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Next-generation probiotics, parabiotics 및 postbiotics
조광근,이승호,최인순,이상원,Cho, Kwang Keun,Lee, Seung Ho,Choi, In Soon,Lee, Sang Won 한국생명과학회 2021 생명과학회지 Vol.31 No.6
Human intestinal microbiota play an important role in the regulation of the host's metabolism. There is a close pathological and physiological interaction between dysbiosis of the intestinal microflora and obesity and metabolic syndrome. Akkermansia muciniphila, which was recently isolated from human feces, accounts for about 1-4% of the intestinal microbiota population. The use of A. muciniphila- derived external membrane protein Amuc_1100 and extracellular vesicles (EVs) could be a new strategy for the treatment of obesity. A. muciniphila is considered a next-generation probiotic (NGP) for the treatment of metabolic disorders, such as obesity. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii accounts for about 5% of the intestinal microbiota population in healthy adults and is an indicator of gut health. F. prausnitzii is a butyrate-producing bacterium, with anti-inflammatory effects, and is considered an NGP for the treatment of immune diseases and diabetes. Postbiotics are complex mixtures of metabolites contained in the cell supernatant secreted by probiotics. Parabiotics are microbial cells in which probiotics are inactivated. Paraprobiotics and postbiotics have many advantages over probiotics, such as clear chemical structures, safe dose parameters, and a long shelf life. Thus, they have the potential to replace probiotics. The most natural strategy to restore the imbalance of the intestinal ecosystem normally is to use NGPs among commensal bacteria in the gut. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new foods or drugs such as parabiotics and postbiotics using NGPs.
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Bifidobacteria의 allergy 면역 조절과 synergism
조광근(Kwang Keun Cho),최인순(In Soon Choi) 한국생명과학회 2017 생명과학회지 Vol.27 No.4
Allergy 질환은 지난 십여년 동안 개발도상국을 포함해서 전 세계적으로 증가하고 있다. Allergy 염증 반응은 수지상 세포와 같은 항원제시 세포에 의한 allergy 항원섭취를 시작으로 하여 Th2 면역 반응에 의해서 일어난다. 장내 미생물은 신체의 대사나 생리적 기능을 조절하고, 생애 초기의 면역 체계 성숙과 일생 동안 면역 체계 항상성 및 상피세포 총체성에 기여한다. Bifidobacteria는 Th1/Th2 balance에 strain-specific 한 면역 자극 특성을 가지며, TSLP와 IgE 발현을 억제 시키고 Flg과 FoxP3 발현을 촉진 시켜 allergy를 완화시킨다. 또한 Unmethylated CpG motif ODN은 B 세포와 수지상 세포의 TLR9에 의해 인식 되어 선천성과 적응성 면역 반응을 유도하고, Clostridium butyricum에 의해서 생산된 butyrate는 수지상 세포의 anti-inflammatory 유전자의 발현을 유도하기 위해 GPR109a signaling pathway를 활성화시키고, GPR43 활성화를 통하여 tTreg 세포 proliferation을 직접 자극하거나 HADC 활성을 억제시켜 Foxp3 gene intronic enhancer의 histone H3 acetylation을 통해 naive CD4⁺ T 세포를 pTreg 세포로 분화시킨다. Allergic diseases have increased over the past several decade worldwide including developing countries. Allergic inflammatory responses are caused by Th (T helper)2 immune responses, triggered by allergen ingestion by antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs). Intestinal microorganisms control the metabolism and physiological functions of the host, contribute to early immune system maturation during the early life, and homeostasis and epithelial integrity during life. Bifidobacteria have strain-specific immunostimulatory properties in the Th1/Th2 balance, inhibit TSLP (thymic stromal lymphopoietin) and IgE expression, and promote Flg (Filaggrin) and FoxP3 (Treg) expression to alleviate allergies. In addition, unmethylated CpG motif ODN (oligodeoxynucleotides) is recognized by TLR (toll-like receptors)9 of B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to induce innate and adaptive immune responses, while the butyrate produced by Clostridium butyricum activates the GPR (G-protein coupled receptors)109a signaling pathway to induce the expression of anti-inflammatory gene of pDCs, and directly stimulates the proliferation of thymically derived regulatory T (tTreg) cells through the activation of GPR43 or inhibits the activity of HADC (histone deacetylase) to differentiate naive CD4⁺ T cells into pTreg cells through the histone H3 acetylation of Foxp3 gene intronic enhancer.
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조광근(Kwang Keun Cho),갈상완(Sang Won Gal),이상원(Sang-Won Lee) 한국생명과학회 2022 생명과학회지 Vol.32 No.11
대봉감과 매실의 소비를 촉진시키고 지역특산품을 개발할 목적으로 매실첨가 대봉감 발효주의 개발을 행하였다. 발효시간이 경과함에 따라 알코올 함량의 증가와 °Brix 당도의 감소는 급격하게 일어났다. 발효 2일째부터 CO₂의 발생과 함께 대봉감 과피 및 과육 고형물 등이 서로 엉켜 발효용기의 상층부로 부상하였다. 이러한 현상은 발효 4~5일째까지 유지되어 발효 5일째에 에탄올 함량은 11.4%, 당도는 9.8 °Brix를 나타내었다. 대봉감 발효 시의 최적 매실 첨가량은 6~9%(w/w)로 나타났다. 발효주를 5℃, 60일 동안 저장하면서 숙성기간이 pH 및 에탄올 함량변화에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과 모두 큰 변화는 없었다. 환원당 함량은 숙성이 진행됨에 따라 대조구와 매실 첨가구 모두 천천히 감소하여 숙성 8주째에 각각 10.4와 9.8 mg/ml를 나타내었다. 총산 함량은 숙성초기 0.79~0.81%를 나타내었으나 숙성 2주째에는 0.84~0.86%로 약간 증가하였다. 관능검사 결과 신맛, 단맛 및 향기 등은 대조구보다 매실첨가 시험구에서 약간 높게 나타났다. The purpose of this study was to prepare Daebong persimmon-fermented liquor supplemented with Prunus mume fruit to promote the consumption of Daebong persimmon and to develop local specialties. As fermentation progressed, the alcohol content rapidly increased, whereas the sugar content decreased. With the production of CO₂ from the second day of fermentation, the epidermis and flesh solids of the Daebong persimmons began mixing together and rose to the surface of the fermentation container. This phenomenon continued until the fourth and fifth days of fermentation; on the fifth day, the ethanol and sugar contents were 11.4% and 9.8°Brix, respectively. A concentration of 6 to 9% (w/w) P. mume fruit was found to be the optimal amount during Daebong persimmon fermentation. When the fermented liquor was stored for 60 days at 5℃, the pH and ethanol content showed no significant change during the aging period. As aging progressed, the content of sugar slowly decreased in both the control sample and in the one to which P. mume was added, showing 9.8 and 10.4 mg/ml at the eighth week post-aging, respectively. The total acid content was 0.79~0.81% at the beginning of aging but slightly increased to 0.84~0.86% in the second week of aging. As a result of the sensory test, the sour taste, sweetness, and flavor were slightly stronger in the P. mume fruit group than in the control group.
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