http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
정연식 부산외국어대학교 아세안연구원 2011 Suvannabhumi Vol.3 No.1
The state-sangha relations in the countries of Theravada Buddhism has often been described as a mutually dependent patron-client relation in which the state and the sangha support each other by performing their due roles. Yet this theory involves a normative dimension that prescribes such a relation as the ideal in the Buddhist world. The explanatory power of this theory hence is hampered in a country where the ideal is not fully realized. In the wake of tumultuous political upheaval where political rivals vie for the state the ideal as well as the theory are put into a trial. The tragic history of modern Cambodia is a history of ceaseless conflict in which multiple contenders for the state had to define their relations with the sangha. The relations defined turned out less mutual than supposed. The state-sangha relations were rather unilaterally dependent. More often than not the sangha was subject to state control with no power to confront the state or coopted only to become a tool for political propaganda and manipulation. The sangha always played the role of client, waiting for the state to define the relation and to be benevolent. Even when the monks were forced to disrobe and when the sangha itself was annihilated, all they did was to wait for another patron state that would put the sangha back in place. The state-sangha relations the Cambodian history reveals were not close to one in which the two parties benefit each other on an equal basis. It was a patron-client relationship in which the client sangha had to be heavily dependent on the patron state. Such a unilaterally dependent relationship is the one that has prevailed in Cambodia.
鄭然植,金東根 慶北大學校 1985 論文集 Vol.39 No.-
The purpose of this paper is to explore the process of development of New Left Movement in United States and its implication of political thought by means of positively comparative analysis of related data and literatures. Since the term New Left used in "New Left Review" published in 1959 in England, this movement in United States in generally found in the Civil Right Movement in the South in 1960. Since that time, New Left Movement was variously evolved with Civil Right Movement, Peace Movement, Social Transformation, and Student Power. Civil Right Movement began with Martin Luther King's nonviolent movement and activist mass movement by S.N.C.C., and it was considerably radicalized afterwards. The beginning of Peace Movement in '60's was the formation of the S.A.N.E. With the Vietnamese War under Johnson administration escalated, the Peace Movement showed more active and large-scale phase, untill it triggered the Draft Resistance. New Left Movement also tried to transform the ghettos which were abandoned amidst the affluence of American Society, and played an active role in attaining a "more efficient welfare state." These New Leftists have sought for a motive of transformation in the poor class rather than in working class which was living comfortable life within the established order. The central power, which took the initiative of New Left Movement and landed it into apogee, is the Student Power. It started with Free Speech Movement on the campus at that time, but with the acceleration of the war in Vietnam it was changed into widespread anti-Establishment movement and employed strong-arm methods, thus evoking the advocation of intellectuals and leaders in the society and culminating in the spring of 1970 when America invaded Cambodia. After the mid '70's the Movement has been slowly dampened and the reasons for it are (1) the termination of the war in Vietmam and injury of American national self-respect, (2) the recession and its resulting decrease in demand for labor, (3) the change toward conservative inclination, and (4) the revival of American patriotism by the change in international situation. New Leftists in '80's took interest in the problems around them through incessantly systematic movement and refined diplomatic tactics rather than sought after revolutionary transformation in an impetuous manner. Now they get into the bottom of the society and try to establish a strong alliance between students and mass sympathizer. They represent econmic radicalism in the post-industrial society and sympathize with socialist development style in the Third World, but are not willing to take the way of extreme destructionists. They are activist voluntarists who criticize adversely all the Establishment and reject remaining themselves in a specific ideology. Thus New Left ideas are an "ecumenical mixture" of competitive traditional thoughts. But one obvious fact is that they have a strong love for human being himself. The clearest of ideological contributions of New Leftists is their ceaseless struggle for realization of "participatory democracy." Although some scholars may assert that the New Left Movement is under the influence of established ideas, it is nothing but a quotation as theoretical ground by the leading activists in this Movement. New Left Movement has a tendeny to be spread to scholars and technicians in contemporary society and this Movement seems to be a consequence of a social structural inconsistency in the post-industrial society.