to neglect the symbolic and cultural dimensions of the economy and naturalize economic categories such as market, capital, money, commodity, profit, competitiveness and crisis as if they were pre-given rather than being socially constructed. From this perspective, this article suggests global cultural political economy as a methodological orientation by combining hard political economy, global political economy and cultural political economy.
한국의 발전국가와 신자유주의 국가: 역사적 변동과 형태분석
지주형 ( Joo Hyoung Ji ) 경남대학교 인문과학연구소 2016 인문논총 Vol.41 No.-
This paper aims to overcome state-market dualism, statism, and methodological nationalism and the characteristics of the Korean neoliberal state. For this purposes, it raises four questions regarding (1) the limits of the developmental statist framework in understanding the contemporary Korean state; (2) the developmental and neoliberal forms of the Korean state; and (3) the difference between the Korean developmental state and neoliberal state. The Korean developmental state is characterized by the superiority of the political or cadre class over the capitalist class; state led investment coordination, risk management, and accumulation; and industrial development for catch up industrialization even at the expense of financial profitability. In contrast, the Korean neoliberal state is characterized by the superiority of the capitalist class over the rest of society; capital led investment coordination, risk management, and accumulation; and the dominance of financially oriented calculation. Accordingly, it involves (a) post democracy or the formalization of democracy and the hegemony of finance ministry and bureaucrats; (b) institutional support to financialzation, securitization and industrial competitiveness; (c) labor market flexibility; (d) financial globalization; and (e) capital led governance.
지주형 ( Joo Hyoung Ji ) 서강대학교 사회과학연구소 2011 사회과학연구 Vol.19 No.1
Neo-liberalism is often equated with the retreat of the state, deregulation, labour flexibilication, financialization, and so forth, and has been analyzed as ideology, policy, governmentality political project, and accumulation project. However, it is hard to find a systematic and integrative account of neoliberalism. This article explains why these diverse elements become part of neo-liberalism and what constitutes the core of neo-liberalism in a systematic and integrated way. First, it critically examines various accounts of neo-liberalism that focus on its ideology, policy, class political project, or privatized governmentality. Second, it suggests financialization and securitization as the distinct feature of neo-liberal accumulation and order, especially the operation of an accumulation strategy that works through investment in financial instruments based on risk management and its resultant asset value growth in capital markets. Third, it defines the neo-liberal order as a complex order in which the privatization of risk management, class political project, and financial accumulation are contingently coupled to produce necessary structural effects. Finally, it discusses what such a redefinition of neo-liberalism means for our reflection on the future of neo-liberalism after the recent global financial crisis. The complex order of neo-liberalism does not collapse easily since it is strengthened and maintained by financialization, class domination and privatization that are intertwined with and support one another. However, as their structural coupling is not necessary, the financial crisis is becoming a fiscal crisis of the state, and neo-liberal mode of calculation is seriously put into question, the neo-liberal order is now more open to dismantling.
지주형(Ji, Joo-Hyoung) 한국지역지리학회 2016 한국지역지리학회지 Vol.22 No.2
이 논문은 한국의 압축도시화의 한 사례이자 표준으로서 서울의 강남이 어떻게 형성되었는지 설명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 강남 및 강남 스타일의 도시화는 유례를 찾아 볼 수 없을 정도로 급속한 도시화가 진행되었다는 점에서, 그 이전의 한국의 도시화 양상 및 서구의 도시와 구별된다는 점에서, 그리고 현대 한국의 삶에 정치, 경제, 문화적으로 매우 중요한 하나의 모델을 제공한다는 점에서 연구의 가치가 매우 크다. 하지만 그럼에도 강남의 독특한 도시성(urbanism)이 어떠한 사회적 조건에서 어떻게 형성되었는지에 대한 연구는 그리 많지 않은 편이다. 이 글에서는 먼저 선망이 되는 물질적 풍경이자 생활양식으로서의 강남적 도시성의 특징을 서술한다. 강남적 도시성은 물질적 공간의 측면에서 중상층이 주거와 자산증식을 위해 소유하는 고급 고층 아파트 단지를 특징으로 하고, 사회문화적 생활양식 의 측면에서 정치적 보수성, 사적몰입과 공적 무관심, 학력, 외모, 패션 등에서의 경쟁, 유흥문화 등을 특징으로 한다. 이러한 강남적 도시성의 원형은 한국 반공 권위주의 발전국가 전략의 공간선택성 속에서 매우 짧은 시간에 압축적으로 형성되었다. 즉 그것은 북한과 대치상황 및 서울로의 인구집중 속에서 강북개발과 영등포개발을 억제하고 강남개발과 아파트를 통해 인구를 급히 분산하고 수용해야 했던 반공주의 국가의 필요성, 서민과 도시빈민을 도시개발에서 공간적으로 배제하는 권위주의 국가의 특성, 그리고 예외공간과 가격왜곡을 통해 건설자본과 중산층에 특혜를 부여하고 강남의 아파트 건설과 불균등 발전을 촉진한 발전국가의 선별적 주택산업정책이 결합되어 만들어낸 공간 선택성에 의해 상당 부분 설명될 수 있다. This article aims to explain how Gangnam, as a model and standard of compressed urbanization in South Korea, was created. Gangnam and Gangnam-style urbanization need attention not only because they contrast with Korea"s urbanization in the past as well as urbanization in the West but also they provide an important model in contemporary Korea"s politics, economy and culture. However, there are little studies of how Gangnam"s peculiar urbanism was created. To fill this gap, this article will first capture Gangnam"s peculiar urbanism as a material landscape and sociocultural lifestyle. Gangnam-style urbanism is (a) materially characterized by high-rise apartment complexes owned by the middle and upper class for dwelling and asset growth and (b) socio-culturally characterized by political conservatism, public indifference, competition over academic performance, appearance, and fashion, and nightlife. Then it will show Gangnam’s archetype was created in a spatially and temporally compressed way in and through the spatial selectivity of Korean anti-communist authoritarian developmental state strategies: (1) anti-communism led to the diffusion and accommodation of the population through apartments in Gangnam in the context of its confrontation with North Korea and the fast-growing population of Seoul; (2) military authoritarianism excluded the low-income class and the urban poor from urban development; and (3) the developmental state adopted selective housing policy which treated construction companies and the middle class preferentially through exceptional zoning and price distortions, promoting the construction of apartment in Gangnam and its resultant uneven development.
지주형 ( Joo-hyoung Ji ) 경남대학교 인문과학연구소 2021 인문논총 Vol.56 No.-
This paper explores the origins, development and socio-economic structure of the growth paradigm in South Korea (hereafter Korea). For this purpose, it runs as follows. First, it examines how the growth paradigm was born and created with the development of capitalism. More concretely, it looks into how the concepts of ‘growth’ and ‘development’ are coined and sophisticated. Second, it examines the origins of the growth paradigm in Korea. In particular, it deals with how the concepts of ‘growth’ and ‘development’ are introduced and applied in Korea. Third, it shows how the growth paradigm was created and developed in Korea. In particular, it illustrates how the growth paradigm combined first with developmentalism and then with neoliberalism in order to understand the history of Korean growth paradigm. Finally, it examines the socio-economic basis as well as the uniqueness of the growth paradigm in Korea, thereby illuminating where its hegemony comes from.
부마항쟁 이후 경남의 민주화 운동: 87년 6월 항쟁 전후의 기억과 계승
지주형 ( Joo-hyoung Ji ) 인제대학교 민주주의와자치연구소(구 비교민주주의연구센터) 2020 비교민주주의연구 Vol.16 No.2
이 글은 부마항쟁이 경남 지역의 민주화 운동 속에서 어떻게 기억되고 계승되었는지를 살펴본다. 특히 이 글은 경남 지역의 87년 6월 항쟁 전후에 드러난 부마항쟁의 기억을 살펴보고 그것이 지역의 정치발전에 어떠한 영향을 주었는지에 대해서도 살펴본다. 경남의 보수주의와 지역주의는 부마항쟁의 기억을 억눌렀지만, 부마항쟁을 기억하고 계승한 운동정치의 흐름은 1987년 경남 지역의 민주항쟁과 노동운동에 큰 영향을 주었다. 뿐만 아니라 이 흐름은 2000년대 이후에는 경남 지역의 제도정치에서 진보 및 민주화 운동 세력이 교두보를 확보하는데 원동력이 되었다. 그러므로 부마항쟁의 기억은 단순히 억압되었던 것이 아니라 지역에서 민주주의의 싹을 틔우는데 유의미하게 기여했다고 평가할 수 있을 것이다. This article examines how the Busan-Masan Protests have been remembered and succeeded in and through democratization movements in Gyeongnam during the 1980s and thereafter. In particular, it looks into how the democratic struggles around June 1987 in Gyeongnam mobilized the memories of the Busan-Masan Protests and influenced the regional political development afterwards. Although conservatism and political regionalism repressed their memories, the current of democratic movements that remembered and inherited the Busan-Masan Protests greatly contributed to the June Struggle and the Great Workers’ Struggle of 1987 in Gyeongnam. In addition, it became the driving force for securing a bridgehead in institutional politics for progressive and democratic movements in Gyeongnam. It can thus be said that Busan-Masan Protests were not simply forgotten but significantly contributed to the birth of democratic movements in the region.
지주형(Joo Hyoung JI) 한국정치학회 2009 한국정치학회보 Vol.43 No.4
본 논문은 박정희 정부와 김대중 정부의 비교를 통해 한국 국가성격의 변모를 탐구하고 특히 한국의 국가형태와 권력행사방식의 전환, 그리고 그에 따른 국가자율성과 역량의 변화를 검토한다. 이를 위해 본 논문은 다음과 같은 작업을 수행한다. 첫째, 국가권력에 관한 종래의 이론을 비판하고 대안으로 전략관계론을 채택하고 발전시킨다. 둘째, 국가성격 및 국가자율성/역량의 변화를 파악하기 위해 박정희 정부와 김대중 정부에서의 국가형태, 권력행사방식, 그리고 사회적 세력지형을 분석한다. 셋째, 박정희 정부와 김대중 정부의 국가자율성과 국가역량을 비교 평가한다. 박정희 정부는 그 국가체제가 구조적, 전략적으로 정합성이 높았으며 이에 따라 강력한 국가권력을 행사할 수 있었다. 반면에 김대중 정부는 민주주의 정치체제와 IMF 및 관료주도의 통치체제 사이의 긴장 등 구조적/전략적 정합성의 수준이 낮았으며 이에 따라 국가자율성과 역량이 제약되었다. 결론적으로 한국의 국가는 권위주의 개발국가에서 민주주의/신자유주의 국가로 이행하였지만, 이 과정에서 관료 정책독점, IMF체제, 권위주의 정당체계 등으로 인한 실질적 민주화의 지체는 국가역량의 재구조화를 저해하였다. This article examines the change in the nature of the Korean state, and in particular, the shifts in its state form and mode of power, and their consequence for state autonomy and capacity by comparing the Park Chung Hee and Kim Dae Jung governments. For this purpose, this article undertakes the following. First, it criticizes the existing theories of state power and reconstructs the strategic-relational approach to explain state autonomy and capacity. Second, it analyzes state form, mode of power, and social and political terrains of the Park Chung Hee and Kim Dae Jung government. Third, it compares and assesses their state autonomy and capacity. The Park Chung Hee government’s state system had a high degree of structural and strategic coherence, and therefore could exercise strong state power. In contrast, due to the tension between the democratic political regime and IMF and bureaucrats-led governmental regime, the Kim Dae Jung government’s level of structural and strategic coherence was relatively low, and this constrained its state autonomy and capacity. In conclusion, though the Korean state shifted from the authoritarian developmental state to democratic and neoliberal state, the relative lack of substantive democracy (bureaucratic policy monopoly, the IMF conditionalities, the authoritarian political party system, etc.) hampered the restructuring of state capacity.
지주형(Ji, Joo-Hyoung) 비판사회학회 2015 경제와 사회 Vol.- No.106
이 논문은 아직도 위기에서 벗어나지 못한 신자유주의적 정치경제 질서에 대한 대안을 모색하는 데 있어서 필수적인 작업인 신자유주의 국가에 대한 비판적 분석과 성찰을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 본 글은 다음과 같이 논의를 전개한다. 첫째, 기존의 신자유주의 국가론을 비판적으로 검토한다. 둘째, 신자유주의 사회질서의 규정적 특징을 경제적·사회적 투자와 리스크 관리의 상품화에 기초한 금융적 자본축적의 확장에서 찾는다. 셋째, 전략관계론적 관점에서 시장주의 국가 형태를 국가주의(케인스주의, 발전주의) 국가 형태와 구별하고 신자유주의 국가를 시장주의 국가의 하위 유형으로 분류한다. 넷째, 투자와 리스크 관리의 상품화를 중심으로 한 금융적 축적에 대한 정치적·경제적·사회적 지원을 중심으로 신자유주의 국가의 대표, 접합, 개입 양식을 분석한다. 이중 특히 초점을 두는 것은 신자유주의 국가의 경제정책, 사회정책, 공간성, 통치방식 등 개입양식이다. 끝으로 이 글은 신자유주의 질서에서 국가의 역량과 책임이 사회적으로 대칭적인 모습으로 나타나지 않고 모순적이고 비대칭적이며 편파적인 형태로 일어난다는 것을 보일 것이다. 결론적으로 신자유주의 국가는 자본가 계급권력의 강화를 통해 탄생했으며 금융적 축적과 통치성이 결합된 투자와 리스크 관리의 상품화에 대한 지원을 핵심적인 특징으로 한다. 신자유주의 국가는 이를 통해 그 자신의 한계와 모순 속에서도 자본의 수익성을 높이고 사회적 권력을 강화한다. This article aims to critically analyze and reflect upon the neoliberal state as an prerequisite attempt for any search for alternatives to the neoliberal political economic order still in crisis. For this purpose, this article advances the following arguments. First, the existing theories and discussions of the neoliberal state fail to identify the defining feature of neoliberalism clearly. Second, what distinguishes the neoliberal social order from other orders lies at financialized capital accumulation based on the commodification of social and economic and social investment and its related risk management. Third, from a strategicrelational viewpoint, the marketist state form is distinct from the statist form, and the neoliberal state is a sub-type of the marketist state. Fourth, the critical role of the neoliberal state is in politically, economically, and socially supporting financialized accumulation centered on the commodification of investment and risk management. Fifth, in the neoliberal social order, the effects of the commodification of investment and risk management are not socially symmetrical but contradictory, partial, and asymmetrical. In conclusion, born out of the restoration of capitalist class power, the neoliberal state is characterized by its supporting relation to the commodification of investment and risk management in which financial accumulation and governmentality are combined. The neoliberal state increases capital’s profitability and social power in its own limited and contradictory manner.