唐律 「老少及疾有犯條」·「犯時未老疾條」의 刑事責任 減免 規定 · 立法思想과 宋律

전영섭(Jun, Young-Seop) 부산경남사학회 2014 역사와 경계 Vol.92 No.-

본고는 유교적 노·소·심신장애인(불구자)에 대한 형사책임 감면을 전문적으로 규정한 「노소급질유범조」와 그 조건변동에 따른 형벌 적용을 규정한「범시미노질조」를 둘러싼 제문제를 유교적 예치의 핵심인 휼형사상과 관련지어 구명하였다. 구체적으로는「노소급질유범조」의 입법 연원과 사상 및 당 이전까지의 전승 관계, 당률에 규정된 형사책임 감면·입법사상 및 조건변동에 따른 형률 적용, 송률의 관련 제규정등을 분석하여 중국 전통 법제의 내재적 변화·발전의 일면을 도출하였다. 「노소급질유범조」의 입법 근거와 사상은 주대에 그 맹아가 있었다. 특히『주례』에 보이는 ‘삼사법’은 형사책임의 경감과 감면을 포함한 연령에 대한 단계를 확정하는데 이론적 근거를 제공하였다. 진률에서 규정한 노인·연소자·심신장애인에 대한 형사책임 감면은 신장이 형사책임 감면의 표준치였지만, 한률에서는 신장에서 연령과 질환으로 전환되었다. 위진남북조시대 법률의 경우, 연로자와 장애인 에 대한 형사책임 감면이 당대와 같은 분화는 일어나지 않았지만, 당률에서 감면의 중심이 되는 속면이 적용되고 또 독질이 감면대상으로 명시되어 있는 등 당률의 특성이 상당부분 내포되어 있었다. 당률「노소급질유범조」에 규정된 노·소·장애인(불구자)에 대한 형사책임의 경감·면제는 3단계로 되어 있었다. 그리고「노소급질유범조」와「범시미노질조」에는 모두 당률 전체를 관통하는 당률의 대원칙인 유가의 휼형사상이 반영되었다. 송률의 노·소·장애인(불구자)에 대한 형사책임 감면에는 당률에 없는 송률의 독자성이 현저한 규정이 적지 않았다. 다만 송률도 형사책임 감면에 대한 입법 사상은 휼형사상에 두고 있었다. 이런 점에서 송률의 노·소·장애인(불구자)에 대한 감면제도도 당률과 마찬가지로 주대 이래의 휼형사상을 계승하였다. This study cooperates Nosogupjilubumjo and Bumsiminojiljo that is reflected to Hulhung theory and conditioned confucius examples. First, in details, analyzes the problem’s Seong and then Nosogupjilubumjo which is conducted the periodical reduction to criminal responsibility and last, in Song dynasty we study the reduction of responsibility and then induced to the aspect of the development and changes of conventional Chinese legislation from Dang to Song dynasty. A basis legislation and notion of Nosogupjilubumjo has a blind man in the main stream. Especially, in Jurye ‘Samsajibup’ allows all step that includes ages using the reduction and exemptions criminal responsibility. In Jin dynasty the reduction of criminal responsibility of the elderly, young, and mentally and physically challenged indicates height standard. However, in Han dynasty It is changed into ages and diseases. In the periods of We-Jin Nam Buk Jo, the reduction of criminal responsibility to the elderly and mentally and physically challenged does not show the divisions like the period of Tang dynasty, however, has attributes of Tang dynasty which has an important steps and includes people with a heavy desease. In the rule of Tang dynasty, Nosogupjilubumjo to the elderly, young, challenged of criminal responsibility reduction and exemptions regulate three steps. Each step indicates the contents of criminal responsibility reduction in detail and the its contents have a basis of old maxim of confucious facts and shows the main stream of ‘Gungnohulyou’, Hulheongsasang that reflects to Youga. With respect to Nosogupiilubumjo reflects ‘Yejuhungbo’ which representatives the principle and guidance of Tang dynasty rule through ‘Yulso’ all of it. The regulation of criminal responsibility reduction to the elderly, young, challenged in Song dynasty rule gives tips in ‘Songhyungtong’, ‘Songheoyogipko’ and ‘Keongwonjobupsaryu’. Amg these books, ‘Songhyungtong’ has contents of ‘Leehang’ which indicate the important changes based on the procedures from Tang dynasty to Song dynasty. Moreover, in ‘Songheoyogipko’ and ‘Keongwonjobupsaryu’ when the mentally and physically challenged people are seduced and corrupted to other conditions, the criminal responsibility reduction are excepted and imposed a prison sentences and regulate other various changes in Baeyehang that show characteristics of Song dynasty rule. In the Song dynasty rule, the standard of criminal responsibility reduction is based on hulheongsasang. In that case, the reduction system to the young, elderly, and challenged is inherited to ‘hulheongsasang’ like that of Tang dynasty rule.

동아시아 율령네트워크의 형성과 律令體系 : 唐·日本·高麗의 律令格式 비교 연구

전영섭(Jun Young-Seop) 효원사학회 2012 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.41

In this paper the formation of the network according to the statute of the East Asian countries included in the domains considered in Goryeo and Japan as in the Original laws and Import laws and convergence through contact with Tang Dynasty's laws of each country's legal system through analysis of the structure came review your. China's Statute was compiled by the Gaehwang Statute, Jeonggwan Statute, Younghwi Statute and Gaewon 25 years Statute. Statute of the period, separated by a criminal and administrative law as to the compilation, Statute has already been established, partly since it does not change. To amend the Statute, the Statute re-create the former, should be abolished. Statute was compiled in the Goryeo Dynasty. The publication process that follows. King Seongjong accepted the Tang Dynasty's Statute. And the Statute when it is necessary to modify or supplement, respectively, of the Statute to review the content and then respond to it in a variety of provisions that were promulgated in the form. Thus, independent Statute made by the Goryeo Dynasty were determined. Statute of Japan the geungangryeong, daeboryeong, ranging from yangnoryeonge was compiled in the course of a series of. Of this Statute, Statute of the Daebo Statute accepted the Statute of the Tang dynasty, it became independent. Yangnoryeongt is slightly modified and supplemented. Goryeo Dynasty, and Japan accepted the Statute of the Statute of the party, gradually undergoing a process of organizing it is that. This process was the formation of a network of East Asia Statute. For each dynasty, even though there are some differences that period was the middle of the 11th century.

10세기 전후 동아시아 교역체제의 변동과 내륙도시 長安

전영섭(Jun Young-Seop) 부산경남사학회 2011 역사와 경계 Vol.78 No.-

본고는 10세기 전후 ‘호시체제에서 시박사체제로’라는 동아시아 교역시스템의 변동 속에서 그 외연에 있는 내륙도시의 동향에 대하여 舊都 長安이 포함되어 있는 陝西 京兆府의 戶口실태와 인구이동을 중심으로 고찰하였다. 호시체제시기 중국의 戶口는 전체적으로 증가하였고, 또 북방지역이 중심이었다. 이 시기 京兆府가 속한 州(道ㆍ路ㆍ省)와 경조부의 호구수의 비율을 보면, 주(도ㆍ로ㆍ성)는 전체의 약10% 내외였고, 경조부는 주(도ㆍ로ㆍ성)의 약50~60%였다. 시박사체제시기의 戶口는 五代의 급격한 감소를 제외하고는 전체적으로 완만한 곡선을 그리면서 지속적으로 증가하였다. 이 시기 京兆府의 인구는 五代에서 北宋 徽宗 崇寧 원년(1102)에 이르기까지 지속적으로 감소하였고, 金ㆍ元代는 격감하였다. 시박사체제시기 陝西 지역 전체의 호구수에서 경조부의 그것이 차지하는 비율은, 州(道ㆍ路ㆍ省)는 전체의 약5~6%로서(최하는 원대의 0.6%) 호시체제 시기보다 비중이 약5% 정도 감소하였다. 호시체제시기 인구이동은 唐과 주변지역 간의 이동이 중심이었다. 여기에는 ‘내륙[陸域]권’으로 대표되는 호시체제시기의 특징이 집약되어 있다. 이 시기는 정치ㆍ경제의 중심이 내륙[陸域]권’에 있었다(육로경제권). 따라서 이 시기 대외교역은 육상루트(실크로드)에 초점이 두어져 있었다. 이러한 호시체제시기 唐에 들어와서 적극적으로 교역활동에 종사한 것이 商胡로 불리는 소그드인이었다. 이들의 주된 활동무대는 長安을 포함한 京兆府 지역이었다. 시박사체제시기(10세기초~13세기) 경조부의 인구는 戰爭移民(五代)과 饑饉流民(北宋 초) 등에 의한 유출이 일반적이었고, 유입된 사례는 보이지 않는다. 그 결과 경조부지역의 호구는 감소하였다. 宋金ㆍ宋元대치시기 陝西 지역은 매년 대규모 전쟁이 진행됨으로써 그 중심부에 있던 京兆府 지역은 流民이 대량 발생하였고, 이에 따라 이 지역의 戶口는 급속히 감소하였다. 또한 이 시기 京兆府의 인구감소는 상업의 쇠퇴와 밀접한 연관이 있었다. 이를 잘 나타내주는 것이 이 시기 주변 이민족, 그 가운데 외래상인의 유입이 거의 보이지 않는 점이다. 이 시기에는 육로무역이 쇠퇴하고 그 대신 海路를 통한 商船무역이 발전하였다. 해로를 통해 유입된 海商의 주된 활동지역은 廣州ㆍ楊洲ㆍ泉州 등 해항도시였다. 이에 따라 국가전반의 시스템도 해상교역체제를 중심으로 운영되었다. 이러한 상황에서 長安을 포함한 京兆府 지역은 급격하게 쇠퇴하였고, 인구도 지속적으로 南遷하였다.

北朝時期 신분편성의 원리와 職役 : ?役의 용례를 중심으로

全永燮(Jun Young-seop) 중국고중세사학회 2001 중국고중세사연구 Vol.7 No.-

宋代 刺配刑의 시행과 五刑制의 변화 : 『宋史』「刑法志」를 중심으로

전영섭(Jun, Young-Seop) 부산경남사학회 2024 역사와 경계 Vol.129 No.-

당 전기 율령에 규정된 유형은 무기추방형(종신형)의 성격이 강했다. 그러나 후기가 되면 유형인에 대한 강제 이동은 이수 대신 배소지 중심으로 변화되었고, 동시에 은사에 의한 방환이 법전에 편입됨으로써 점차 유기추방형으로 전환되었다. 자배형은 절장법의 시행에 따라 장형과 사형만으로 운영되었던 송 초기의 형벌체계를 보완하였고, 그 결과 송대 형제에서 보편적·핵심적인 형벌로 기능하였다. 이러한 송대의 자배형은 자면+배류와 자면+배군으로 분화되어 있었지만, 형벌의 운영 면에서는 자면+배군이 중심이었다. 자배형의 구성요건과 자배의 처벌 방식은 일반민과 관리에 따라 차이가 있었다. 일반민을 대상으로 한 자배의 처벌 방식은 자면+배군이라는 2종의 형벌이 혼용된 방식, 결장+자면+배류·결장+자면+배군이라는 3종의 형벌이 혼용된 방식이 있었고, 각 방식에 적용된 자배형의 구성요건은 강도죄·겁도죄·절도죄와 재범자였다. 이와는 달리 관리를 대상으로 한 자배의 처벌 방식은 결장+자면+배류·결장+자면+배군이라는 3종의 형벌이 혼용된 방식과 배류 또는 배군이라는 1종의 형벌로 된 방식으로 구성되었고, 각 방식에 적용된 자배형의 구성 요건은 모두 수뢰죄였다. 송대 배군형의 배속지는, 건국 초기에는 장형·도형에 처해진 죄인에 대하여 배소 중심으로 운영되었지만, 진종 이후 이소(거리의 원근)가 추가되었다. 이에 따라 송대의 자배형은 장형에 배소와 이소가 병과되는 체계가 형성되었다. 이러한 체계로 운영되었던 자배형의 배속지는 남송초에 14등급으로 서열화되었고, 이러한 서열화는 원칙적으로 남송 말까지 준수되었다. The exile stipulated in the laws of the early Tang Dynasty had a strong indefinite expulsion type (lifetime type). However, in the later period, the forced movement of deportees changed from streets to centers in asylums. At the same time, as pardons and releases were codified, it gradually changed to fixed-term deportation. With the implementation of the cane law, the punishment of stabbing and matching played a role in easing the penalty system in the early Song Dynasty that only operated with cane punishment and death penalty, and played a universal and core role in the Song Dynasty’s criminal system. The punishment of stabbing in the Song Dynasty was divided into “stabbed in the face and exile” and “stabbed in the face and exiled in the army”. In terms of the operation of punishment, “stabbed in the face snd exiled in the army” was the center. The elements of the crime of assassination and the punishment for assassination vary between ordinary people and officials. The method of punishment for assassination targeting ordinary people consists of a mixture of two punishments: stabbing face and exiled in the army, and a mixed punishment method of jutsu stick and stabbing face and matching punishment, and a combination of three punishments: jutsu stick and stabbing face and flowing army. It is suitable for all kinds of The conditions for the crime of assassination are robbery, robbery, theft and re-offense. Different from this, the method of punishment for assassination targeting officials consists of a mixture of three punishments: Judgment stick and stabbed face and exile, Judgment stick and stabbed face and exile, and a punishment of exile or exile, which is applicable to various methods. The constitutive conditions of the crime of assassination are the crime of bribery. In the Song Dynasty, the stabbed in the face and exiled in the army was mainly operated as a distribution center for criminals who were sentenced to crutches and imprisonment in the early days of the founding. After Zhenzong, the streets were added. Therefore, the punishment of stabbing and matching in the Song Dynasty formed a system in which the punishment of crutches, punishment of punishment and number of miles were combined. The prison distribution areas operated under this system were ranked into 14 levels at the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty. In principle, this ranking was followed until the end of the Southern Song Dynasty.

북조시기 부곡 객녀 신분의 출현과 신분질서의 변화

전영섭(Jun Young Seop) 중국사학회 1999 中國史硏究 Vol.5 No.-

本論文考察了北朝時期部曲·客女身分的出現, 幷認爲他是(下層)身分秩序的變化. 北朝時期良賤制體現的身分秩序構成爲, 一是官吏和民相對立的吏民秩序; 再一個是呈現爲王公·官人·白民·雜戶(시役)·奴婢的層序性秩序的二重構造. 其中, 主要的特徵是在後者中看得到的呈現爲白民-雜戶-奴婢的下層身分秩序. 但是, 這獨特的下層身分秩序到了北朝後期開始有了變化, 其背景之一就是部曲·客女這一新的身分的出現. 這部曲·客女的出現, 不盡與民間的私有隸屬關係的發達, 有흔大的關係, 同時, 又和國家對民支配體系的變化有密切的關系. 特別是魏晉南北朝時期的人身賣買在私有隸屬關係發生上是個有代表性的形態之一, 同時, 在國家的對民支配體制方面. 也受到흔大的關注. 幷且, 這時期人身買賣的變遷中, 充分顯示了北朝末部曲·客女身分的制定過程. 在這幾点上, 本論文爲了解部曲·客女身分出現, 關注了這一時期帶着多種形態而展開的人身賣買. 到了北朝末, 這一時期實行的一系列解放奴婢的措施中, 制定了部曲·客女身分. 這時的奴婢解放雖然把被戰爭這一特殊的政治狀況下沒落爲奴婢的良人作爲對象, 但是把他們重新放回原來的身分就是把被人身賣買而造成的沒落良人再次轉換爲良人的奴婢放免措施的延長. 可是, 這部曲·客女的出現導致了北朝前期以來的身分制的變化. 首先時是賤制構造的變化. 卽在民和奴婢之間制定了部曲·客女, 還有雖着兩者的賤民化, 擴大了賤民的範圍. 其次是身分秩序構造的變化. 卽雖然北朝時期大量存在私有隸屬民, 但根據法律在民間除了奴婢以外, 其所有是不可能的. 可是, 北朝末, 隨着部曲·客女的出現, 北朝前期以來的身分秩序被崩潰, 形成了新的下層身分秩序. 通過以上兩点可以認爲, 北朝末是國家的身分制(良賤制)進行再編的時期, 同時, 良賤制下的身分秩序上也有了一定變化的時期.

역주 / ' 위서 (魏書) ' ' 석로지 (釋老志) ' 역주

전영섭(Young Seop Jun) 중국사학회 2000 中國史硏究 Vol.8 No.-

N/A

당 초기 외래인의 생활과 율령 (상)

전영섭 ( Young Seop Jun ) 중국사학회 2004 中國史硏究 Vol.31 No.-

10~13세기 동아시아 교역시스템의 추이와 海商 정책 : 宋 · 高麗 · 日本의 海商 관리규정 비교

전영섭(Jun Young Seop) 효원사학회 2009 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.36

This study inquired into the trade system progress of Song, Goryeo, and Japan and the seaborne trade of each country. Hosi(Kwansi) trade as tribute and private existed at the foreign trade in the early period of Tang. Moreover, the Hosi had been controlled under the national management system. In the late period of Tang, however, the development of southern sea trade and triangular trade among the East Asian three countries of the tenth century led to the advent of Sibaksa which was in charge of harbor service. Therefore, The national trade system had been changed into the civilian trade system because of the appearance of Sibaksa. This same kind of trade system change in the Tang and Song equally happened in Goryeo and Japan. The Sibaksa system in Tang Dynasty was superficially operated under the national control trade system, however, was actually operated under the private trade system. In the early period of Goryeo Dynasty, thus, there existed the national control trade system, which was in the form of Sahun trade of Yebinsung foreign trade department. However, from the late period of 12th century there was a shift to private trade system despite the effort of Goryeo Dynasty. In the case of Japanese sea trade management, the national control trade system like administration buying goods in advance existed in the late period of 9th century in Daejaebu, however, it was also changed into the private trade system that government officers, Kuksa, and the wealthy class joined in spite of the central government efforts by 10th century. In brief, the foreign trade system among the East Asian three countries from the 10th to the 13th century changed from Hosi:national control trade system to Sibaksa:private trade system.

10~13세기 표류민(漂流民) 송환체제(送還體制)를 통해 본 동아시아 교통권의 구조와 특성

전영섭 ( Young Seop Jun ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2011 석당논총 Vol.0 No.50

This dissertation with the various characteristic middle drift one actual condition which is developed from 10∼13 centurial East Asia trades circle the structure and a quality of the traffic circle which is formed analyzed a repatriation setup and this time examined. The drift one occurrence and the repatriation this timely East Asia trade setup and is very deep relationship. Consequently about this problem investigation there is being a possibility of seeking the entity about formation of the sea network, a possibility of knowing the composition of the people who advances toward the ocean from the various nations and to observe there is also these drift one control process and namely repatriation setup leads is a research territory which is important from the point which is the possibility which even until structure and quality of difference of foreign trade management of the various nations and further East Asia traffic circle tries. To the drift one repatriation setup which occurs consequently from this timely East Asia merchant ocean with the stage major role, under these leading this week when is a southeast route ―Kumju(金州)―Tamna(耽羅)―Daemado(對馬島) and the western sea route ―Naju(羅州)―Kunsan(群山)―Daemado(對馬島)― was joined together. And Naju which from this setup reaches to the cluster home country and when considers the point which repatriates the line burning, drifting where also song is developed from East Asia to close relation to the repatriation setup which pushes was. This timely East Asia drifting the repatriation setup which pushes southeast route ―Myengju(明州)―Kumju(金州)―Tamna(耽羅)―Daemado(對馬島), the western sea route Myengju(明州)―Naju(羅州)·Gunsan(群山)―Daemado(對馬島)― the method which is formed. And to the area where is located in this route almost the most higher officer existing the possibility is, was the key point of the traffic where the commerce advances. And to the area where is located in this route almost the most higher officer existing the possibility is, was the key point of the traffic where the commerce advances. Drifting which from like this point is developed from 10∼13 centurial East Asia the repatriation setup which pushes 10th century after that hour doctor setup which is formed (business reverse setup = civil trade system in the merchant center ocean with the stage) comes is to be a structure which is identical.