포저 조익의 경학사상에 나타난 수양관 -논어천설을 중심으로-

조정은(Jo, Jungeun) 한림대학교 태동고전연구소 2018 泰東古典硏究 Vol.40 No.-

조익의 수양론에서 두드러지는 관점은 실천을 강조하는 것이다. 조익의 수양은 크게 경(敬) 과 경술(經術)로 나뉘는데, 둘 모두에서 이러한 관점이 드러난다. 우선 존양과 성찰로 구성되는 경은 표면적으로는 존양이 중시되지만 내 외면을 아우르는 성찰을 통해 존양을 이룬다는 점에서 실제적으로는 성찰이 중시된다. 이때 성찰은 사욕으로 인한 잘못을 경계하는 성격이 짙어서 실천적 맥락이 강하다. 경술이 앎과 행위를 아우르며 그 최종 목표가 행위에 놓인다는 점에서도 실천적 맥락을 지적할 수 있다. 행위에 관한 수양이 경술의 연장선상에서 다뤄지므로 행위 규범으로서 예의 역할을 부각시키는 대신 사욕 제거를 통해 다다르게 될 최종 상태인 만물의 마땅한 위치를 예로 제시하는 경향이 강하다. 실천을 강조하는 조익의 수양관은 논어에서 경을 내적 태도에 국한시켜 해석하는 주희와 달리 외적 태도로까지 확장시키는 차이로 이어진다. 인간으로서 할 바를 다 한 후 학문을 익힐 것을 말하는 논어 1.6을 해석하면서도 조익은 실천만으로는 안 되고 학문으로 이를 뒷받침해야 한다는 것에 무게를 두는 주희를 따르는 한편, 학문보다 실천이 앞서는 경우도 있다는 것을 지적하며 실천 지향성을 보여 준다.이 외 사욕 경계와 만물이 지닌 마땅한 법칙으로서 예를 보는 관점을 부각시킨다. 실천을 강조 하는 수양론인 만큼 양명학에 경도된 듯한 해석도 있지만 주자학을 벗어났다고 평가하기보다는 주자학의 틀 안에서 실천이라는 자신의 주안점을 살리는 수양론을 구축했다고 평가하는 것이 더 적절할 것이다. 조익은 주자학에 대한 이해가 무르익은 가운데 양명학이 영향력을 펼치기 시작한 16세기 말 17세기 초 조선의 사상적 토양을 바탕으로 주자학 체계 내에서 실천을 강조한 수양관을 경학사상에 투영해 나간 학자로 평가할 수 있다. Jo Ik’s prominent view on self-cultivation is to emphasize practice. Jo Ik’s theory of self-cultivation is divided into two main areas: the execution of jing 敬 and the study of the classics (jingshu 經術), both of which emphasize practice. In executing jing which consists of cunyang 存養 and xingca 省察, what gets first priority is cunyang; however, in fact it is xingca that assumes real significance in that cunyang is achieved through xingca which encompasses inner and outer cultivation. In Jo Ik’s theory, xingcha has strong practical connotations in that its meaning is closer to being alert to wrongful behaviors caused by selfish desire. This practical connotation can also be pointed out in the study of the classics: although this study pursues improvement both in knowledge and behavior, its ultimate goal is placed on behavior. Since the improvement of behavior is promoted in the study of the classics, the role of li 禮 as a norm of conduct is paid less attention. Instead, Jo Ik tends to present li as the proper positions of all things, which is the final state that will be achieved by eliminating selfish desire. Jo Ik’s emphasis on practice in self-cultivation renders a differentiated interpretation of jing in the Lunyu from Zhu Xi’s: Zhu Xi mostly interprets jing as an internal attitude whereas Jo Ik shows a stronger tendency to expand its meaning to an outer attitude. When interpreting Lunyu 1.6, which says study comes after fulfilling one’s everyday duties as a human being, Jo Ik, on the one hand, follows Zhi Xi’s interpretation that puts emphasis on study: everyday duties are not properly carried out if not supported by study. On the other hand, Jo Ik stresses practice by indicating that there is a case in which practice is more urgent than study. Besides, Jo Ik emphasizes being wary of selfish desire and sees li as the proper principles of all things. Since Jo Ik emphasizes practice, some of his interpretations are similar to Wang Yangming’s idea. However, we may reasonably place Jo Ik’s theory within Zhu Xi’s philosophical framework; Jo Ik explored Confucian classics reflecting his viewpoint on moral cultivation which puts special emphasis on practice, utilizing the academic soil of the Joseon dynasty during the late 16th and early 17th centuries when Wang Yangming’s doctrine began to exert influence under a mature understanding of Zhu Xi’s doctrine.

적색/원적색광 조사 비율에 따른 3종 배추과 채소 새싹의 Glucosinolate 함량 및 항산화 기능성 평가

조정수(Jung Su Jo),이준구(Jun Gu Lee) (사)한국생물환경조절학회 2018 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.27 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 3가지의 배추과 작물의 새싹에서 적색(R)과 원적외선(FR)광에 초점을 맞추어서 glucosinolate(GSL), 총 페놀, 총 플라보노이드, 비타민 C 함량, 항산화 활성을 평가하는 것이다. 제한된 환경조건에서 5일된 새싹에 3가지의 R/FR비율을 2일동안 24시간 노출시켜 식물화학물질과 항산화활성을 대조군[형광등, R:B(8:2), 암조건]과 비교하였다. 총 GSL 함량은 각 처리 기간 동안 3가지의 작물 중 브로콜리에서 가장 높았으며, 브로콜리 새싹에서 R/FR 비율이 증가함에 따라 총 GSL 함량이 감소하는 반면 배추와 무의 새싹에서는 유의하지 않은 결과를 보여주었다. 배추 및 브로콜리의 주요 GSL인 progointrin은 대조군에 비해 R/FR 비율이 감소함에 따라 최대 38%, 69%까지 감소하였다. 3가지 배추과 새싹에서 페놀, 플라보노이드 및 비타민 C의 함량 모두 암조건에서 가장 낮았다. 총 페놀 및 항산화 활성은 3가지 배추과 새싹에서 R/FR 비율이 감소할수록 증가하는 반면, 총 플라보노이드와 비타민 C 함량은 작물 간 다른 양상을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 FR의 보광에 따라 배추과 새싹의 기능적 품질을 향상시킬 것으로 기대된다. The aim of this study was to evaluate the individual glucosinolate (GSL), total phenol, total flavonoid, and vitamin C content, and antioxidant activity under various light quality condition, mainly focusing on red (R) to farred (FR) light ratios in three Brassica sprouts (radish, Chinese cabbage, and broccoli). Three R/FR ratio of 0.6, 1.3, and 2.0 were exposed to 5-day old sprouts for 48 h in a controlled environment, and the targeted phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities were compared with three separate control plot of dark, fluorescent, and red:blue 8:2 conditions. Total GSL content was highest in broccoli among the cultivars throughout the respective treatments, and increased with the increasing of R/FR ratio in the broccoli sprouts, while the content showed non-significant results in the Chinese cabbage sprouts. The progoitrin, a major GSL in Chinese Cabbage and broccoli, content decreased by upto 38% and 69%, respectively, with decreasing the R/FR ratio compared to the control plots (fluorescent, red:blue 8:2, and dark condition). The contents of phenol, flavonoid, and vitamin C were lowest in dark condition in all the three Brassica sprouts. The total phenol content and antioxidant activities increased with decreasing the R/FR ratio in all the Brassica sprouts, while total flavonoid and vitamin C content showed different patterns depending upon the Brassica sprouts. These results suggest that additional use of FR is expected to improve the functional quality of Brassica sprouts in different ways.

위생이냐, 이윤이냐

조정은(Jo, Jeongeun) 역사비평사 2019 역사비평 Vol.- No.126

This paper is intended to analyze water supply, which is an essential facility to construct a urban sanitation system, focusing on Shanghai Waterworks Company of modern Shanghai International Settlement. In particular, this study is focused on urban sanitation characteristics of modern Shanghai, paying attention to a collision and a compromise between public interest and private interest that were caused, since the management of water supply for the public was entrusted to Shanghai Waterworks Company by Shanghai Municipal Council. The free water supply, conducted as part of cholera prevention in the 1930s, is a representative case of a collision between improvement of sanitation and increase of profit that were the two typical purposes of Shanghai Waterworks Company and Shanghai Municipal Council. The Chinese government asked for the free water supply for the poor, but Shanghai Waterworks Company dawdled and hesitated, worrying if it might negatively affect their business. But once an infectious disease spreads in a slum, safety of the whole international settlement cannot be guaranteed. In the end, Shanghai Waterworks Company decided to supply free clean water to the slum. Of course, it was only provided to a specific slum temporarily while the cholera prevailed.

관광목적지 PR 효과 촉진을 위한 커뮤니케이션 전략: 해석수준 이론을 중심으로

조정인 ( Jo Jeong-in ),김영남 ( Kim Young-nam ) (사)한국마이스관광학회(구 한국컨벤션학회) 2020 MICE관광연구 Vol.20 No.1

The purpose of this study is to find out the problem of ineffective PR communication of the government that informs the destination of the tourism, and to draw the PR communication strategy that stimulates the visit demand substantially and to lay the foundation on the reasonable academic basis to support it. The construal level theory(CRT) focusing on the human cognitive process and behavior was examined and applied to the tourism phenomenon. As a research method, experimental design and experiments were carried out in order to rigorously control experimental variables such as participant recruitment and randomization of group distribution, experimental manipulation of independent variables and experimental situation. The results of this study provided evidence that the application of CRT to tourism phenomenon is valid through the research hypothesis test, and considering the effect of psychological distance on construal level, a basic clue was found.

정부지원사업에 대한 인식과 지원효과에 관한 연구: 대구시 연구개발사업을 중심으로

조정일(Jeongil Jo),이호택(Hotaek Yi),심정민(Jungmin Shim),임종희(Jonghui Lim) 한국기술혁신학회 2024 기술혁신학회지 Vol.27 No.4

본 연구는 나눠먹기식과 관행적 지원이라는 지적을 받고 있는 정부지원사업에 대한 인식(지원 내용·지원 과정·지원 공정성·지원기관 관계)과 만족도의 지원사업 효과에 대한 영향력을 지원유형(R&D·비R&D)과 기업유형(소·중·중견(대)기업) 간 비교분석하였다. 분석대상은 대구시 연구개발사업의 수혜기업 2,507개사로 하였다. 분석결과 첫째, 정부지원사업 관리의 구성요소에 대한 인식(중요도-만족도)을 실증분석하기 위한 수정 IPA 결과, 지원 내용이 중점개선영역, 지원 과정과 지원기관 관계는 과잉투자영역에 배치되었다. 둘째, 이러한 결과는 지원유형과 기업유형에 따라 다소 차이가 존재하나 모든 유형에서 지원 내용은 중점개선영역에 배치되었다. 셋째, 정부지원사업 관리의 4개 구성요소에 대한 만족도는 모두 수혜기업과 지역경제에 대한 지원효과에 유의적으로 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤고 이중 지원 내용(기간·규모)에 대한 만족도의 영향력이 가장 높게 나타났다. 넷째, 지원유형과 기업유형 간 지원사업의 효과에 대한 일부 정부지원사업 관리의 구성요소에 대한 만족도의 영향력 차이가 존재하였다. 상기 분석결과를 바탕으로 정부지원사업 효과성을 제고할 수 있는 정책적 시사점을 제시하였다. The study analyzed the perceptions of beneficiary firms about government support project by types of support and firm using revised importance-performance analysis(IPA). Also, the impact of beneficiary firms’ satisfaction on the effectiveness of the support project was analyzed by the types. The results were as follows. First, in the revised IPA results the contents of the support project was in the second quadrant(Concentrate here). The process of the support project and the relationshipwith the specialized support agency were found in the fourth quadrant(Possible overkill). Second, these results differed somewhat depending on the types, but the contents of the support project was in the second quadrant regardless of the types. Third, all satisfaction with the components of government support project management had a significant positive impact on the effectiveness of support project for beneficiary firms and the local economy. Fourth, there was a difference in the influence of satisfaction with some components on the effectiveness of the support project among the types. Based on the results, we suggested policy implications for enhancing the effectiveness of the support project

최명길의 경전 독법 연구: 「논어기의(論語記疑)」를 대상으로

조정은 ( Jo Jung-eun ) 인하대학교 한국학연구소 2020 한국학연구 Vol.0 No.56

「논어기의」는 최명길이 기존 주석을 비판하며 『논어』에 대한 더 나은 해석을 모색해 간기록으로 최명길의 경전 독법을 유추할 수 있는 자료가 된다. 「논어기의」는 기존 주석과 마지막까지 타협하기 어려웠던 부분에 대한 기록일 것이다. 하지만 이 기록에서조차 최명길은 기존 주석을 바탕으로 경문에 접근하고, 주석자 입장에서 주석을 이해하는 가운데 경문의 본의를 밝히고 있어서 그의 『논어』 이해가 기존 주석을 정밀히 검토한 바탕 위에 있음을 보여 준다. 이 바탕 위에서 최명길은 실천을 중시하는 시각과 실제 상황을 고려한 독해에 근거해 일부 주석을 비판한다. 전자의 시각에서 나온 비판의 근거로는 마음을 판단 기준으로 삼아 행하는 실천, 이를 뒷받침하는 후천적 노력과 의지, 고정된 의리가 아닌 구체적 사태에 부합하는 유연한 의리가 있다. 현실을 중시하는 시각은 실제 상황을 고려해 『논어』를 해석하는 것으로도 이어져 현실성과 실제, 경문 맥락, 용어의 정확한 뜻을 근거로 기존 주석을 비판하게 된다. 「논어기의」는 기존 논의를 충분히 섭렵한 바탕 위에서 실천을 중시하는 입장과 실제 상황을 고려한 독해를 근거로 기존 주석을 비판적으로 검토하며 경문에 대한 온전한 이해를 추구하는 것이 최명길의 경전 독법이 지닌 한 양상임을 보여 준다. In “Noneo giui” (Notes on Doubtful Parts in the Analects), Choe Myeong-gil criticizes existing commentaries and seeks a better interpretation of the Analects; therefore, we can infer his way of reading the Confucian classics from this work. “Noneo giui” would be a record of what was most difficult to compromise with the commentaries. Even in this record, however, Choe approaches the Analects based on the commentaries, and investigates the original meaning of the text while understanding the commentaries from the viewpoint of commentators, which supports that his understanding of the Analects was deepened through extensive reading on the existing commentaries in a receptive manner. After this extensive reading, Choe criticizes some of the commentaries from the viewpoint that values practice and actual situation. In relation to valuing practice, Choe emphasizes three aspects : practice in specific situations while adopting the mind as a criterion, the sustained effort and will to promote practice, and flexible righteousness in accord with the circumstances. Choe’s view that attaches importance to reality is connected to his criticism of the existing commentaries on the basis of practicality and actuality, the context of the text, and the exact meanings of terms. In sum, “Noneo giui” demonstrates one example of Choe Myeong-gil’s way of reading the Confucian classics : after extensive reading on existing commentaries, Choe seeks a complete understanding of the text through critically examining those commentaries on the basis of his emphasis on practice and interpretation that considers actual situation.

명성의 진화: 유명인에 대한 서열심리 연구

조정열(Jo, Jung Yul) 한국비즈니스학회 2021 비즈니스융복합연구 Vol.6 No.1

근대(近代) 위생론(衛生論)의 소개와 상해(上海)『위생백화보(衛生白話報)』

조정은 ( Jo Jeong Eun ) 중국사학회 2018 中國史硏究 Vol.115 No.-

This paper aims to reveal the aspect of modern hygiene in Shanghai by analyzing the hygiene theory in the “Weishengbaihuabao.” This journal was published by the authors, Japanese doctor Watanuki Yosaburo(綿貫與三郎) and Chinese doctor Chen Jiwu(陳繼武). In addition to the compilation of sanitary journals, they established their own medical schools called Chinese-Japanese Medical School to teach students medical knowledge. It is an important example of how Japan was able to join forces with the Chinese to publish hygienic magazines and establish a school where most of the teachers are Japanese. Although previous studies have emphasized the influence of the West mainly on the propagation of hygiene, Japan's influence which can be found in the Weishengbaihuabao should not be overlooked. It should be noted that the Journal's goal was to promote sanitary knowledge in a way that it was easy to understand using the vernacular language. The difficult language restrained and carefully used easy terms to describe hygiene to the common people. For example, by matching hygiene with health and longevity, ordinary people can easily accept the new concept of hygiene. Watanuki Yosaburo explained it as follows; a healthy person will not get sick and If you want to be a healthy person, you should cautious of your hygiene. Such emphasis on health and longevity, and the spread of sanitary principles related to real life, is a feature of Japanese hygiene theory. On the other hand, traditional quarantine measures such as Songwen[送瘟] were considered as a superstition and was criticized, and thus emphasized the importance of sanitation. As such, the Weishengbaihuabao can be highly appreciated in a way that it is a journal that aims to promote hygiene knowledge to ordinary people by using the vernacular, and to change the way of life by recording many practical information. It is certainly different from other magazines that have focused on proposing and building the sanitary administration that the state power should pursue with medical experts as its own. It also shows that China wanted to take some of Japan's sanitary ideas and utilize them.

지역관광 중 정보욕구, 탐색 및 만족에 관한 연구

조정인(Jo Jeong-In),서용건(Suh Yong-Kun),김영남(Kim Young-Nam),양승필(Yang Seung-Pil) 한국지역사회학회 2014 지역사회연구 Vol.22 No.4

The purpose of this study was to identify the importance of information search during the trip in regional tourism in a positive way. There have been the studies relative to information search before the trip, however, relatively little research on information search during the trip even though these cases more occur in reality. Three hypotheses were formulated as follows: 1) The need for information during the trip will influence the levels of tourist information search in the region; 2) The levels of tourist information will influence satisfaction for information; and 3) The convenience between the levels of information search and satisfactions will function as moderating effect. The data of 208 international travelers leaving Jeju island after the trip were selected at Jeju international airport as the exit survey. As the results of analysis, three hypotheses were confirmed and academic and practical discussions were presented.

｢논어문의｣를 통해 본 홍대용의 경학사상사적 의의 : 전통적 해석과 차별화되는 새로운 해석 지평 마련

조정은(JO Jungeun) 한림대학교 태동고전연구소 2020 泰東古典硏究 Vol.44 No.-

이 글은 ｢논어문의｣를 분석하여 홍대용이 조선경학사상사에서 지니는 의의를 살핀다. 홍대용은 유가에서 받드는 인물들의 권위와 이들에 관한 주석의 권위에서 벗어나 『논어』를 이해했고, 그 권위에 균열을 내는 도구로 상식과 유가 이념을 취했다. 그동안 문제 삼을 수 없었던 대상을 문제 삼으면서 경문의 본래 뜻과 상관성이 약한 불필요한 논의에 경종을 울리고, 공자를 현실을 살아간 한 인간으로 되살려 내고, 유가의 성인을 높인다면서 오히려 유가 이념에 배치되는 논의로 귀결되는 폐단을 드러냈다. 이러한 홍대용의 비판 작업은 유학에 대한 반발이 아닌 오히려 유학이 그간 간과했던 유학의 본래 정신 즉, 현실에 근거해 마땅함을 평가해야 하고, 군신과 부자의 도리에 어긋남이 없어야 한다는 정신을 환기시키는 작업이었다. 새로운 비판점에 선 시도였던 만큼 그 깊이는 부족했으나 홍대용의 경학사상사적 위치에서 깊이까지 요구하는 것은 무리일 것이다. ｢논어문의｣를 통해 살펴본 홍대용의 경학사상사적 의의는 유가적 권위로부터 자유로운 입장에서 경험적 상식과 유가 이념에 근거해 경문과 주석을 비판적으로 검토함으로써 새로운 경학 흐름을 만들어 갈 교두보를 마련했다는 데에서 찾을 수 있다. This paper assesses the significance of Hong Dae-yong in the history of thoughts on Confucian classics in Joseon by analyzing his “Noneo muni” (Inquiry on the Analects). Hong Dae-yong understands the Analects deviating from the authority of renowned Confucian figures and commentaries on them; he takes common sense and Confucian ideology as a tool to crack the authority. By addressing issues about the subjects that have not been taken as a problem, Hong raises the alarm about unnecessary discussions that has little to do with the original meaning of sentences in Confucian classics. In addition, he describes Confucius more vividly as a human being who lived in reality, and reveals the harmful effect of speaking too highly of Confucian sages that in the end runs counter to the spirit of Confucianism. Hong Dae-yong’s criticism is not an opposition to Confucianism, but on the contrary a reminder of the Confucian spirit: evaluation should be based on reality, and there should be no violation of the principles of ruler and subject, father and son. As his criticism is directed to new subjects, its depth is insufficient; however, it would be unjust to demand depth considering his historical position. In sum, the significance of Hong Dae-yong in the history of thoughts on Confucian classics can be found in that he prepared a bridgehead to open a new chapter in the study of Confucian classics by critically examining Confucian classics and commentaries on them, on the basis of common sense and Confucian ideology while not restricted by the authority of Confucianism.