유아의 일상적 스트레스에 대한 실제상황과 가설적 상황에서의 지각 차이 : 유아 , 어머니 및 교사를 중심으로

조희숙,강명희 부산유아교육학회 2001 유아교육논총 Vol.10 No.-

본 연구는 첫째, 유아, 어머니, 교사가 평정한 유아의 일상적 스트레스간에 차이가 있는지, 둘째, 유아의 일상적 스트레스는 유아의 성에 따라 차이를 보일 것인지, 셋째, 유아의 일상적 스트레스는 유아에게 실제 일어난 상황과 가설적 상황 사이에 차이를 보일 것인지 알아보기 위한 것이다. 부산지역에 소재한 병설유치원에 재원 중인 5세남아 100명과 여아 100명, 그들의 어머니 200명, 그리고 200명의 유아를 대상으로 응답한 담임교사 15명이 연구에 참여하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 유아 자신이 일상적 스트레스를 가장 놓게 평정하였고, 그 다음이 교사, 그리고 어머니 순으로 높았다. 둘째, 유아의 일상적 스트레스는 유아의 성에 따라 차이를 보여 유아는 자신에게 실제 일어난 상황에서 가설적 상황보다 더 높게 스트레스를 받는다고 지각하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 유아의 일상적 스트레스에 대하여 평정자와 상황간에 상호작용효과가 나타나 유아, 어머니 교사는 유아의 일상적 스트레스를 지각함에 있어 유아에게 실제 일어났던 상황인지, 가설적 상황인지에 따라 지각정도가 서로 달랐다. The purpose of this study is 1) to investigate whether there are differences among young children's, mothers' and teachers' perceptions of young children's daily stress, 2) to investigate whether young children's, daily stress are different to each other according to young children's gender, and 3) to investigate whether young children's daily stress are different to each other according to situation. The subjects of this study were 100 girls and 100 boys who were all five years old and were attending annexed preschools in Pusan, Korea, 200 mothers of the children, and 15 classroom teachers of the young children. The teachers were teaching the selected young children for two years. The major findings of this study were as follows: First, with regard to daily stress of young children, it appeared that there were significant differences among young children's, mothers' and teachers' perceptions of young children's daily stress. The stress of young children perceived by the child group is greater than that perceived by the mother group, and the stress of young children perceived by the teacher group is greater than that perceived by the mother group. Second, there was no differences in perception of young children's daily stress according to gender of young children. Third, there was significant differences in perception of young children's daily stress according to situation. The daily stress of young children rated in real situation was greater than in pretend situation. Fourth, there was significant interactions between raters and situations.

영어와 한국어의 양화사 작용역에 관한 연구

조희숙 원광대학교 2001 論文集 Vol.27 No.-

한국어 양화사의 일반적인 통사 범주적 특성을 조사하고, 영어의 대명사 변항결속파 양화사들만으로 구성된 이중목적어 구조를 한국어와 비교 분석하여 두 언어간에 존재할 수 있는 통사상의 유사점과 상이점을 조사하였다. 영어와 한국어 양화사의 통사범주적 유사성을 일대 일 대응관계로 조사한 결과 양화사 해석 적용방법에 있어서 서로 유사함을 보였다. 하지만 한국어와 영어는 대명사 결속상의 문제점과 이중 양화 목적어 작용역의 중의성에서 약간의 상이점이 있었다. 그것은 영어에는 존재하지 않는 전칭양화사적 자질인 '어느 ‥‥나'뿐만 아니라 영어와는 다른 통사구조에 의한 것으로 보여진다. The properties of general syntactic scope of Korean quantifiers are investigated, and the syntactic similarities and dissimilarities existing between English and Korean are analyzed by comparing and analyzing bound pronominal variables and double object constructions composed. Considering the similarities of syntactic scope of English and Korean quantifiers in one-to-one correspondence relation, they are found similar to each other in the way the quantificational interpretations apply. However, there are a few differences in the interpretation of the pronouns as bound variables and the ambiguity of the double object constructions. These differences seem to be attributable not only to a universal quantificational feature "enu. . .na" in Korean, which doesn't exist in English, but also to a different syntactic structure from English.

예비 보육교사와 현직 보육교사의 교사역할인식에 관한 연구

조희숙,김정신,박성미,박선해 한국영유아보육학회 2005 한국영유아보육학 Vol.0 No.41

The purpose of this study was to compare the degrees of preliminary child care teachers' role perceptions and incumbent child care teachers' role perceptions, to find out significant differences between preliminary child care teachers' role perceptions and incumbent child care teachers' role perceptions. The subjects for this study were 230 preliminary child care teachers and 113 incumbent child care teachers. Child care teachers' role perceptions were assessed by the questionnaire. It consisted of 72 items in 5 areas of roles : role as the curriculum designer, 15 items; role as the performer of instruction, 14 items; role as the counselor/advisor, 9 items; role as the administrator, 19 items; role as the researcher, 15 items. The analyzing methods of data were frequency, t-test, F test and Scheffe after inspection. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The degrees of the preliminary child care teachers' role perceptions and incumbent child care teachers' role perceptions were high and incumbent child care teachers revealed higher mean scores significantly than preliminary child care teachers. Especially both preliminary child care teachers and incumbent child care teachers perceived 'role as the counselor/advisor' more important than the other areas of role. 2. The differences in degree of role perceptions according to preliminary child care teachers' and incumbent child care teachers' individual variables were significant in several areas of roles. 본 연구는 바람직한 교사양성과 우수한 자질을 갖춘 교사를 확보하여야 하는 보육과제를 해결하기 위한 기초 자료를 얻기 위하여, 예비 보육교사와 현직 보육교사의 교사역할인식이 어떠한 지 그리고 두 집단 간에 유의미한 차이가 있는 지를 알아보고, 또한 그러한 차이에 미치는 변인을 확인해보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 예비 보육교사 230명, 현직 보육교사 113명을 대상으로 Cho와 Saracho(1997)의 Early Childood Teacher's Role Rating Scale(ECTRS)에 의한 교사역할인식을 알아보았다. 연구결과는 예비 보육교사와 현직 보육교사 모두 교사역할인식은 전체적으로 높게 나타났지만, 현직 보육교사가 예비보육교사보다 교사역할인식이 유의미하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 일과 계획 및 수행자, 연구자, 행정업무 및 관리자, 상담자 및 조언자로서의 역할인식에서 현직 보육교사가 예비 보육교사보다 더 높게 인식하고 있었으며, 그 중에서 일과 계획 및 수행자의 역할에서 인식수준의 차이가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 교육과정 설계자로서의 교사역할 인식에 있어서는 두 집단 간의 유의미한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그리고 연령은 교사역할 인식의 차이에 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 학력은 교사역할 인식의 차이에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

공립 유치원 방과후 과정 강사의 직무 수행 상의 어려움

조희숙,변세진 부산대학교 교육연구소 2014 교육혁신연구 Vol.24 No.2

The purpose of this study is to examine the job performance difficulties of after-school instructors in a public kindergarten. The subjects in this study were four after-school instructors at a public kindergarten in the city of B. With regards to methodology, in-depth interviews were conducted with them. The findings of this study can be summarized as follows. First, difficulties of the after-school instructors who worked at the public kindergartens were related with their working environments. Instructors seemed to be strongly influenced by the physical working conditions. Second, difficulties of the after-school instructors in the public kindergartens were heavily related with their duties, that is, accountabilities. Third, interpersonal relationships were one of the significant factors that forces them to feel stressful and difficult as well. Fourth, since the after-school instructors in public kindergartens were working under the public education system, they were under the huge influence of the national compensation system. Whether they recognized the pressure of the compensation system or not, it was a definitely crucial factor. Finally, difficulties of the after-school instructors in public kindergartens came from their job instability. Throughout the study, it was revealed that being conscious of the job-related difficulties of after-school instructors is needed for both instructors themselves and educational policy makers. This study can make a contribution to the improvement of relevant educational policy and system, and at the same time, the quality of after-school education itself. 본 연구는 공립 유치원 방과후 과정 강사들의 직무 수행 상의 어려움을 알아보는데 그 목적이 있 다. B 광역시 소재 공립 유치원 방과후 과정 강사 4인을 참여자로 선정하고 심층면담법을 사용하였 다. 연구 결과, 공립 유치원 방과후 과정 강사들은 ‘근무 환경’, ‘담당업무’, ‘인간관계’, ‘보상체계 및 인정, 전문성 신장’, ‘무기 계약과 고용불안’에 많은 영향을 받고 어려움을 겪고 있는 것으로 나타났 다. 본 연구 결과는 방과후 과정 강사들의 직무 수행상의 어려움을 이해하고, 방과후 과정 강사와 관 련된 정책 및 제도 보완, 나아가 방과후 과정 교육의 질적 제고 및 내실화를 위한 기초 자료로 활용 될 수 있을 것이다

농촌 지역 남·여 고등학생의 도시락 영양실태에 대한 연구

조희숙 한국식품영양학회 1997 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.10 No.3

본 연구는 전남 일부 농촌지역 고등학교에 재학중인 남·녀학생 270명을 대상으로 도시락 영양섭취 실태조사를 실시하였으며 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 남·녀고등학생의 평균신장은 각각 170.03±0.8㎝, 155.8±1.4㎝로 한국인 표준치의 98.8%, 97.4%였으며 평균체중은 남학생이 60.5±0.3㎏, 여학생이 48.5±0.7㎏으로 한국인 표준치의 96.0%, 89.8%를 나타냈다. 영양소 섭취실태에서 주식의 양은 남학생이 310g, 여학생이 277g이었고, 도시락에 지참한 부식의 수는 2가지가 54.1%로 가장 많았으며 부식의 종류는 총 40가지로 대부분 김치류와 볶음류였다. 다섯가지 기초식품군의 균형 잡힌 식사는 거의 이루어지지 않고 있었으며 특히 고기, 생선, 계란, 콩류 및 우유·유제품이 부족하였다. 총 영양소 섭취량은 비타민 A, 비타민 C, 나이아신을 제외한 나머지 영양소는 권장량보다 훨씬 낮게 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다. 열량 섭취량의 구성비는 남학생의 경우 탄수화물 : 지방 : 단백질의 비율이 81.5 : 9.9 : 11.5였고 여학생의 경우는 80.5 : 9.8 : 10.5였으며 총열량 섭취량 중 78.0%를 탄수화물로부터 섭취하고 있었다. 위의 연구를 종합하여 볼 때 농촌 지역 고등학생의 점심때 섭취하는 도시락의 전체적인 영양소 섭취량이 권장량에 비하여 매우 낮았으며 특히 단백질 및 칼슘 섭취가 저조하였다. 따라서 학교에서 학교급식을 실시하여 우유로 칼슘의 양을 보충하며, 농촌 지역사회 여건의 이점을 살려 학교 나름대로 식품 생산 활동을 전개하면 급식 재원을 확보할 뿐만 아니라 지역사회의 식품생산에도 기여할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 또한 고등학생들은 아침 결식이 보편화되고 그 결과 점심 도시락이나 간식을 통한 식품섭취의 의존도가 매우 높음^30)을 고려할 때 영양적으로 균형된 도시락을 준비할 수 있도록 어머니에 대한 영양교육이 절실히 필요하다고 본다. This study was aimed to investigate the nucritional status of 270 students of highschool from September 5 to 10 in 1995, who are eating their lunch-box. This results were summarized as follow : The average height of boys and girls was 170±0.8㎝ and 155.8±1.4㎝, respectively. The average weights of them were 60.5±0.3㎏(male) and 48.5±0.7㎏(female). BMI(Body Mass Index) of them were 20.15±0.13(male), 17.75±0.29(female). The weight of the staple of their lunch-box is 301∼350g(38.7%, boys) and 200∼250g(50.8%, girls). Among the subjects, 54.1% carry two dishes, and they eat 40 kind of side dishes, including kimchi usually cooked by roasting. The balanced diet based on the five basic food groups is almost impossible, especially they don't eat sufficiently protein food and calcium food. All the nutrients except vitamin A, C and niacin, are below the Recommended Daily Dietary Allowances for Koreans. The rate of calorie of carbohydrate : fat : protein is 81.5 : 9.5 : 11.5(boys) and 80.5 : 9.8 : 10.5(girls). The 78.0% of total amount of calorie was from carbohydrate.

영유아기 자녀를 둔 어머니의 어린이도서관 이용 경험의 의미

조희숙,진경 부산대학교 교육연구소 2014 교육혁신연구 Vol.24 No.1

The purpose of this study was to examine the meaning of experiences that mothers have as they visit a children's library together with their kids in infanthood or early childhood. For this purpose, this study made profound interviews with 7 mothers who have been visiting I Children's Library located in the city of C. The findings of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the surveyed mothers said what they first met at that children's library was books. They added that they came to have their own way of reflective thinking about reading and gradually raise their own insight to books as they saw their kid changing while reading books. Second, those mothers responded that another thing they experienced at the library was meeting people. These people became not only reliable friends of the mothers, but also like a new family of the kids. Third, the respondents said that at the children's library, they could find their own potential which in turn contributed to their development. According to the mothers, sincere communications with people at the children's library allowed them to know what they truly are. And education provided by the library encouraged them to have a social life, contributing to making them a recognizable mother. These findings could provide basic information that can help the better environment formation and service improvement of children's libraries. 본 연구는 C시에 위치한 I 어린이도서관을 다니는 어머니 7명을 연구 참여자로 선정하고 심층면담 을 통해 영?유아 자녀와 함께 어린이도서관을 이용하는 어머니의 경험의 의미를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 어머니들은 어린이도서관에서 가장 먼저 책을 만나게 되었다. 책을 보는 아이들의 변 화를 통해 책 읽기에 대한 반성적 사고를 하게 되었고 점차 책을 보는 안목이 생기게 되었다. 둘째, 어머니들이 어린이도서관에서 경험하는 것은 사람과의 만남이었다. 어린이도서관의 사람들은 어머니 들에게 든든한 벗이 되었고, 아이들에게 새로운 가족과 같은 존재가 되어주었다. 셋째, 어머니들은 어 린이도서관에서 자신의 잠재력을 발견하고 성장할 수 있었다. 사람들과의 진솔한 대화를 통해 진정한 나를 발견하고 교육을 통해 사회생활을 할 수 있는 기회를 얻으면서 점차 인정받는 어머니로 거듭나 게 되었다. 이러한 본 연구결과는 어린이도서관의 바람직한 환경 조성과 서비스 성장에 영향을 주는 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다

산업체 급식에 대한 근로자들의 기호도 조사 연구

조희숙 한국식품영양학회 1998 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.11 No.1

목포지역 산업체 근로자에 대하여 사무직, 생산직 별로 이들의 급식에 대한 태도, 식생활 행동 및 급식에 대한 기호도를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 조사 대상자의 연령은 30∼39세가 50.7%, 학력은 사무직은 고졸 이상이었고, 생산직은 대부분 고졸이었으며, 건강상태는 56.7%가 보통이라고 하였다. 배식되는 주식, 부식의 양은 거의 알맞다고 하였고, 식품에 대한 기피현상은 생산직이 사무직보다 더 높게 나타났다. 2. 좋아하는 식사의 형태는 한식이었으며 식품을 선택시 사무직, 생산직 모두 가장 중요하게 생각하는 것은 맛이었다. 식생활에 악영향을 주는 요인은 음주, 결식, 편식 등이었다. 3. 주식류에 대한 기호도는 사무직, 생산직 모두 밥류중에서는 흰밥(60.5%, 61.0%), 국수류에서는 칼국수의 기호도가 가장 높았으며 만두류 및 빵류에서는 사무직, 생산직 모두 채소빵을 선호하였고, 일품요리류의 경우 사무직은 쇠고기덮밥, 생산직은 회덮밥으로 다르게 나타났다. 4. 부식류에 대한 기호도는 사무직, 생산직 모두 된장국(37.5%, 31.5%), 김치찌개(30.5%, 28.8%), 조기매운탕(26.1%, 25.7%), 쇠고기장조림(32.5%, 30.5%), 생선구이(32.5%, 31.9%), 파전(20.7%, 25.1%), 게맛살(25.1%, 29.2%), 배추김치(44.5%, 46.3%) 새우젓(40.5%, 38.7%) 등을 동일하게 선호하였으며 두 그룹 간에 기호도가 다르게 나타난 것으로는 사무직에서는 콩나물, 소갈비찜이었으며, 생산직에서는 시금치나물, 돼지갈비찜으로 나타났다. 5. 간식에 대한 기호도는 사무직, 생산직 모두 우유(50.3%, 48.5%), 송편(28.9%, 30.1%), 커피(30.8%, 32.5%), 식혜(18.8%, 17.5%)를 좋아하였으며 대체로 한국 전통음료에 대한 기호도가 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 살펴볼 때 근로자의 식생활에 대한 가치관 정립과 올바른 영양지식을 바탕으로 한 식생활 교육이 필요하며 근로자를 위해 기호에 맞고 영양이 풍부한 동시에 경제적인 급식을 운영하기 위하여 먼저 급식집단에 대한 정기적인 기호조사를 실시한 다음 식단을 작성해야 하며 다양한 조리방법의 개발 및 위생적인 면의 질적인 향상이 필요하다고 생각된다. 또한 사무직과 생산직에서 차이를 보인 식단을 살펴보고 직종에 따른 근무시간을 고려한 식단 제공이 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

유치원 아동의 또래수용 : 모의 통제, 유아의 성, 인지능력 및 유치원입문기 또래관계와의 관련성

조희숙,조은미 부산대학교 교육발전연구소 1990 敎育硏究 Vol.1 No.1

아동의 상위언어 능력 및 이의 하위 영역과 관련된 변인 연구

조희숙,신귀련 부산유아교육학회 2003 유아교육논총 Vol.11 No.-

본 연구는 아동의 상위언어 능력에 영향을 미치는 관련변인을 알아보기 위하여 총 41명의 영어교육 경험정도가 다른 4세, 5세 아동을 대상으로 상위언어(음운자각, 단어자각, 그리고 구문 및 의미자각) 검사, 언어 능력 검사, 그리고 지능 검사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 상위언어 총점 및 하위영역별 점수와 관련변인(연령, 언어능력, 영어교육 경험정도, 그리고 지능)간의 상관관계는 영어교육 경험정도를 제외하고는 모두 유의한 상관관계률 보였다. 상위언어 총점은 연령, 언어능력, 영어교육 경험정도, 지능의 순으로 영향력을 가졌다. 또한 하위영역인 음운자각은 연령, 영어교육 경험정도, 언어능력의 순으로 영향력을 가졌고, 단어자각은 지능만이 영향력을 가졌으며, 그리고 구문 및 의미자각은 언어능력, 연령의 순으로 영향력을 가졌음이 드러났다. This study examined variables related to metalinguistic ability ? consisting of three domains: phonological awareness, word awareness, and syntactic and semantic awareness ? in children to determine the predictive contributions of the following four learner variables: age, linguistic ability, degree of English education experience, and intelligence. Participants were 41 four- and five-year olds, categorized into one of two groups (high/low), based on their degree of English learning experience. The children were administered the Metalinguistic Test (MT), the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised Version (PPVT-R), and the Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices Test. Data were analyzed by multi-correlation and regression. Results indicated that age, linguistic ability. And intelligence significantly correlated with both the overall and the domain-specific scores on the MT. Furthermore, age, degree of English education, linguistic ability, and intelligence were all statistically significant variables in predicting the overall metalinguistic score, with age being the best predictor. More specifically, age was the best predictor of phonological awareness, intelligence was the best predictor of word awareness, and linguistic ability was the best predictor of syntactic and semantic awareness.

授乳期間, 産後武月經 및 避姙實施와의 相關에 對한 硏究

趙熙淑 서울大學校保健大學院 1972 公衆保健雜誌 Vol.9 No.2

This survey was conducted by the 20 interviewers for 2 months, from July 1 to August 31, 1972, aimed at grasping the relationships of breastfeeding and postpartum amenorrhea of women, who were residing in Hoigi and Limum Dong, Dongdaimun Gu, Seoul City. The interviewers visited the 593 women, who have last live-births aged within 8 years, with the questionnair (about Lactation, Postpartum Amunorrhea, and Contraceptive Practice). Major findings from this study can be summarized as ofllows; 1. Basic Characteristics of Women: 1) Age; The 35.9 percent of the women were 30 to 34 of age as the most proportion. The average age at interview is 31.0 years. 2) Education; The women's educational level was higher than Korea's National averages for married females. The 36.1 percent of the women graduated the high school as the most proportion 3) Age at marriage; Women in the study area were found to be marrying at the average age of 23.0 years. The majority of women (62.7 percent) are 20 to 24 of age. 4) Duration of marital lives; The average duration of marital lives is 7.9 years. The 32.2 percent of the women is 5 to 9 years as the most proportion. 5) Frequency of Pregnancies; The average frequency of pregnancies is 2.5. The 30.7 percent of the women had two pregnancies as the most proportion. 2. Basic Characteristics of Last Live-Births in Relation to Breastfeeding, Weaning and Delivery Environments: 1) Age of last live-Birth at interview; The average age of months at interview is 22.4 months. As the most proportion, the 29.2 percent of last live-births are longer than 37 months of age. 2) Experience of breastfeeding; Those who has no experience of live births rated 8.3 percent and those who had experience rated 91.7 percent of all 544 women. About the reason of abscence of breastfeeding experience, the 38.6 percent of women as the most proportion, spoke "because insufficient milk." 3) Duration fo lactation; The women who had breastfed and weaned are the majority (63.1 percent) of all 544. The women who have still lactation at interview are 28.6 percent. And the women who have nave never breastfed are 8.26 percent. As the most proportion, the 31 percent of women who had breastfed and weaned had 10 to 12 months of lactation. The average duration of Lactation is 10.6 months. 4) Delivery place; The majority (57 percent) of the women delivered at Ob-Gyn's clinic. And the 31.5 percent are home deliveries, the 7.6 percent are delivered by Ob-Gyn doctor. The midwife rated 3.9 percent. 5) Delivery attendant; In the case of Homedelivery, supervised home delivery (by Ob-Gyn. local doctor, midwife) rated 29 percent, and unsupervised home delivery (by mother, mother in-law, relatives, herself etc.) rated 71 percent of all 187 women. 3. Average Periods of Lactation and Postpartum Amenorrhea for Mothers Classified by Whether (a) Breastfed last child (b) Had weaned child by Interview Date: 1) The average period of lactation for mothers who had breastfed and weaned is 10.6 months, and for mothers who still breastfeeding is 9.3 months. 2) The average duration of amenorrhea for mothers who had breastfed and weaned is 9 months, and for mothers who still breastfeeding is 5.9 months. 4. Conditional Monthly Probabilities of Terminating Lactation, Resuming Menstruation, and Practicing Contraception by Months Since Last Live-Birth (By Life Talbe Method): Conditional monthly probabilities of terminating lactation by sixth month since last live-birth is 5 percent. And that by 7-11th months is 7-8 percent. Conditional monthly probabilities of resuming menstruation by first month since last live-birth is 7 percent. And thereafter the probabilities are irregular. The majority (6-11th months) is 6-10 percent showing wide breadth probabilities of resuming menstruation. The breadth of the conditional monthly probabilities of practicing contraception is 3-7 percent. 5. Cumulative Rates of Terminating Lactation, Resuming Menstruation and Puacticing Contraception at the End of Successive Months: The cumulative rates of terminating lactation of women(excludes the women who did not breastfeed their last child) at the end of sixth month is 85.3 percent, and 32.4 percent at the end of 12th month, and 4.2 percent at the end of 18th month. At the end of 12th month, the majority is terminated lactation within the 18th month. On the other hand, the cumulative rates of terminating lactation of the women (includes women who did not breastfeed from the beginning) at the end of 6th month is 60 percent, and 3 percent at the end of 12th month. Therefore, the majority of women is terminated within 12th month. The cumulative rates of resuming menstruation at the end of 6th month es 45.9 percent, and 81.2 percent at the end of 12th month. That is, the majority was resumed menstruation within 1 year since last live-birth. The cumulative rate of practicing contraception at the end of 6th month is 29.5 percent, and 53.7 percent at the end of 12th month. Therefore, the cumulative rates of practicing contraception are the half of the resuming menstruation. 6. Cumulatative Rates of Resuming Menstruation by Duration of Lactation; The 86.5 percent of the women who did not breastfeed from the beginning is resumed menstruation at 3rd month since last live-birth, and 98 percent resumed at 12th month. The rates of resuming menstruation of the women who were terminated lactation at interview (by duration of the lactation) are as follows. The rates of resuming menstruation of the women who were breastfeeding during 1-6 months is 53.1 percent at the 3rd month since last live-birth, 97.1 percent resumed at 12th months In the women who were breastfeeding during 7-12 months, the 23.2 percent of women resumed menstruation at the 3rd month since last live-birth, and 89.3 percent resumed at 12th month. The rates of resuming menstruation of the women who were terminated lactation at interview are 79.6 percent at the 12th month since last live-birth, and 95.1 percent terminated at the 18th month respectively. The rates of resuming menstruation of all women are 45.9 percent at the 6th month since last live-birth, and 81.2 percent at 12th month, and 95,2 percent resumed at 18th month. 7. The Rates of Resuming Menstruation by Duration of Lactation: In the women who did not breastfeed from the beginning, the 63 percent was resumed menstration within 3 months, and 87 percent was resumed within 12 months. On the other hand, in the women who were terminated breastfeeding, the longer the duration of lactation, the longer the duration of amenorrhea. The average duration of amenorrhea by duration of lactation is as follows. The average duration of the women who did not breastfeed is 3.5 months. The womes who were breastfeeding during 6 months have 5.5 months of amenorrhea. And women who were breastfeeding during 12 months have 9.3 months of amenorrhea. The average duration of amenorrhea of women is 9 months. Therefore, we can know following. If the women breastfeed 1 month increased, the average duration of amenorrhea is increased 2 weeks. 8. The Influences of Average Period in the Months of Lactation and Postpartum Amenorrhea by Age, Education and Parity of Women: 1) The duration of Lactation. a) Age: The average duration of lactation of women under 24 years old is 9.8 months. The duration of women above 35 years old is 11.2 months. The more age of women, the longer the duration of lactation. b) Education; The duration of lactation of the women who graduated primary school is 12.7 months, and the duration of women who graduated college is 8.8 months. The higher the level of education, the shorter the period of lactation. c) Birth order; The average duration of lactation of the women who have first birth order is 9.9 months. In the women above 5th birth order, the duration of lactation is 13.7 months. The more the birth order, the longer duration of the lactation. 2) The Duration of Amenorrhea and Lactation; a) Age; For those who had no experience of breastfeeding, the duration of amenorrhea is 3.5 months. For those who had breastfed and weaned, the more age of women, the longer duration of amenorrhea. b) Education; For those who had breastfed and weaned, the higher the level of education, the shorter the duration of amenorrhea. c) Birth order; For those who breastfed and weaned, the more the birth order, the longer the period of amenorrhea. 9. Proprotion of Contraceptive Practice and Resuming Menstruation by Number of Months: The 50 percent of women who resumed menstruation practiced contraception. The practice rate before resumed menstruation is 9 percent, at the same month which menstruation was resumed is 67 percent, and after resumed menstruateon is 24 percent. Therefore, the majority of women practiced contraception at the same month which menstruation was resumed. The contraception method of postpartum period is as follows. The 35.5 percent of contraceptive method is oral pill as the most proportion. The loop is 18.2 percent, condom is 18.6 percent, the rhythm is 24.0 percent, and the surgical operation is 2.9 percent.