신뢰도 벡터 기반의 다단계 음성인식

전형배,황규웅,정훈,김승희,박준,이윤근,Jeon, Hyung-Bae,Hwang, Kyu-Woong,Chung, Hoon,Kim, Seung-Hi,Park, Jun,Lee, Yun-Keun 대한음성학회 2007 말소리 Vol.63 No.-

In this paper, we propose a use of confidence vector as an intermediate input feature for multi-stage based speech recognition architecture to improve recognition accuracy. A multi-stage speech recognition structure is introduced as a method to reduce the computational complexity of the decoding procedure and then accomplish faster speech recognition. Conventional multi-stage speech recognition is usually composed of three stages, acoustic search, lexical search, and acoustic re-scoring. In this paper, we focus on improving the accuracy of the lexical decoding by introducing a confidence vector as an input feature instead of phoneme which was used typically. We take experimental results on 220K Korean Point-of-Interest (POI) domain and the experimental results show that the proposed method contributes on improving accuracy.

도급과 근로자의 안전

전형배(Jun, HyoungBae) 한국비교노동법학회 2014 노동법논총 Vol.31 No.-

This article is aimed at situation where contractors use sub-contractors and their employees. It tries to analyze the general health and safety responsibilities of contracting company to protect sub-contractors’ employees. These responsibilities, if not properly managed, can lead to events that could prove costly to all parties. This article mainly focuses on the Korean health and safety legislations and case studies showing what can happen when things go wrong. As well as the immediate effects, further consequences can arise from delays to the work itself and claims for damages. Even though there are a few protective clauses for employees working in the contractors’ premises in legislations, some desirable suggestions may be presented to conduct safety and health policies more effectively mentioned below; First, the health and safety duties of contracting company should be strengthened more wider than the status quo through the wider definition of employer to regulate contracting out reasonably. Second, courts should not broaden immunity of corporations when they interpret and apply the Penalty Provisions in Health and Safety at Work Act. Last, contracting company’s duty of care for the contractors’ employees in damage claims should be constructed based on the contractual liability as well as torts.

제4차 산재예방 5개년 계획의 평가와 과제

전형배(Jun, HyougBae) 서울대학교 노동법연구회 2015 노동법연구 Vol.0 No.39

산업안전보건법과 정책은 기본적으로 사업주에게 안전보건에 관한 공법상 의무를 부과하고, 국가가 의무이행을 감독하고 불이행에 관하여 과태료나 벌금 등의 제재수단을 동원하는 방식으로 집행된다. 이것은 개별적 근로관계법과 집단적 노사관계법의 규율구조가 근로자와 사용자 혹은 노동조합과 사용자 사이의 권리의무관계를 규율하는 것과 큰 차이를 보인다. 공법적 규율과 국가의 감독이라는 규범적 특성은 안전보건 분야의 법과 정책의 집행 여부에 국가의 역할이 매우 크다는 점을 의미한다. 상시적이고 지속적인 국가적 정책은 일반적으로 중장기계획의 입안과 집행을 통하여 그 모양새를 만들어가는데 안전보건 영역은 산재예방 5개년 계획이라는 중기계획을 바탕으로 정책이 집행된다. 따라서 산재예방 5개년 계획이 수립되어 공표되면 그 내용의 타당성과 집행의 실효성에 관하여 종합적인 검토와 아울러 정기적인 점검이 필요하다. 이 논문에서는 올해 1월 정부가 발표한 제4차 산재예방 5개년 계획의 내용 중 산업안전보건법 개편에 관한 부분을 평가하고 향후의 과제를 제시하려고 하였다. 이번 5개년 계획에서는 ① 법률 간소화를 중심으로 한 법체계 선진화, ② 근로자 아닌 노무제공자를 포함하는 법적용범위의 확대, ③ 법위반에 대한 제재수단 합리화, ④ 위험성평가체계로의 전환을 법률 개편의 주요 과제로 제시하고 있다. 그러나 이와 같은 과제를 실효성 있게 집행하기 위해서는 법률 선진화를 규제완화로 이해하려는 오해를 극복하여야 하고, 법인사업주에 대하여 형사처벌이 거의 이루어지지 않는 최근 실무의 경향, 그리고 여전히 사업장자율안전체계가 정착되지 못하고 있는 문제를 해결하여야 한다. Health and Safety law and policy is enacted by the way that government puts general duties on employers and the employers perform the duties under supervision of the government. This way is different from the operation system of employment relations or industrial relations which emphasize the private relationship of rights and duties between them. Therefore, it is government’s role that is important enacting the health and safety laws and policies. Government makes a long term plan in dealing with the continuous national issue such as health and safety policy. Korean Government has made ‘5 Year Plan for Health and Safety’ since 2000. This paper deals with ‘the 4th Government 5 Year Plan for Health and Safety’ particularly focusing on the legal structure reform. This plan contains 4 policy objects; ① simplifying the Korean Industrial Heath and Safety Act, ② extending the application of the law to the workers as well as employees, ③ rationalization of penalties on employers due to the breach of duties, ④ change of premises health and safety system by transferring to the risk assessment. But there are essential prerequisites that should be considered beforehand to achieve the policy objects above like these; ① overcoming the idea of deregulation on the health and safety laws, ② change of judicial authorities’ passive attitude on punishing the employers, ③ stabilizing the autonomic health and safety system on the premises.

중대재해처벌법의 해석상 쟁점

전형배(Jun, Hyoungbae) 노동법이론실무학회 2021 노동법포럼 Vol.- No.34

기업의 사회적 책임과 산업안전보건

전형배 ( Hyoung Bae Jun ) 법조협회 2010 法曹 Vol.59 No.10

기업의 사회적 책임이라는 주제는 법적 화두일 뿐만 아니라 경영학, 사회학 등 기업을 연구대상으로 할 수 있는 많은 학문분야에서 다룰 수 있는 사항이지만 최근의 연구업적은 경영학계의 성과에 의존하는 바가 크다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 하지만 기업의 사회적 책임에 관하여 먼저 연구하여 온 서구 국가의 예를 살펴보면, 국가가 적극적으로 나서 기업의 사회적 책임에 관한 법적 규율의 틀을 구성하려는 시도를 확인할 수 있고 그 내용은 기업의 자발적 참여를 법적으로 유도·지원하려는 시스템을 구축하려는 것이었다. 이 글은 기업의 사회적 책임이 단지 경영기법의 하나 일수만은 없다는 전제 아래 산업안전보건법 영역과 관련하여 기업이 부담하는 사회적 책임의 법적 의미가 무엇이고, 이에 따른 책임의 내용은 무엇이며, 의무 혹은 의무위반에 따른 책임의 이행을 확보할 수 있는 수단으로는 무엇이 있을 수 있는 지를 고찰하여 본 것이다. 이를 위해 먼저 상법학에서 논의되는 기업의 사회적 책임에 관한 내용을 검토하고, 최근의 확대된 책임의 내용을 국제기준을 주요한 자료로 삼아 정리했다. 이를 바탕으로 기업의 사회적 책임으로서의 산업안전보건에 관한 사항에 어떤 사항이 포섭되고 그 내용을 사회적 책임으로 구성하고 이행을 확보하는 방안을 만들 때 고려하여야 할 법적 쟁점을 검토하였다.

영국의 위험성 평가와 시사점

전형배(Jun Hyoung-Bae) 한국비교노동법학회 2011 노동법논총 Vol.21 No.-

The United Kingdom has imposed a duty of suitable and sufficient assessment of the risks faced by employees at work upon employers and the self-employed through the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999(SI 1999/3242). The process of risk assessment is considered to be the cornerstone of good health and safety management. Failure to comply with the duty to carry out a suitable and sufficient risk assessment is one of the most commonly prosecuted health and safety offences and gives rise to civil liability in the majority cases in the United Kingdom. This article deals with legal foundations, enforcement powers and enforcement methods of the British risk assessment. The legal foundations are Council Directive 89/391/EEC, Regulations 1999 mentioned above, and Approved Code of Practice concerned. The important enforcement powers are Health and Safety Executive, Local Authorities, and Inspectors. The main enforcement methods of risk assessment are improvement notice/prohibition notice and criminal penalties. The features of the British system could be summarized like followings: ① self-imposed control on the employers and emphasis of strict liability on them, ② comprehensive and strong competence of inspectors. To apply the British system relevantly to Korean industry, the followings have to be considered seriously: ① decide the regal status of risk assessment appropriately, ② restructure Korean legal frame of health and safety laws, ③ strengthen the powers of inspectors.

산업안전보건법상 징벌적 손해배상제도 도입안 소고

전형배(Jun Hyoungbae) 한국비교노동법학회 2020 노동법논총 Vol.50 No.-

기업범죄와 징벌적 손해배상에 관한 논의는 꽤 오래전부터 시작되었다. 노동법 분야에서는 이미 2002년에 시론이 제시된 바 있다. 국회는 2011년 하도급거래 공정화에 관한 법률에 징벌적 손해배상 제도를 도입하였다. 이후 그 적용범위가 점차 확대되었다. 이 글은 산업안전보건법의 의무이행확보수단 중 하나로 징벌적 손해배상제도의 도입을 주장하고 있다. 사업주에 대하여 전보배상을 초과하는 금전적 압박을 통하여 의무이행확보를 주장하는 이유는 이미 금전적 제재수단으로 도입된 기존 제도의 효과가 미미하다고 평가하기 때문이다. 제도의 설계를 위하여 기존 여러 법률에 도입된 징벌적 손해배상 제도를 비교 분석하여 제도 도입에 필요한 요소를 검토하고 이것을 종합하여 입법안을 제시하였다. 아울러, 이미 입법이 되어 시행되고 있는 타법의 징벌적 손해배상 제도의 현황을 일부 제시하여 제도 운영에 사법부의 관심과 적극적인 태도가 필요하다는 점을 지적하였다. The discussion of corporate crime and exemplary damages began quite a long time ago. In the field of labor law, the discussion was already presented in 2002. The National Assembly introduced exemplary damages system in the Act on Fair Transactions in 2011 and its scope of application gradually has been expanded. This article suggests the introduction of exemplary damages system as one of the meaningful measures for securing the obligation of the Occupational Safety and Health Act. The reason why this article presents the financial pressure exceeding the compensatory damage is that the existing monetary sanctions in the law do not function properly. It is due to the original flaw of the system and courts’ judicial passivity. This article reviews the elements necessary for the introduction of the system and shows a model legislation analyzing the exemplary damages system introduced in various existing laws. In addition, it pointed out that the active attitude of the judiciary matters in operating the system effectively by presenting some other law cases.

산업안전보건법상 사업주의 형사책임

전형배(Hyoung-Bae Jun) 한국비교노동법학회 2012 노동법논총 Vol.25 No.-

This paper is aimed at situation where employees die in the course of work. It analyzes precisely the necessary conditions of applying the article 66-2 to death cases which the Supreme Court has showed us. The conclusion of this paper is this: general tendency of the Supreme Court’s Decisions on applying this article to the cases concerned is so rigid, that employers could escape from the relevant criminal responsibilities without much difficulty. But, the article 66-2 in the Health and Safety at Work Act is very important, because it is the unique article regulating the employer’s criminal liability on the death of employees at work. Specially, under situation that the Supreme Court denies general punishment upon the cooperations based on the Criminal Law, it plays a crucial role to put some meaningful pressure on them. Considering these legal circumstances, major changes on the strick interpretation of the laws are needed and the subjective of changes is the classic principle of criminal liability.

산업안전보건법의 양벌규정 개정에 관한 연구 -기업 경영진의 형사책임을 중심으로-

전형배 ( Hyoung Bae Jun ) 안암법학회 2008 안암 법학 Vol.0 No.27

`Korea Industrial Safety and Health Act` can be understood generally as a legislation to require employers to conduct diverse duties concerning industrial safety and health properly. Enforcement of law is guaranteed by the offence and penalty articles, among which the joint penal provision to regulate the corporate and directors criminal liability is received much concern. There are little controversies about imposing penalties on the corporate, but there is a lot of disputes on the directors criminal liability. The attitude of the courts` precedents doesn`t provide corporate directors with generally accepted standard of criminal liability. This paper is searching for the relevant requirements to impose criminal liability on corporate directors who misconduct in the industrial safety and health management. Two ways may be considered in constructing directors liability. One is to organize directors liability as a kind of conspiracy liability with the offenders as shown in the British legislation example of `Health and Safety at Work Act 1974`, the other is to compose directors liability as management failure of industrial health and safety on the corporate. The former often interrupts punishment of directors, because it is based on the limited and restricted theory of conspiracy. This study prefers the latter which clarifies the contents of directors liability and initiate legal enforcement effectively. This study suggests an amendment to Korea Industrial Safety and Health Act article 71, standing on the viewpoint above. Amendment establishes article71(2) newly which contains directors liability to the corporate. Director is guilty of offences unless the offence took place without the director`s knowledge or whether the director was not reasonable able to have acquired that knowledge, or the director used all due diligence to prevent the corporate committing the offences.

도산절차와 근로관계의 승계

전형배(Jun Hyoung-Bae) 한국노동법학회 2008 노동법학 Vol.0 No.27

There is much experience on the transfer of undertakings and protection of employment during insolvency proceedings in EU since 1970s, which resulted in the legislation of Council Directive 98/50/EC. The United Kingdom has been accepting EU legislation policy with legal interpretation and also set up the new legislation(TUPE Regulation 2006) to comply with EU Council Directive. This paper reviews EU Council Directive and British legislation mentioned above and proposes some suggestions to reform Korea legislation concerning the transfer of undertakings and protection of employment during insolvency proceedings. Firstly, We can separate insolvency proceedings into 2 cases roughly and decide where the employment relation shall be transferred to transferee or not. According to the incidents of EU and the United Kingdom, We can build up such legislation as a transfer shall operate so as to terminate the contract of employment only when the transfer occurs during insolvency proceedings which have been opened in relation to the transferor with a view to the liquidation of the assets of the transferor and which are under the supervision of the court. Secondly, the legislation example of a service provision change is very useful model to protect the employees from the transfer of undertakings. There are complicated problems to test whether a undertaking is assert reliant or labor intensive. The British legislation model of service provision change extends the rage of transfer of undertakings, which helps protecting the employees working in labor intensive fields and intermediate workplace from dismissal. Thirdly, the British model keeps the unpredictable damage to the employees from occurring caused by variations of contracts through the measure of imposing the duty to provide employees with copies of the text of the agreement and such guidance as employees might reasonably require in order to understand it fully on employer. Korea Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act article29(1) covers the union leader's right to conclusion of collective agreement and the Supreme Court interprets this article as comprehensive right to conclusion of collective agreement without consent of union members. This judicial precedents are confronting much criticism that it puts too much restrictions on union members right to participate. We need to introduce the British legislation example to fortify employees' right to participate and to lessen unnecessary labor disputes following the transfer of undertakings. Lastly, TUPE regulation 2006 covers duty to inform and consult employee representatives. The regulation enacts employers' duty to inform employee representatives the fact that the transfer is to take place, the date of the transfer, the reasons for it, the legal, economic and social implications of the transfer, the measures which employers envisage in connection with the transfer and so on. The employers also shall consult employee representatives about transfer. The court can order employers to pay appropriate compensation when employers fail to inform and consult. These measures provide employees with opportunity to copy with the transfer relevantly, which enable them to make proper decisions concerning the transfer. Korea Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act just covers duty of hearing from the labor union and employee representatives when the transfer of undertaking occurs and does not enact details of hearing, which could make this procedure ineffective. It is necessary to introduce this kind of article on the employers' duty to inform and to consult employee representatives.