조선시대 풍속화를 통해 본 정원의 풍류적 의미 연구

조경진,서영애,Zoh, Kyung-Jin,Seo, Young-Ai 한국조경학회 2008 한국조경학회지 Vol.36 No.5

This study examines the diversity of garden culture in the Joseon Dynasty focusing on genre painting. Genre painting gives us insight into the various ways of enjoying the garden. The intimate activities portrayed in the painting show us about the vivid scenes of Korean garden at that time. Among the various meanings of gardens, sensual pleasure is focused on here. The garden has always been a place of pleasure for seeing, smelling, touching, meeting people and erotic flirting. Here, the oriental aesthetic idea of Pungryu is adopted to reformulate pleasure based on the traditional way of thought. Most Korean gardens in the Joseon Dynasty were understood as the place for Pungryu. Sensuality in the Korean garden associated with a high level of spiritual pleasure. In order to look closely into garden activities, genre paintings were selected and analyzed. Several characteristics were elicited. First, the garden was understood as the medium of communication through reconciling man with nature. Mediating man with nature often calls for uplifting the sense of community within groups of people. Second, the garden was featured as the place of cultural creation. Many scholars utilized the garden as a place for poetic imagination. Therefore, the garden was the locus of intellectual discourse. Third, personal retreat was one of important functions in the Korean garden. the humble attitude toward landscape such as solitude and mediation might be understood as one way of enjoying the nature. Fourth, taste, power and social relations were embedded in garden culture. Therefore, the garden was regarded as a space of distinction. Garden making was understood as one of the high class leisure activity. It was quite natural that the garden was used as a place of showing up their taste and culture. Finally, we need to reinvigorate the rich meanings of garden in contemporary practices. In-depth analysis of garden culture through the lens of genre painting gives us quite useful information in Korean garden culture.

역공간(Liminal Space) 개념으로 해석한 현대도시 공공공간의 혼성적 특성에 관한 연구

조경진,한소영,Zoh, Kyung-Jin,Han, So-Young 한국조경학회 2011 한국조경학회지 Vol.39 No.4

This study is a reinterpretation of characteristics of public space in contemporary cities with a view to liminal space. The conditions of pubic space now cannot be captured through the existing discourses of publicness, and public space. The basic premise of the study is that the idea of liminal space or liminality is useful to grasp the fluid and hybrid attribute of public space in contemporary cities. Liminal space, originally from anthropological studies, is the intermingled stage between two realms and the sustained period of the ritual. The idea has been widely used for various cultural phenomenon and spatial experiences. A literature review on public space and liminal space was carried out. Cases pertaining to public space with a view to liminal space were examined and discussed in detail. Through the careful reading of several public spaces with an angle toward liminal space, the new perspective toward public space will be drawn out. First, we need to emphasize the fluid spectrum of public space rather than the serial stage such as the public, the semi-public, the semi-private, and the private. Second, the idea will contribute to understanding the flexible state depending upon time. What we can learn from case studies is the volatile characteristics in public space as a common phenomenon support its vitality. This interpretation will contribute to the perception of a new horizon of public space. The nature of public space is unpredictable and free. In reality, the spectrum of public space will expand and fluctuate. Ironically, public space can be vitalized through enhancing and activating the private space. The intimate and complicated interface between the two realms is a key issue. The boundary of public space might be redefined to embrace the flexible the fragile nature of changing public space. These research implications will guide the thoughtful design and management of pubic space.

도시 오픈스페이스 방문동기 및 만족도 연구 - 서울시 하천변 오픈스페이스를 중심으로 -

조경진,김용국,김영현,Zoh, Kyung-Jin,Kim, Yong-Gook,Kim, Young-Hyun 한국조경학회 2014 한국조경학회지 Vol.42 No.1

도시 오픈스페이스는 다기능적 공간으로서 시민들의 휴식 및 건강, 자연경관 감상은 물론 예술 문화적 체험과 도시관광 및 마케팅 수단으로서 기능한다. 그러나 현대 도시 오픈스페이스의 역할과 기능에 비해 이에 대한 담론과 연구는 미진하였다. 본 연구는 지역주민은 물론 관광객 등의 원거리 이용 수요가 있는 서울시의 4개 하천변 오픈스페이스 방문객들을 대상으로 방문동기 요인을 도출하고, 오픈스페이스의 공간 특성 및 이용행태에 따라 방문동기와 만족도가 어떤 차이를 나타내는가를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상지는 청계천, 서울숲, 선유도공원, 반포한강공원을 선정하였고, 조사방법으로는 관찰조사, 문헌조사, 설문조사를 수행하였다. 분석방법은 SPSS 18.0을 이용하여 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도분석, 일원배치분산분석, 다중선형회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 도시 오픈스페이스의 방문동기 요인은 크게 커뮤니티성, 자연성, 문화교육성, 디자인 심미성, 일상탈출성 등 5개로 구분되었다. 둘째, 방문동기 요인 중 커뮤니티성, 자연성, 디자인 심미성은 오픈스페이스별 경관, 집객시설 및 프로그램, 편의시설, 주변지역 특성 등의 공간 특성에 따라 방문객들의 지각 정도에 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 방문객 거주지로부터 오픈스페이스까지의 거리에 따라 방문동기를 지각하는 데 있어 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 근거리의 방문객은 오픈스페이스의 자연성을, 도시관광객 등 원거리 방문객은 디자인 심미성을 주요 방문동기 요인으로 지각하고 있었다. 넷째, 도시 오픈스페이스 방문객들의 방문만족도를 높이기 위한 공통적인 방문동기 요인은 자연성, 디자인 심미성, 일상탈출성으로 나타났고, 오픈스페이스별 공간 특성에 따라 방문만족도에 영향을 미치는 방문동기 요인에는 차이가 있었다. 종합해 보면, 도시 오픈스페이스는 휴식 및 운동 등의 단순한 체험을 넘어 다양한 형태의 콘텐츠와 결합한 하이브리드 공간으로서 심미적 욕구, 유대감 형성 및 강화, 문화 및 교육, 엔터테인먼트 등의 요인들이 방문동기로서 작용하며, 이들 요인이 전체 방문만족도에 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 서울시를 대표하는 도시 하천변 오픈스페이스가 방문객들에게 어떻게 인식되고 있는가를 조사 및 분석함으로써 지자체 입장에서는 매력적인 도시 오픈스페이스 창출을 위한 조성 정비는 물론 운영 관리 과정에 활용할 수 있으며, 오픈스페이스 계획 및 설계가 입장에서는 지역 여건에 부합하는 도시관광 및 마케팅적인 기능을 시설배치 및 공간프로그램 구상 과정에 적용하는데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

히르시펠트(C.C.L.Hirschfeld) 정원예술론의 의미와 가치의 현대적 해석

조경진 ( Kyung Jin Zoh ) 한국전통조경학회 2014 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.32 No.3

Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld is often regarded as ‘a father of landscape garden art.’ He was an aesthetics professor and garden theoretician in the 18th century. He put forth the most comprehensive garden theory book in five volumes between 1779 and 1785. His book, Theorie der Gartenkunst, was translated and widely circulated in his contemporary. The book, which dealt with diverse aspects of garden art such as history, design, material, and type, urged to promote the prevalence of landscape garden in European continents as well as in Germany. However, there have scarcely been discourses in the Hirschfeld’s garden theory. This essay aims to review Hirschfeld’s garden thoughts in his book critically and to reinterpret some issues in the contemporary landscape theory and practice. Hirschfeldian theory was the product of 18th century German Enlightenment and romanticism. At that time, Nature was regarded as divine realm. There was a German affinity with natural world. The spread of reading culture and the fashion of travel literature were another background of the success of his garden literature. Several issues in Hirschfeld garden theory will discussed here. First, privileging garden art was the most significant contribution in his theory. He emphasized that garden art was the most advanced art form among all art genres. Second, garden art was grounded on the mimesis of nature. The ambiguous relationship between nature and art still existed in garden making. However, garden art can be flourished when utilizing the potency of nature in itself. Third, there was the association between the image and the idea in experiencing the garden. Some garden scenes stimulated the related emotional responses such as cheerful and merry, softly melancholic, romantic, solemn etc. Fourth, the movement was the essential aspect of garden art. Motion and emotion are come together in garden experience. To represent the landscape garden style in suitable way, the sketch or image seems to be preferable than the plans and views. Finally, garden art was composing of not only the physical space but also the spirit of place. He maintained the garden art as hortus moralis should be a social metaphor. Hirschfeldian garden theory has often been criticized as the lack of practical power and the old fashioned idea. However, his theory influenced on formulating the idea of public park in 19th century. Moreover, there are still some visionary aspects of his theory such as the reevaluation of garden art, the emphasis of locality and the introduction of Mittelweg idea. Recently, gardening culture are prevalent in various realms of art and life. Hirschfeld’s garden theory as humanistic landscape theory can provide us some insights in the contemporary practices.

공공디자인. 그 성공의 조건

조경진(Zoh Kyung-Jin) 대한건축학회 2010 建築 Vol.54 No.5

헤르만 F. 폰 퓌클러-무스카우(Hermann Furst von Puckler-Muskau)의 풍경식 정원론의 형성과정과 의미에 관한 연구

조경진 ( Kyung Jin Zoh ) 한국전통조경학회 2014 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.32 No.3

Herman Furst Puckler-Muskau is one of important figures in German landscape architecture who designed both Muskau Park and Branitz Park and published garden book Andeutungen uber Landschaftgartenerei (Hints on Landscape Gardening) in 1834. He was a German nobleman who governed Muskau estates while working as both a writer and a landscape gardener. German landscape gardening was grounded on Romanticism, which was represented in diverse ways such as the reconciliation between man and nature, the liberation of reason, and the pursuit of liberty. The intellectuals came to have an interest on landscape gardening since the garden carried the cultural connotation such as the idealized epitome of nature. This study is to investigate how his idea of landscape gardening had been developed through his personal life and social background and to find out his landscape gardening theory and its unique gardening techniques. Finally, the inventive aspect of his garden theory and contemporary significances in practices were discussed. Pucklers’ personal experience and social background provide us to understand the idea of garden. First, there was a mixture between reality and fantasy in his garden theory. It was due to the influence of Romanticism and literary garden. Second, his gardening mentality and technique were influenced by the late 18th century English garden practices, which emphasized the expressive aspects. Third, Pucklers’ inner disposition and personal experience were represented in his garden design. Fourth, the intention of creating landscape garden for the local people might be a self realization of his contradictory characters between falling nobleman and liberal social leader. The significant value of Puckler’s garden idea might be closely related in the dual nature of humanistic garden tradition and garden practice for social agenda. Therefore, his garden idea pursued of the comprehensive landscape strategies toward ideal communities and ethical spirits while concerning ecological, social, economic sustainable development of the region. Furthermore, his landscape gardening aims at the total landscape encompassing garden to region as well as the Gesamtkunst combing the beautiful with the useful. Puckler‘s holistic attitude gives us fresh insights and new directions to contemporary landscape theory and practice.

도시개발 및 재생의 수단으로 통합적 공공미술 추진 전략 연구

조경진(Zoh, Kyung-Jin) 한국도시설계학회 2014 도시설계 : 한국도시설계학회지 Vol.15 No.1

본 연구는 도시개발과 재생에 기여한 공공미술 프로젝트의 해외 사례분석을 통하여 통합적 공공미술 추진 방향과 전략을 제시하고자 하는 데 목적이 있다. 최근 도시개발과 재생에 있어 공공미술은 효과적인 촉매제로서 활용되고 있다. 공공미술은 도시의 소프트한 자산으로서 장소에 활력을 부여하고 정체성을 제공하기 때문이다. 그러나 도시적 차원의 성공적인 공공미술 프로젝트가 어떻게 추진되었고, 그 효과는 어떠했는지, 그 조건은 무엇이었는지에 대한 논의는 많지 않다. 본 연구에서는 도시개발, 도시재생, 공공공간의 세 가지 차원에서 네델란드 유트레이트와 인접한 레이처 레인의 비욘드 공공미술프로젝트, 독일 뮌스터 조각프로젝트, 미국 시카고 밀레니엄파크의 사례를 다룬다. 사례 분석을 통하여 각기 프로젝트의 차이는 있지만 도시 비전의 공유, 안정적인 큐레이팅 시스템, 주민과의 소통 등이 공통적인 특징이라는 점이 발견되었다. 무엇보다도 공공미술 프로젝트가 도시개발이나 디자인의 일환으로 통합 추진되고 있음이 중요한 점이다. 이는 향후 우리나라 공공미술 프로젝트가 도시발전 전략이나 그리고 공공공간 활성화와 연계되어야 하는 시사점을 제공한다. This study aims to suggest coordinated public art strategies by examining successful public art projects related to urban development and regeneration. As a soft asset, public art has increasingly advocated for improving the quality of life, as well as for giving the identity and enhancing the vitality of place throughout the city-making process. However, there have scarcely been discussions of the planning process, effects of the projects, and premises of implementation. This study deals with three urban-scale public art projects. There have been various diverse-scale innovative coordinated public art projects, such as new town, downtown regeneration, and urban public space. The specific cases considered in this study are Beyond Leidsche Rijn, Munster Sculpture Project, and Chicago Millennium Park. Through the analysis, several key characteristics of these projects have been elicited, including the urban vision shared by people, the consistent and secure curating system, and the communication between artists and residents. This study shows how public art projects are related to urban strategies and design processes, as well as suggests several implications for future practices.

공원문화의 현실과 지평 : 서구와 한국의 공원이용 변천과 비교를 중심으로

조경진(Kyung-jin Zoh) 서울大學校 環境大學院 2007 環境論叢 Vol.45 No.-

정원 미로의 형태와 의미에 관한 역사적 고찰

황주영,조경진,Hwang, Ju-Young,Zoh, Kyung-Jin 한국조경학회 2010 한국조경학회지 Vol.38 No.4

This study is an introductory survey of the labyrinth/maze in gardens. The term 'garden labyrinth' may seem an oxymoron given that the garden represents the terrestrial paradise, while the labyrinth is a symbol of the most chaotic face of the world. In etymological and ontological terms, however, gardens are enclosed places and this characteristic corresponds to the character of the labyrinth, which is the one of the oldest signs in human civilization, symbolizing the paths of human life filled with uncertainty and complexity. The garden labyrinth has developed in various forms and shapes since the Renaissance period. Literature and paintings contributed to the dissemination of the concepts of the garden labyrinth, especially in the form of the 'garden of love'. While the labyrinths in ancient and medieval times focused on plane shapes and symbolic and/or spiritual meanings, later garden labyrinths emphasized the three dimensional form and synesthetic pleasures. New patterns, which deviated from the classical unicursal form, emerged in the Petit Parc at Versailles in the 17th century. The garden labyrinth/maze was easy to adopt in formal gardens because of its geometric form, but for that reason, it went on to decline during the fad of picturesque garden. In this study, a brief history of labyrinths, the patterns, forms, and arrangement of the garden labyrinths in the formal gardens of the Renaissance and Baroque periods and its meanings are reviewed.

도심주거지에 나타나는 일상문화로서의 도시정원가꾸기에 대한 고찰 - 용산구 용산동2가 해방촌을 중심으로 -

심주영,조경진,Sim, Joo-Young,Zoh, Kyung-Jin 한국조경학회 2015 한국조경학회지 Vol.43 No.2

This study explores urban gardening and garden culture in residential area as an everydayness that has been overlooked during the modern period urbanization and investigates the meaning and value of urban gardening from the perspective of urban formations and growth in spontaneous urban residential area, Haebangchon. The result identified that urban gardening as a meaning of contemporary culture is a new clue to improving the urban physical environment and changing the lives and community network of residents. Haebangchon is one of the few remaining spontaneous habitations in Seoul, and was created as a temporary unlicensed shantytown in 1940s. It became the representative habitation for common people in downtown Seoul through the revitalization of the 60s and the local reform through self-sustaining redevelopment projects during the 70s through the 90s. This area still contains the image of times during the 50s to the 60s, the 70s to the 80s and present, with the percentage of long-term stay residents high. Within this context, the site is divided into third quarters, and the research undertaken by observation and investigation to determine characteristics of urban gardening as an everydayness. It can be said that urban gardening and garden culture in Haebangchon is a unique location culture that has accumulated in the crevices of the physical condition and culture of life. These places are an expression of resident's desires that seeking out nature and gardening as revealed in densely-populated areas and the grounds of practical acting and participating in care and cultivation. It forms a unique, indigenous local landscape as an accumulation of everyday life of residents. Urban gardens in detached home has retained the original function of the dwelling and the garden, or 'madang', and takes on the characteristic of public space through the sharing of a public nature as well as semi-private spatial characteristic. Also, urban gardens including small kitchen garden and flowerpots that appear in the narrow streets provide pleasure as a part of nature that blossoms in narrow alley and functions as a public garden for exchanging with neighbors by sharing produce. This paper provides the concept of redefining the relationship between the private-public area that occurs between outside spaces that are cut off in a modern city.