피리의 槪念的 考察 : 필률(필률)과 레코더(Recorder)를 中心으로

張昌煥 서울 敎育大學校 1977 論文集 Vol.10 No.-

The calling of Piri has been publicly criticized by the music circle following the determination by educational authorities of Piri as a musical instrument required by the curriculum of primary and middle schools after music curriculum was reorganized (1973). The criticism has been focused on whether Piri is Korean classical musical instrument or recorder. The content of Piri analyzed in primary school text books was all about recorder. Therefore the study and research have been made with various relevant books and publications as to if Piri as the name of musical instrument can be used for recorder which is not Korean classical musical instrument. The study and research of function of recorder being used as musical training aid have produced the following result. 1. Piri as Korean classical musical instrument can be broken down into Hyang-Piri, Sae-Piri, and Tang-Piri. Further, recorder can be called Piri just as wood instrument is generally called Piri. 2. Questionnaire on the functions of Piri(recorder) being used at present time have been conducted against music teachers of primary, middle, and high schools along with collection of Piris. The result of this research through questionnaire and sample collection reveals that the accuracy of musical scale and interval of Piri is about 50 percent. 3. Accurate manufacturing by production companies is strongly urged and administrative correction by education authorities concerned is further recommended.

연계 파랑류 수치모형 시스템의 개발과 이안제가 설치된 해안에 적용

장창환,김효섭,임남재 한국습지학회 2012 한국습지학회지 Vol.14 No.4

파랑 수치모형인 SWAN 수치모형, 파랑에 의해 발생되는 기인력 수치모형인 WIF 수치모형, 그리고 흐름장 수치모형은 EFDC 수치모형을 연동하여 최종적으로 파랑류 계산이 가능한 WIC 수치모형을 개발하였다. 개발된 WIC 수치모형을 검증하기 위하여 Goda(2000)가 적용한 수중 원형천퇴의 파랑변형 계산하여 파고, 파랑의 굴절과 회절을 비교하였으며, 파고비 결과는 약 1~5 %의 차이를 보였다. 파랑에 의한 기인력 수치모형은 기존의 Longuet-Higgins and Stewart(1960)가 제안한 잉여응력에 의해 발생하는 기인력에 Dally and Osiecki(1994)가 제안한 roller로 인한 응력에 의해 발생되는 기인력을 추가하였고, Kim(2004)이 제안한 완화기법을 도입하여 lateral mixing 처리를 수행하지 않아도 자연현상과 유사한 결과를 얻을 수 있도록 개발되었다. 개발된 파랑에 의한 기인력 수치모형은 계산시 에 제약을 받지 않는다는 장점을 가지고 있으며, 흐름장 수치모형의 source항이 되어 파랑류의 양상을 계산할 수 있도록 하였다. 연계된 파랑류 수치모형을 검증하기 위해서 Nishimura et al.(1985)의 수리모형실험과 Kim(2004)의 수심적분된 파랑류 수치모형과 비교하였다. 이안제 배후에서 연안류의 유속분포와 이안류의 유속분포 결과가 기존의 수리모형실험과 수치모형실험의 결과와 상당히 일치함이 관측되었다.

소아 만성 B형 간염 환아에서 Interferon-${\alpha}$의 용량 차이 및 재치료에 따른 치료 효과 비교

장창환,이경희,황위경,오기원,박우생,이준화,고철우,최병호,Jang, Chang-Hwan,Lee, Kyung-Hee,Hwang, Wi-Kyung,Oh, Ki-Won,Park, Woo-Saeng,Lee, Jun-Hwa,Ko, Cheol-Woo,Choe, Byung-Ho 대한소아소화기영양학회 2003 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.6 No.2

목 적: 소아의 만성 B형 간염 치료에 interferon-${\alpha}$의 일정한 치료 효과가 보고되고 있다. 저자들은 interferon-${\alpha}$의 용량 차이에 따른 치료 효과 및 초치료와 재치료에 따른 치료 효과에 차이가 있는지 비교해 보았다. 방 법: 1990년 3월부터 1999년 8월까지 경북대학교병원 소아과에 내원하였던 환아(2~14세) 중 6개월 이상 HBsAg, HBeAg 및 HBV DNA가 양성이고, 혈청 ALT치가 상승되어 있는 51명의 환아를 대상으로 27명에게 interferon-${\alpha}$ $3MU/m^2$ ($2.66{\pm}0.66\;MU/m^2$)를 투여하였고 24명에게는 $6\;MU/m^2$ ($4.45{\pm}0.94\;MU/m^2$)을 주 3회씩 6개월(6~12개월)간 피하 혹은 근육 주사하였다. interferon-${\alpha}$ 초치료 평균용량은 $3.50{\pm}1.20\;MU/m^2$이었고 평균 치료 기간은 7개월(6~12개월)이었다. 초치료에 반응이 없었던 환아 중 12명을 대상으로 다시 interferon-${\alpha}$ 재치료를 시행하였다. 재치료 평균 용량은 $3.62{\pm}1.51\;MU/m^2$이었고 평균 치료 기간은 7개월(6~12개월)이었다. 용량 차이를 보인 두 군 사이에 성별, 연령, 치료기간, 치료전 ALT치와 HBV DNA 등에서는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었으며 초치료, 재치료 두 군간에도 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결 과: 치료 시작 1년 후 시점에서 interferon $3\;MU/m^2$로 치료한 27명 중 11명(41%)에서 ALT의 정상화를 보였고 9명(33%)에서 HBeAg이 anti-HBe로 혈청전환이 되었다. 한편 $6\;MU/m^2$ 치료군 24명 중 에서는 12명(50%)에서 ALT의 정상화를 보였고 7명(29%)에서 혈청전환이 되었는데 두 군 사이의 치료성적에는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. Interferon $3\;MU/m^2$ 치료군에서 발생한 부작용으로는 발열 14례(52%), 백혈구 감소증 10례(37%)였으며 모든 경우에서 특별한 조치 없이 회복되었다. 한편 interferon $6\;MU/m^2$ 치료군에서는 발열 16례(67%), 백혈구 감소증 8례(33%), 혈소판 감소증 1례(4%), 갑상선 기능 저하증 2례(8%)가 있었다. 치료와 관련된 부작용도 두 군 간에 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. Interferon-${\alpha}$ 초치료군 51명 중 23명(45%)에서 ALT의 정상화를 보였고 16명(31%)에서 혈청전환이 있었으며 재치료군은 12명 중 3명(25%)에서 ALT의 정상화 및 혈청전환이 있었다. 결 론: Interferon-${\alpha}$ $3\;MU/m^2$ 치료군과 $6\;MU/m^2$치료군을 비교했을 때 ALT의 정상화 및 혈청전환에서 의미 있는 치료 효과의 차이를 찾을 수 없었다. interferon-${\alpha}$ 재치료는 초치료만큼의 효과가 있음을 보여주었다. Purpose: We compared the therapeutic efficacy of low dose with that of standard dose of interferon (IFN) treatment and also compared the first IFN treatment with retreatment. Methods: We have studied 51 children (age, 2~14) treated for chronic hepatitis B from March 1990 to August 1999. Twenty seven children had been treated with $3\;MU/m^2$ ($2.66{\pm}0.66\;MU/m^2$) of IFN-${\alpha}$ three times a week for 6 months (range, 6~12 months), whereas 24 children with $6\;MU/m^2$ ($4.45{\pm}0.94\;MU/m^2$). There was no significant difference in gender, age, initial ALT and HBV DNA levels between each comparative group. Results: Among the 27 children treated with $3\;MU/m^2$ of IFN, ALT level had normalized in 11 children (41%) and anti-HBe seroconversion occurred in 9 children (33%) one year after the initiation of treatment. In comparison, among the 24 children treated with $6\;MU/m^2$ of IFN, ALT normalized in 12 children (50%) and anti-HBe seroconversion occurred in 7 children (29%). In comparing the first treatment group to retreatment group, ALT level had normalized in 23 children (45%) and anti-HBe seroconversion occurred in 16 children (31%) among the 51 children treated with the first course of IFN treatment. In comparison, ALT normalized and anti-HBe seroconversion occurred in 3 children (25%) among the retreated 12 children. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the therapeutic efficacies between $3\;MU/m^2$ and $6\;MU/m^2$ dose of IFN treated groups in ALT normalization and anti-HBe seroconversion. The retreatment efficacy of IFN-${\alpha}$ was as effective as the first treatment.

대학 음악 교육과정에 관한 연구

장창환 한국음악교육학회 1986 음악교육연구 Vol.5 No.-

Much improvement has recentry been made of music and music education in our country. Compared with advanced countries, however, music and music education in our country has many problems. The cultivation of music teachers in our country does represent the true approach to the cultivation of the teachers. The education for prospective music teachers is largely centered on performance which is a great distance from the ideals of education while subjects relating to teaching career are offered only as a secondary consideration. The department of music education in college of education which are supposed to take charge of the education have short history and the curricula. are apparently being remodeled to be similar to one of college music. Thus this study attempts to draw up ideal curricula by comparing existing music curricula in our country with those in foreign countries. 1. The results from comparing the major courses of collected 9 curricula of college of music, 17 curricula of music department and 15 curricula of music education department of our country can be summarized as following: a). They give too much emphasis upon the individuality or independence of each field of major, such as vocal music, instrumental music and composing. That causes the lake of comprehensive basic capability in music which is essential for a music teacher. b). They do not provide much opportunity for the student to develop the ability of accompaniment of piano. c). Those music education departments have the goal, they show much differences in detail of education. for example, each of them has different system of course of study. They also show big differences in emphasizing the subjects by giving different system. 2. This study poits up the following: a). Music courses for general music students will be separated from those intended for the students of music education and scheduled in accordance with their purposes. b). New model curriculum provides students two or three major courses. In the first course, every students choose one specific field which they like to study deeply. In the second course or third course, every students develop the ability of accompaniment of piano or another instruments which is important for the music teacher. c). In order to realize the purposes of music education at the secondary education level, systematic and specialized curricula must be constructed as shown in those in foreign countries. If these points are improved, we believe that music education curricula will be consisted of the various subjects and directed for intensive and specialized instruction.

국민학교 어린이들이 애창하는 동요 및 일반 노래의 분석 연구

장창환 한국음악교육학회 1973 음악교육연구 Vol.1 No.-

A. The Purpose of the Study: Through the necessary musical experience in daily life, we want to make the purpose of music education as the performing the gentle emotion and perfect personality, and in the other hand, editing the curriculum of the primary school music subject. The children in recent days, leaving the standard school music (Children Songs), would like to enjoy the popular songs or CM songs through Television or Radio and we should make some confirm plan for improving such mis-lead musical tendency for the good education of the primary school children. To make the standard curriculum of the music subject, we should make some policy to prevent the children from the harm of Television or Radio, and also we should edit good songs for the children. B. The Problem of the Study: 1. The tendency for the population of Children Songs and general and popular songs should be classified into some type of favorite. 2. To inspect the tendency of appreciation for music in the children who receives private music teaching (or lesson), and in the children who don`t take such special lessons. 3. To inspect the popularity for the children songs and other regular songs which was taught at school. 4. To inspect the popularity according to the taste with 50 songs each in children songs and general and popular songs. C. The Objects and Method of the Study: 1. To make broad examine on the musical tendency of our country, I took the High standard-level primary school in Seoul-(A), and middle-level primary school-(B), and a low-level primary school in countryside-(C), as the standard sample of this study, and each school selected some boys and girls, totally 1,460 boys and girls were examined as samples of this study. 2. Using the questionnaires, have selected most popular songs of 15, that were chosen by the children under free selection, and also I checked the taste of musical appreciation of the children and the circumstances of their living level. 3. With the collected samples, I classified the popularity, and the number of melody, using the percentage in accordance with the condition of life, difference of grade of the children. D. Findings and Conclusions: 1. The number of children songs which is favorite for the children is approximately 1/5 of the general and popular songs, and the frequency of children songs is 2/5 of the general and popular songs. Concerning to the circumstances of the children, in sample A, the number of the children who likes general and popular songs than children songs has shown 2/3 of the whole, but in sample C, most children liked the children songs than general and popular songs. 2. The classification of the children songs are spread to the whole music text-books of the primary school. And the general and popular songs, wore consisted of popular songs, CM songs and National songs, in turn. 3. The tendency of taste of music appreciation among the children are almost same degree in samples A, B, and C, and especially the children who receive the special teachings shown more good taste in music appreciation. 4. The places where the children learnt the children songs were school class-room, but the high-level school children songs were school class-room, but the high-level school children has shown the strong affection of the music, and they said it was at their home to have the good taste of music appreciation, due to the Television and Radio at their homes. 5. The person who taught the children songs was mostly school teachers, and the next, their sisters and brothers at home had taught them songs, As for the popularity of general and popular songs in A and B school, they said they could learn the songs through Television or Radio, but in C school, the children said they learn the songs from their teachers. 6. The place where the children sing songs is at home alone shown most frequently, and the next was at school recreation hour , and the tendency of general songs appreciation is incr

음악교육이념에서의 창조성과 창작교육의 관계성 연구

장창환 한국음악교육학회 1974 음악교육연구 Vol.2 No.-

The general objective for music education course provides that education of music aims at developments of musicality and creativity through personal musical experience. Accordingly this has naturally raised the necessity of study on teaching materials and methods for the sake of upbringing creativity through music in the field of education of music. The course of music education in our country is composed of four areas such as singing, instrumental music, creation, and appreciation for the sake of convenience in arranging curriculum. Of these four areas, the field of creation has brought out following necessity of study and problems. 1. The range and understanding of creation study in education of music at primary school should be clearly presented. 2. We should seize the relationship between development of creativity for pupils in lower grades and creation study in higher grades of primary schools in terms of content of creation study. 3. We also should firmly establish the content, limit, and methods of guidance on composition in music education of primary schools. Following are the results produced from analysis of music education curriculum and new text books, experiment and evaluation over children, and analysis of answers obtained through questionnaire on college students majoring in composition. It has been interpreted that arrangements and understanding of content of creation study edited in new text books have been properly and reasonably made. The evaluation of children`s music education indicates that poor result has been caused due to lack of basic functional teaching. It is considered that creation study can be normally done if teaching in general corresponding to each grade would have been properly conducted. For the sake of creativity to be produced in common through each of curriculum, programming and operation of the course should be designed so as to lead the creativity into creation study and composition study by gradual development of the creativity. Especially an emphasis should be placed on creative expression in singing, instrumental music, and appreciation. The analysis has proved that creation study done at primary school has been the great help and backbone in specialized composition study at college of music. Therefore, I believe that more thoughtful and effective teaching and guidance should be programmed and conducted.

베타 아밀로이드 형성에 관여하는 효소와 그를 응용한 알츠하이머병 치료법 개발 동향

장창환,정민환,묵인희 한국뇌학회 2001 한국뇌학회지 Vol.1 No.1

알츠하이머병(Alzheimer's disease: AD)은 퇴행성 신경질환으로서 80세 이상 노인의 50% 정도가 고통을 받고 있는 병이다. 그 증상으로는 기억력 및 인지기능의 상실이 서서히 진행되어 나타나며 아직 정확한 병인이나 치료법은 알려지지 않고 있는 실정이다. AD의 병리학적 특징으로는 노인반점(senile plaques), 신경섬유덩어리(neurofibrilary tangles), 그리고 신경세포의 손실(neuronal loss)을 대표적으로 들 수 있다 하겠다. 노인반점의 대부분을 차지하고 있는 응집된 베타아밀로이드 단백질은 여러 가지 실험적 증거들에 의하여 AD의 주요 병인으로 생각되어지고 있다. AD는 크게 젊은 나이에 발병하는 유전성 AD(familial AD)와 원인을 알 수 없는 산발성 AD(sporadic AD)로 나눌 수 있다. 유전성 AD의 경우는 presenilin 1(PS1), presenilin 2(PS2) 혹은 아밀로이드 전구단백질(amyloid precursor protein, APP) 유전인자에 돌연변이가 일어났을 경우 100% AD로 발병하게 된다. 산발성 AD의 경우는 아포지단백질 E(apolipoprotein E)나 α-2 macroglobulin에 돌연변이가 일어났을 때 AD로 진전할 확률이 높아지는 위험인자는 밝혀져 있으나 발병의 정확한 원인은 알려진 것이 없다. 특이한 사항은 산발성이나 유전성 AD 모두 베타아밀로이드 단백질의 과다 침착이 공통적으로 일어난다는 것으로 베타아밀로이드의 AD의 병인으로서의 가능성을 시사하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 베타아밀로이드가 형성되어지는 대사경로를 설명하고 그 중 베타아밀로이드 생성에 관여하는 β-, γ-secretases에 관하여 최근의 연구결과들을 중점적으로 설명할 것이다. 또한 베타아밀로이드의 생성을 저해하는 α-secretase의 후보물질들에 관한 설명과 이러한 secretases들의 조절 및 이를 이용한 치매치료법에 관한 최근 동향을 설명하고자 한다. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common senile dementia in elderly population. It is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder. Almost 50% of over 80 years old individuals suffer the problems with AD. Memory deficit which is resulted from degenerated neurons followed by synaptic loss is the major symptom of AD. The pathological hallmarks of AD are (1) extracellular deposit of senile plaques, (2) intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and (3) severe neuronal loss in the brain. Senile plaques consist of a central core of insoluble fibrillary amyloid β-protein (Aβ) surrounded by a halo of dystrophic neurites. Most of AD is sporadic form and less than 10% in AD is familial form. The mutations on the gene of amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2) have been found on early-onset familial AD (FAD). Apolipoprotein E is known as a risk factor on late-onset sporadic AD (SAD). Since high level of Aβ deposit is appeared in the patient brains of both FAD and SAD, it is considered that Aβ might be the major cause of AD. Because Aβ is generated from a larger precursor protein, designated APP, understanding APP processing is important. APP is processed through at least two different pathways. The α-secretory pathway involves α- and γ-secretases, generating two secreted protein fragments, sAPP αand p3. Alternatively, the secreted fragments sAPPβ and Aβ are generated out of the β-secretory pathway by the actions of β- and γ-secretases. In this review, mechanism of A βgeneration is discussed with focus on three secretases such as α-, β- and γ-secretases. Also, possible therapeutic approaches is discussed based on the information about basic research results of secretases.

初等音樂科 敎授-學習方法의 改善硏究

張昌煥 서울 敎育大學校 1991 論文集 Vol.24 No.-

In the study, I investigated two things for the improvement of the teaching-learning method in the primary music education. The one was to research the tendency of music education studies by literature, the other to clarify general trends that have introduced computer and synthesizer into the music instruction. For this purpose, I researched the present situation and future expectations of music insturction method which is recognized among teachers in Korea and Japan. In the research, survey tools were questionnaire. On the basis of it, I devised a teaching model which introduced computer into he music instruction. Findings of the study are as follows: 1. In the music education, the teaching method was concentrated upon the singing guidance. 2. Personal computers were diffused in school and children, threfore, coursware has took great development and software of DTM was put into practical use. 3. In Korea and Japan, teachers have very similar recognizations for the practical use of computer and synthesizer in the music education. But they recognized imperfectly the relations among music education and computer. 4. In Korea and Japan, Teachers desired to operate dexterously digital machinery and tools as the object of self-invovation. 5. As the teaching model with compuster, I suggested "The precess of computer utilization in the music education" and tentative plan I,Ⅱ. 6. There were good findings by tentative plan I. That is, we could: 1) achieve small grouping and individualization in the music learning. 2) teach correctly such musical competences of teacher and children as musical time pattern, interval, rhythm, and hamony. 3) make children participate willingly in the music learning who did not have self-confidence in music. 4. lead children to forming good habits of teaching themselves at school and home.

소아 만성B형간염 환아에 대한 Interferon-alfa의 용량 차이 및 재치료에 따른 치료 효과 비교

장창환 대한소아소화기영양학회 2003 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.6 No.2

전국 교육대학 음악교육과 설비실태 조사 연구

장창환 한국음악교육학회 1989 음악교육연구 Vol.8 No.-

Educative environment refers to constructing the environment which continuously stimulates student`s learning desire. The purpose of this study is to anlyze the present status of music educational environment in teachers colleges and to make some suggestions. In this purpose learning facilities and studying facilities in music education department of II teachers colleges throughout the country were investigated and compared with the facility criteria regulated by the Ministry of Education. And a self-made questionnaire was used. It asked music professors of teachers colleges to declaire their own opinions and suggestions about the present status of musical facilities in their colleges. The results are as follows ; 1. Musical facilities of music education departments of 11 teachers colleges are not sufficient 2. The number of musical instruments which the colleges have are less than half of the number clarified by the facility criteria regulation of the Ministry of Education. 3. It is concluded that the facility criteria regulated of the Ministry of Education is unreasonable. 4. Each teachers colleges has different number of students. Therefore they should have different criteria in number of musical instruments in proportion to the number of students. 5. For organ lesson, class lesson is appropriate. Then musical facilities for class lesson are needed. 6. All the organs need to be replaced with pianos. 7. In order to improve music education it is recommendable to organize an orchestra in teachers college.