17세기 말~18세기 초 風格批評의 중국 詩話 수용 양상 - 金錫胄, 洪萬宗, 金漸의 비평을 중심으로 -

조결 한국학중앙연구원 한국학중앙연구원 2023 장서각 Vol.- No.50

중국에서 시작된 風格批評은 중요한 문학 비평 방식으로, 한국의 한시비평에도 큰 영향을 끼쳤다. 특히 金錫胄, 洪萬宗, 金漸 등의 비평가들은 宋代 敖陶孫의 「臞翁詩 評」과 明代 王世貞의 「國朝詩評」을 비롯한 중국 詩話를 긍정적으로 수용하였다. 그리하여 집중적이고 연속적인 비유를 사용한 형상적인 풍격비평을 전개했다. 본고는 김석주, 홍만종, 김점의 풍격비평을 대표하는 『玄湖鎖談』, 『小華詩評』, 『西京詩話』 등의 시화서에 주목하고 17세기 말부터 18세기 초까지의 한시 풍격비평에서 나타난 중국 시화의 선택적 수용과 변주를 검토하겠다. 그리하여 이전 시대의 풍격비평과 구별되 는 새로운 비평의 양상을 밝히고자 한다. 우선, 排比와 博喻 수법을 통한 대규모의 일관적 비평 방식은 당대 조선 시화서에 많은 영향을 끼쳤다. 홍만종과 김석주의 시평은 한결같이 四言二句의 형식으로 이루어지기에 형식미와 운율미를 느낄 수 있다. 김점의 시평이나 南龍翼의 시론은 ‘如~+又如~’의 구조를 보이는 박유의 방식으로 복합적 意象을 사용하여 풍격 특징의 복잡한 성격을 제시하면서 작품에서 확인되는 다양한 미감을 보여주었다. 또한, 비평가들은 추상적인 풍격과 생동적이고 구상적인 의상을 연결하여 비평 대상의 내적 風神과 작품 전체의 운치를 비유적으로 표현했다. 추상적 개념어를 통해 야기되는 의미 전달의 모호성을 보완하면서 비평가의 다양한 심미적 인식을 독자에게 섬세하게 전달했다. 끝으로, 비평가들은 自然·典故·人物 등 구체적인 의상을 활용하여 형상적인 풍격비평을 전개했다. 특히 복잡한 인물이나 전고 등의 의상이 다양하게 인용됨에 따라 더욱 복합적인 풍격비평이 부각되었다. 이는 풍격비평이 더욱 원숙한 단계에 들어섰 다는 점을 의미한다고 할 수 있다. 결국 17세기 말~18세기 초의 풍격비평은 집중적·연속적으로 비평하면서 구체적인 의상을 활용하여 구상적인 비평을 본격화했다. 무엇보다 이러한 비평 방식은 漢詩·時調 등 여러 분야를 아우르는 조선의 시문을 대상으로 한 문학비평 외에도 서예·회화 등 다양한 영역의 비평으로까지 확장되었다. 이런 점에서 17세기 말~18세기 초의 풍격비평은 매우 독자적인 면모를 지니고 있다고 할 수 있다. Stylistic criticism, which originated in China, became an important method of literary criticism and had a profound influence on Korean classical poetry criticism. In particular, critics such as Kim Seok-ju (金錫胄), Hong Man-jong (洪萬 宗), and Kim Jeom (金漸) adopted Chinese poetic discussions, including Ao Taosun’s (敖陶孫) Quwengshiping (臞翁詩評) from the Song Dynasty and Wang Shizhen’s (王世貞) Guochaoshiping (國朝詩評) from the Ming Dynasty, and incorporated them positively into their work. They used intensive and continuous metaphorical style criticism to depict the figurative elements of poetry. This paper examines the selective adaptation and variation of Chinese poetic elements in Korean poetry criticism, focusing on works such as the Hyeonhosoekdam (玄湖鎖談), Sowhashipyung (小華詩評), and Seokgyeongsihwa (西京詩話), which are representative of the style criticism of Kim Seok-ju, Hong Man-jong, and Kim Jeom. The aim is to shed light on the characteristics of this new form of criticism, which emerged in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, and to distinguish it from earlier stylistic criticism. First, in the field of Chinese poetry criticism, there is a notable presence of large-scale and concentrated style criticism that employs parallelism and sustained metaphor. This style of criticism first found expression in Korean poetry. In particular, the criticism of poets such as Hong Man-jong and Kim Seok-ju is composed of meticulously structured four-character sentences that re imbued with the beauty of form and poetic rhythm. Meanwhile, the poetry criticism of Kim Jeom and the poetic theories of Nam Yong-ik (南龍翼) use a structure characterized by phrases such as “such as ~ + another such as ~” to create expansive metaphors. This technique allows them to unravel the intricate aspects of stylistic features and reveal a variety of aesthetic nuances in the works. In addition, critics combine abstract poetic styles with vivid and concrete imagery, which vividly reveals the inner spirit of their criticism and the overall charm of the works. The ambiguity resulting from the abstract nature of the concept of style is refined, and the critics’ rich aesthetic knowledge is delicately conveyed to the readers. In particular, the critics not only actively show the diversity and unique characteristics of various poetic styles, but also point out the shortcomings of these styles, providing a critical perspective that illuminates the strengths and weaknesses of their craftsmanship. This reflects the critics’ keen awareness of the critical process. In the field of Chinese poetry criticism, critics have used a variety of specific images, often drawing from nature, using allusions, and dissecting characters to engage in image-style criticism. By citing a variety of intricate character images and classical references, they have emphasized a more comprehensive and three-dimensional approach to style criticism. This suggests that the development of style criticism tended toward greater maturity and perfection. In conclusion, from the late seventeenth century to the early eighteenth century, style criticism used specific images to construct vivid metaphors, leading to more precise and sustained representational criticism. Significantly, this method not only had a lasting impact on literary criticism, but also extended its influence to Korean poetry. It also left its mark on criticism in various artistic fields, including calligraphy, painting, and music.

도덕적 타락과 자의식 성장의 이중적 서사

趙潔(Zhao Jie),苑英奕(Yuan Yingyi) 서울대학교 동아문화연구소 2014 東亞文化 Vol.52 No.-

以韩国人为对象的汉字教学新构想

박흥수,조결 한국중국언어문화연구회 2011 한중언어문화연구 Vol.- No.25

Due to the close link of geography and culture, Chinese character always plays an important role in the South Korean history. In recent years, with the South Korean government places great emphasis on Chinese character, Chinese character teaching in South Korea is excellent, but there are some differences of using the Chinese characters between South Korea and China. Such as differences between traditional and simplified Chinese character. The most important thing is the pronunciations are totally different. This results in students of South Korea have different understandings and influences the Chinese learning. This paper attempts to find a new link from the Chinese character teaching in South Korea, and helps students to learn Chinese and Chinese character easier. Hope the new Chinese teaching method can make students’ learning more active and strengthen their interest. Moreover this new method can make an effective link of Chinese character between South Korea and China, thus students can learn Chinese quicker.

淺談奴字的詞義變化和語法化過程

박흥수,조결 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2012 中國學論叢 Vol.35 No.-

奴자의 본래의미는 죄인, 노예이며, 후에 婢자가 만들어져서 여자 중의 비천한자라는 의미를 나타내었다. 그때부터 奴자는 남자 중 비천한 자라는 뜻으로만 사용되었다. 그 후에는 오랜 시간 동안 변화를 거쳐 당대에 奴자는 남녀를 모두 가리키게 되었고, 송대 때는 奴자는 다시 여자에게 사용되었다. 특히 이때 奴자는 여자들이 자기를 가리키는 미칭으로 사용되었다. 奴家의 용법은 바로 당시 젊은 여자들이 자신을 지칭하던 말이었다. 현대에 이르러 고물가로 인한 충격 때문에 車奴(차의 노예), ?奴(신용가드의 노예), 房奴(집의 노예), 孩奴(자녀의 노예), 婚奴(결혼의 노예) 등의 표현이 생겨나게 되었다. 본 논문에서는 한자 奴의 역사발전 과정을 통해 奴자의 한자의미와 어휘의미를 연구하였으며, 문헌의 근거를 토대로 奴자의 문법화에 대해서도 고찰하였다.

자전연소 고온반응법에 의한 Al2O3-WC 복합분말 합성시의 열역학적 고찰

이종현,원창환,조영웅,장결 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 2000 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.38 No.1

Al₂O₃-WC composite powders were synthesized by Self propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) using Al powders as reducing agent. WC, W₂C, and Al₂O₃ were concurrently formed in WO₃-Al-C system. Thermodynamical data for the system was applied to study on the phase selection. It was found that the complete reaction was achieved with excessive addition of carbon and appropriate processing parameters such as degree of dilution, particle size of aluminum, pellet compaction pressure and amount of carbon source. The final product which was leached by 10% 1 : 4 HNO₃+ HF diluted solution consisted of Al₂O₃-55 wt%WC having 2∼3 ㎛ of mean particle size.

Effect of 5-FU and MTX on the Expression of Drug-resistance Related Cancer Stem Cell Markers in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells

이희,조희정,조수민,조결,박진아,이수한,장병준,김진석,신호철 대한약리학회 2012 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.16 No.1

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are often characterized by the elevated expression of drug-resistance related stem-cell surface markers, such as CD133 and ABCG2. Recently, we reported that CSCs have a high level of expression of the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of anticancer drugs on the expression of the drug resistance-related cancer stem cell markers, ABCG2, IL-6R, and CD133 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. A549, H460, and H23 NSCLC cell lines were treated with the anticancer drugs 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; 25 μg/ml) and methotrexate (MTX; 50 μg/ml), and the expression of putative CSC markers was analyzed by fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS) and the gene expression level of abcg2, il-6r and cd133 by reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We found that the fraction of ABCG2-positive(+) cells was significantly increased by treatment with both 5-FU and MTX in NSCLC cells, and the elevation of abcg2, il-6r and cd133 expressions in response to these drugs was also confirmed using RT-PCR. Also, the number of IL-6R(+) cells was increased by MTX in the 3 cell lines mentioned and increased by 5-FU in the H460 cell line. The number of CD133(+) cells was also significantly increased by both 5-FU and MTX treatment in all of the cell lines tested. These results indicate that 5-FU and MTX considerably enhance the expression of drug-resistance related CSC markers in NSCLC cell lines. Thus, we suggest that antimetabolite cancer drugs, such as 5-FU and MTX, can lead to the propagation of CSCs through altering the expression of CSC markers.