애니메이션을 위한 지능형 립씽크 조형 시스템 연구

정진오,신동선 한국기초조형학회 2007 기초조형학연구 Vol.8 No.1

Korean Lip-sync Synthesis Design(KLSD) System is developed for facial animation in this study. This system generate Korean lip-sync, correspond to voice and text. Facial animation classify emotional expression animation and dialogue animation. Emotional expression animation consist of universal element except cross-cultural difference. However, dialogue animation must think about language differences. If Korean were applied by other countries suggested lip-sync synthesis method like American or Japanese, cause distort of cognition because auditory and visual information incongruous. Korean automatic pronunciation generate, HMM algorithm for time segment and facial feature's three dimensional motion definition are used to solve the problem. KLSD system also can be applied interactive facial animation. Moreover, this is preceding study to interactive interface's basic component using avatar. In future, It can widely used to application avatar in virtual reality and interface design. 캐릭터의 페이셜애니메이션(facial animation)을 위한 한국어 립싱크 합성 체계를 연구하여, 말소리에 대응하는 자연스러운 립싱크를 자동적으로 생성하도록 하는 지능형 조형 시스템(KLSD System)을 연구하였다. 페이셜애니메이션은 크게 나누어 감정 표현을 위한 표정 애니메이션과 대화 시 입술 모양의 변화를 중심으로 하는 대화 애니메이션으로 구분할 수 있다. 표정 애니메이션의 경우 약간의 문화적 차이를 제외한다면 거의 세계 공통의 보편적인 요소들로 이루어지는 반면 대화 애니메이션의 경우는 언어에 따른 차이를 고려해야 한다. 이와 같은 문제로 인해 지금처럼 영어권 및 일어권에서 제안되는 음성에 따른 립싱크 합성방법을 한국어에 그대로 적용하면 청각 정보와 시각 정보의 부조화로 인해 지각의 왜곡을 일으킬 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이와 같은 문제점을 해결하기 위해 표기된 텍스트를 한국어 발음열로 변환, HMM 알고리듬을 이용한 입력 음성의 시분할, 한국어 음소에 따른 얼굴 특징점의 3차원 움직임을 정의하는 과정을 거쳐 텍스트와 음성를 통해 3차원 대화 애니메이션을 생성하는 한국어 립싱크 조형 시스템을 개발 실제 3차원 캐릭터 애니메이션 과정에 적용하도록 하였다. 또한 본 연구는 즉시 적용이 가능한 3차원 캐릭터 애니메이션뿐만 아니라 아바타(avatar)를 활용한 동적 인터페이스의 요소기술로서 사용될 수 있는 선행연구이기도 하다. 나아가 인간적인 상호작용성이 강조되고, 보다 편한 인간적 대화 방식의 휴먼 인터페이스로 그 미래적 양상이 변화할 것으로 예측되는 아바타 혹은 디지털액터를 활용한 인터페이스 디자인과 가상현실 분야에도 보다 폭넓게 활용될 수 있다. 정진오Jinoh Chung신동선Dong Sun Shin성균관대학교 영상학과Sungkyunkwan Univ. Dept. of Film, TV and Multimedia아주대학교 의과대학 해부학교실Ajou Univ. School of Medicine, Dept. of Anatomy

격자형 구조물의 웹 파손에 관한 유한요소해석

정진오 순천대학교 공업기술연구소 1994 工業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.8 No.-

A finite element analysis was performed using the non-linear program ADINA to determine the patch load carrying capacities of webs in the cellular structure which consists of two skin flanges and connection webs. Compressive patch loads of various lengths were applied to the flange directly over the webs, with non-rotational(foundation) or rotational(docking) boundary condition imposed. Eight-noded shell elements were used to model the 3-dimensional cell-type structure, and the buckling load and the ultimate load were sought for the webs with or without initial imperfections. The I-sections similar to the cell-type structure were analyzed together, and results were compared to the AISC design loads. The membrane action of the flanges in the cell-type structure was found not only to fix the movement of the web in its out-of-plane direction but also to give somewhat degree of non-rotational constraint. Thus, the membrane action gave the additional load carrying capacity to the similar I-sections. As the length of load patch increased, failure mode changed from web yielding to web crippling, and to web shear, as was expected from the AISC criteria for I-sections. The ultimate load of the cell-type structure followed the AISC design load for the I-section, but the ultimate load for the docking turned out to be much smaller than the ultimate load for the foundation. The buckling load was sensitive to the initial out-of-flatness of the web, but the ultimate load was not significantly influenced by the initial imperfections. The calculated ultimate loads in the present modelling were somewhat smaller than the AISC nominal strength, or test results by Schnider et al. This gap was considered to be attributable to the load patch which may increase the effective thickness of the flange in the test by several times.

격자형 구조물의 웹크립플링

정진오 順天大學校 1994 論文集 Vol.13 No.1

□A finite element analysis was performed to study the failure mechanism in the cell-type structure which consists of two skin flange plates and connecting web plates. Compressive patch loads of different boundary conditions were applied to the structure, and the web crippling damage mechanism and its characteristics were studied through analysis of strains and deflections as compared to the load. A load vs. horizontal deflection curve was intended to determine the load at which buckling initiated, but the deflection increased rather gradually due to initial imperfection of web. The strain measurements from each side of the web plate as a function of load showed a separation of the strains, which implied that the buckling triggered the web crippling. The distributions of compressive strains along a vertical line under the load patch showed a strain concentration in the upper regions of the web until ultimate load was reached, and a redistribution of the strain resulted in maximum strains at a certain depth of the web. These findings were in good agreement with the experimental results by Schneider et al. The distributions of the out-of plane deformation of the web changed with the boundary condition in patch load. The deformation mode in foundation load did not change, while in docking load the deformation mode showed a transition as the deformation progressed.

자동차용 브레이크 마찰재에서의 환원분철의 마찰특성에 관한 연구

정진오,이경환,김옥삼,김봉수 순천대학교 2000 순천대학교 자연과학논문집 Vol.19 No.1

In most automotive brakes, the friction material is used to convert the kinetic energy into heat. The friction material is a complex composite consisting of a resin, reinforcing fibers, lubricants and filler materials. In an attempt to enhance the friction performance of the friction material, a trial was done to examine the substitution of filler material by the reduction iron powder. In this study, two types of reduction powder M1 and M3 was prepared by the reduction process developed by Hanta M&B Inc. M1 and M3 which has reduction ratio of 1.5 and 92% respectively was used in place of BaSO_4, which was conventionally used as a filler material. The amount of M1 and M3 was varied as 10, 20, 30%, while the other component remains the same except the replaced BaSO_4. For those specimens with different amount of reduction iron powder, friction performance tests such as friction coefficient, rotor compatibility were conducted by using brake dynamometer. The bonding strength and hardness tend to decrease with use of M1 and M3, but specific weight decreased with increase of M1 and M3. The friction coefficient increased with use of M1 up to 10%, but decreased for use of M1 more than 20%. However the use of M3 resulted in a decrease of friction coefficient all the way. The surface roughness decreased with the use of M1 and M3, except for a case of excessive use of M1 of 30%. The rotor surface roughness did not show any correspondence with hardness of friction material in this study.

自由의 槪念에 대한 硏究 : 그 實現條件과 關聯하여 Relating to the Conditions of Self-fullfilment

鄭鎭午 제주대학 1979 논문집 Vol.11 No.1

Isaiah Berlin divides the concept of freedom into two categories: negative and positive. The negative is a principle of liberalism and the positive is a principle of democracy. On the other hand, Ralf Dahrendorf also divides it into two categories: the problematic and the assertoric. The problematic means that the freedom is possible in circumstances without any suppression and the assertoric means that the freedom is possible when the opportunity of self-full filment is perceived. Berlin's concepts are able to be adapted to the analysis of totalitarian despotism and Dahrendorf's concepts are able to be adapted to the analysis of the free society. And Dahrendorf has concluded that all citizens' fundamental equality must become a central point of future political platform and the equal liberty is the most fundamental one which should precede any other value, And Charles Vereker points out that today we are beset with the trouble some task of comprehending a nascent international society with the help of political concepts almost wholly limited to the needs of nation at sovereignty.

아세아의 새로운 세력균형하의 한국과 미국

정진오 동국대학교 안보연구소 1976 安保硏究 Vol.- No.6

東學革命과 淸日戰爭

鄭鎭午 제주대학교 1988 논문집 Vol.27 No.1

China and Japan had been seeking the policies of the rule over Korea for many decades since Choi Je-woo founded Tonghak in 1860. China and Japan came into war in Korea in 1894-95 on the momentum of the Tonghak revolution which opposed the feudal ruling system and the invasion of foreign powers. But the Korean ruling class called in the foreign powers -China and Japan-,defeated the revolutionary army and stepped up to losing of nation. We must get the lesson that the calling in of foreign powers is fatal for the national security because of the foreign powers' cold-hearted game.

東學亂과 民族主義 : 對日抗爭을 中心으로

鄭鎭午 제주대학교 1977 논문집 Vol.9 No.1

Yi dynasty had been ruined by the four causes of the sturdy Confucianism, the political seizure of powerful nepotism by the Min family, struggle for their domination over Korea between China and Japan, and peasants' uprising against goverment of the Yi dynasty and Japan in the late 19th century. At that time Choi Je-Woo had established Tong-Hak (a group of national religion) in 1860, which was known as the originality of the Shamanism in Korea. The Tong-Hak had been spread their doctrine to a great many peasants in population in those days. And they rebelled against their corruptive government and Japan which had invaded Korea and defeated China in a war during 1894-5. But the Tong-Hak's army was destroyed by the modernized troops of Japan in those days. The failure of the Tong-Hak army was due to the reactionary goverment of Yi dynasty mingled with Japan to maintain their political dominance regardless of the national independence. In conclusion the author emphasizes that we must have insight into the failures because of the loss in their building of national identities in a war against a foreign power.

세법상 가산세제도의 합리적 개선방안

정진오 한국세법학회 2011 조세법연구 Vol.17 No.1

세법은 원활한 조세행정과 조세의 공평부담을 실현하기 위하여 납세자에게 본래의 납세의무 외에 과세자료 제출의무 등 여러 가지 협력의무를 부과하고 있다. 이와 같은 협력의무의 이행을 촉진하고 그 위반을 방지하기 위하여 제도적 장치를 두고 있는데, 의무위반에 대한 제재로 세금 형태로 제재를 가하는 제도가 가산세제도이다. 가산세제도는 일반적으로 신고납세제도의 정착과 발전을 위하여 설정된 제도로 신고납세제도하에서는 납세의무자의 자발적인 신고ㆍ납부가 없다면 그 제도의 성공을 기대할 수 없으므로 불성실하게 신고ㆍ납부한 행위에 대하여 제재에 의한 차별대우를 함으로써 국가의 조세권 내지는 조세채권의 적정한 실현을 담보하는 것이다. 이러한 의미에서 조세의 채권ㆍ채무 관계를 명확하게 확정하며, 불성실 납세자에 대하여는 제재를 가하고 성실신고를 담보하는 기능을 가지고 있는 세무조사의 보완적 기능을 수행하고 있다. 또한 가산세는 내용적으로 보면 납세자의 재산권에 대한 불이익이라고 하는 중대한 고통을 강제적으로 가하는 작용이므로 가급적 가산세 과징은 비례의 원칙이 엄격히 준수되어야 하므로 과잉적 제재수단으로 남용되어서는 안된다. 그리고 현행 가산세 규정은 국세기본법과 개별 세법에서 각각 규정하고 있는데 가산세의 종류, 대상 그 내용이 명백하게 규정되어야 하는데 ‘정당한 사유’ 등 규정 내용이 모호하게 되어 있어 구체적으로 어떠한 의무위반의 내용이 가산세 부과대상인지 납세자가 충분히 알 수 없는 입법상 명확성에 문제가 있다. 가산세 부과요건의 명확성을 제고하고 과잉적 재재 논란이 없이 성실신고를 담보하는 기능을 충실히 수행하기 위해서는 다음과 같이 개선되어야 한다. 첫째, 납부불성실가산세가 지연이자적 성격을 가지고 있고, 가산세가 신고납세제의 정착을 위하여 부과하는 제재이므로, 신고불성실가산세 등 신고납세방식의 가산세와 동일하게 취급하는 것은 불합리하다. 부과과세방식인 상속세 및 증여세법상 납부불성실가산세에 대하여는 한도를 정하여 납세자의 부담을 감소시키는 것이 바람직하다. 둘째, 국세기본법상 중가산세 부과요건인 부정한 행위와 관련하여 과세관청의 자의적인 해석에 의하여 부당하게 징벌적 가산세를 부과할 소지가 있고 조세범처벌법상의 부정한 행위와의 관계도 애매하여 이중처벌 논란이 제기될 수 있으므로 이에 관한 입법적 개선이 필요하다. 셋째, 가산세 면제사유인 정당한 사유에 관하여 기한연장 사유 외에 명문의 규정이 없어 과세관청의 자의적인 판단에 의하여 가산세 부과 여부가 결정될 수 있는 논란의 소지가 있으므로 구체적으로 무엇이 정당한 사유인지 열거적으로 국세기본법에 명문으로 규정하여야 한다. 조세행정의 궁극적 목표는 납세자들의 자발적이고 적극적인 협력을 유도하여 납세비용을 절감하는 데 있다. 이러한 능동적인 납세자의 협력은 협력유인 요인이 있어야 가능하다. 이를 위해서는, 납세자의 의무감만 강조되지 않고, 납세절차도 간소화되며, 조세행정절차에서 납세자의 권리도 존중되는 납세환경 조성도 필요하다. The tax code imposes many cooperative duties on taxpayers to promote smooth functioning of the tax administration and insure equal tax burdens, such as the filing of tax returns on top of standard tax duties. Systemic apparatuses are in place to promote compliance with these cooperative duties and to prevent noncompliance with them, such as penalty taxes to sanction against tax evasion. The penalty tax system is instituted for the purpose of fixing and developing the tax filing system under which taxpayers make voluntary self-assessments and payments, an apparatus without which the tax system would not succeed. Accordingly, an act of false reporting or unfaithful payment is punishable by law, a sanction to insure government power to tax and proper meeting of tax responsibilities by citizens. In such as manner, tax obligations and liabilities are clearly set forth by the state. Tax evaders are subject to punitive measures, and tax investigations are conducted to insure faithful reporting. Furthermore, because penalty taxes operate as a powerful threat to the taxpayer’s property rights, they must not be abused or excessively applied, and proportional principles must be strictly observed. Current rules for penalty taxes are defined by the National Tax Laws and Separate Tax Laws, but it is difficult to interpret each kind of penalty tax objectively without a specific context, so the taxpayer cannot know with certainty which penalty may be applied to a given violation, a fact that points to problems in legislative clarity. In order to elevate the degree of clarity with which tax penalties are levied and to faithfully implement means to insure faithful reporting without controversies over excessive restrictions, the following improvements should be adopted. First, penalty taxes on deficiencies involve delay charges, and because penalty taxes are levied to stabilize the self-assessed taxpayer, it is illogical to treat penalty taxes for unfaithful or non-filers the same as penalty taxes for self-assessed taxpayers. It is also desirable to lessen the taxpayer’s burden in regard to penalties on deficiencies in inheritance tax and gift tax payments. Second, random interpretations by tax authorities sometimes lead to punitive tax penalties being levied unjustly, and such acts are not clearly defined as prosecutable tax crimes, which could result in controversial dual punishments, and legislation needs to introduce reforms to correct this problem. Third, there are no clear rules regarding proper grounds for exemption from penalty taxes, and there is a danger of controversy if it is decided that a tax official is guilty of making a random judgment, so the National Tax Laws must include clear rules specifying what constitutes proper grounds. The ultimate goal of any tax administration is to guide taxpayers to cooperate voluntarily with tax law, and to reduce tax expenditures. This sort of active cooperation by the taxpayer must be fostered by some sort of incentive. For that end, we must make tax procedures easier, and place due emphasis not on the taxpayer’s duty to pay, but on respect for his rights as a taxpayer within tax administration procedures.

댄스스포츠의 올림픽 정식종목화를 위한 과제: 판정 및 채점시스템을 중심으로

정진오 한국리듬운동학회 2022 한국리듬운동학회지 Vol.15 No.1

In the era when there were no criteria in international DanceSport competitions, only the marking system guaranteed fairness of results. For 100 years from 1907 to 2007, the adjudicator’s preference have served as tools to determine performance. Even if the adjudicator’s judgment problem was in the criteria, it could not be improved. In 2008, when WDSF developed a ‘new IDSF judging system(NJS1.0)’ and applied it to the field, it entered the era of the criteria. As for the objective criteria, Judging Components, Performance Assessment Standards, Indicative Qualities and Scoring Systems can play a role as a judgement tool. WDSF has dramatically improved the judgment system to JS2.0, JS2.1 and AJS3.0 through constant communication with athletes, coach and adjudicators. However, Korean athletes, coach and adjudicators are still applying the past traditional Skating System to the field without knowing the changes and innovations in the WDSF’s judging system. Adjudicators should find judgment problems, but athletes and coach should also know the international judging and marking system to solve the judgment problems. This knowledge will be used as information to solve the problem of judgment in the field and will contribute to solving the challenges of DanceSport for the Olympic official games.