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붓다 탄생의 예언에 관한 고찰 - 漢譯佛傳을 중심으로 : 붓다 탄생의 예언에 관한 고찰
정암(Ven. Jung am) 불교학연구회 2005 불교학연구 Vol.12 No.-
Every Buddhist text tells the story that the Buddha as the young royal prince already had two possibilities of being positioned at the top of the two worlds, both the supramundane and the mundane, as the Wheel-turning Novel King and the Buddha respectively. The prince finally comes to choose the supramundane based upon his symbolic experiences of witnessing the agricultural labor and four major pains of life in all the four directions. He eventually achieves the accurate learning of the human life by doing so. What these stories ultimately tell the believers is that, the Buddha eventually chose the holy world of nirvana, although he could have become a Wheel-turning Novel King, or an all-powerful ruler. In other words, when standing on the crossroad of the Buddha and the ruler, the royal prince decided to take the path of the Buddha, completely abandoning the path to the great leadership of the secular world. However, the actual texts of the Buddhist scriptures convey messages different from this segment understanding of the Buddha’s life. The scriptures are worth attention, since they relate the two most important aspects of the Buddha’s life -the initial preaching at the Greenery and the nirvana at Kusinagara- to the authority of the Wheel-turning Novel King or the great ruler. All the scriptures term the edification of five monks after the preaching at the Greenery as ‘the Delivery of Basic Buddhist Rules’. No one would raise a question against the fact that the ‘rules(cakra)’ here are the symbol of the Wheel-turning Novel King . Also, at the time of nirvana of Kusinagara, when questioned by Anan on how to conduct the funeral ritual, the Buddha answers that the funeral be conducted in the practices for a the Wheel-turning Novel King. The fact that the Buddhist scriptures mention the laws of the Wheel-turning Novel King in the most important times of the Buddha’s life, along with the birth of Lambini and the wisdom attainment of Buddhagaya, clearly indicates the fact that the value of a Wheel-turning Novel King was not selectively annulled when the prince left the mundane. The Buddha and the Wheel-turning Novel King are the top ideals of both the holy and the secular worlds, and represent the ideal personality every Buddhist should pursue. Thus, it would be natural for the authors of the Buddhist scriptures to attempt at attaining perfection by combining the two different aspects of Buddhists, thereby elevating the status of the Buddha in the minds of his followers. Considering the fact that the Buddha is positioned at the peak of ascetic exercises and edification that are on a level different from the general austerity exercisers, such interpretation of the Buddha’s dual aspects is viewed to contain inherent necessity as well. Therefore, the idea of ‘the King of the Dharma(Buddha Tathagata)’ explained in Jang-a Ham-gyeong that combines the ideas of the Buddha and the Wheel-turning Novel King of the supramundane is the most accurate understanding of the Buddha’s life.
조선 후기 군현지도의 유형 연구 - 동래부를 사례로 -
김기혁(Kihyuk Kim),윤용출(Yongchul Yoon),배미애(Miae Bae),정암(Am Jung) 대한지리학회 2005 대한지리학회지 Vol.40 No.1
본 연구는 조선 후기 동래부를 그린 군현지도 26종의 유형화를 시도하였고, 지명을 이용하여 대축척 전국지도와의 연관성을 파악하였다. 지도의 내용과 수록된 지명 등을 이용하여 분석한 결과 네 유형으로 분류됨을 확인할 수 있었다. ① <해동지도> 유형은 홍문관에서 주도하여 편찬된 지도인『海東地圖』에서 높은 완성도를 보이며, 이후 이를 모사한 지도로서, 7종의 지도가 이에 속한다. ② <(비변사인)영남지도> 유형은 비변사에서 주도하여 편찬된 지도와 이를 모사하며 부분 수정되는 5종의 지도들이다. ③ <방안식군현지도> 유형은 지도위에 20리 방안이 그려진 동일한 축척의 지도로서 4종이 이에 해당된다. 군현을 연결하여 전국 혹은 도별 지도의 제작을 목적으로 편찬된 것으로 사료된다. ④ <지방군현지도> 유형은 7종으로, 지방의 화원들이 그린 지도로 각 지역마다 다양한 형태로 나타나며, 實景으로 묘사되는 것이 특징이다. 유형별 대표지도에 수록된 지명을 분석한 결과 <방안식군현지도>에 수록된 지명이『靑邱圖』, 『大東輿地圖』와 거의 일치한다는 점에서, 이 유형의 지도들은 조선 후기 대축척 전국지도의 제작에 영향을 미쳤음을 보여준다. This paper is to classify old county-maps of Dongrae-bu(東萊府), Busan in late-Chosun dynasty and to analyze place names in maps comparatively. 26 maps covering Dongrae-bu were collected from the old county-map atlas(郡縣地圖帖) and Eupji(邑誌). By the comparative analysis of contents, those maps can be classified into four types. The first type(named ‘Haedong-Jido(海東地圖)’) included 7 county-maps in which information of military, and administrative contents are mainly mapped. The second type(named ‘Yeongnam-Jido(嶺南地圖)’) included 5 county maps in which information about beacon routes and road systems were regarded as very important. The third type(named ‘Grid-system map(方眼式地圖)’) included 4 county-maps which were drawn as same scale with 20-ri(里) grids. The fourth type(named ‘Local County-map(地方郡縣地圖)’) included 7 county maps which were drawn by local mappers. Comparative analysis of place names between those four types revealed that Grid-system maps were developed toward the large scale whole map of Korea in the 19th century.