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무선 센서 네트워크의 에너지 효율성을 고려한 MP-DD 라우팅 알고리즘
장윤식(Yoon-Sik Jang),박남규(Nam-Kyu Park),오충식(Chung-Sik Oh),최승권(Seung-Kwon Choi),이창조(Chang-Jo Lee),조용환(Yong-Hwan Cho) 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2009 韓國컴퓨터情報學會論文誌 Vol.14 No.7
본 논문의 무선 센서네트워크에서 사용할 수 있는 효율적인 라우팅 방법인 MP-DD (MultiPath-Direct Diffusion) 알고리즘을 제안한다. 기존의 DD(Directed Diffusion)에서는 하나의 경로만을 강화하여 사용하는 것과 달리 제안한 알고리즘은 다중 경로를 강화하면서, 해당 경로에 높여 있는 센서 노드의 남은 에너지 등급을 고려하여 에너지 레벨이 높은 경로에 따라 가중치를 부여하고, 몇 개의 다중경로를 이용하여 사용함으로써 에너지 소모를 감소시키고 동시에 네트워크에 전체적으로 에너지를 골고루 사용하게 할 수 있다. 시뮬레이션 결과에서는 이러한 센서 네트워크를 위한 단순한 라우팅 방법의 가능성을 증명하였다. This paper proposes efficient routing scheme named MP-DD(MultiPath-Direct Diffusion) which is simple enough to be applicable to the wireless sensor networks. Conventional DD uses only one optimal path, therefore it consumes more energy of specific nodes. MP-DD uses multiple path and has a information of hop upstream node in the direction of the base-station is determined which are obtainable via the process of self-organization of the network. Simulation results show the feasibility of the simple routing schemes for the sensor networks.
신 이식 환자에서 B 형과 C 형 간염 바이러스 감염 환자의 15 년간 추적 조사
김용수(Yong Soo Kim),장윤식(Yoon Sik Chang),방병기(Byung Kee Bang),김형욱(Hyung Wook Kim),양철우(Chul Woo Yang),최의진(Euy Jin Choi),최범순(Bum Soon Choi),김석영(Suk Young Kim),김성권(Sung Kwon Kim) 대한신장학회 2002 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.21 No.3
목 적 : 신 이식 후 B형과 C형 간염 바이러스 감염에 의한 간질환은 신 이식 환자의 이환율, 사망률 및 생존율 등에 나쁜 영향을 미치는 것으로 보고되고 있으나 저자에 따라서 신 이식의 예후에 미치는 영향은 다르게 보고되고 있다. 저자들은 B형과 C형 간염 바이러스에 감염된 신이식 환자와 간염 바이러스 비감염 환자를 15년 동안 추적 관찰하여 신 이식의 예후에 미치는 영향에 관하여 비교 검토하고자 한다. 방 법 : 1984년 3월부터 1998년 12월 31일까지 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 강남성모병원에서 신 이식을 받은 1,042예 중 HBs Ag 양성군(HBV(+)군) 107예, anti-HCV Ab 양성군(HCV(+) 군) 81예, HBs Ag 및 anti-HCV Ab 모두 음성인(NBNC군) 714예를 대상으로 간질환의 유병율, 임상 경과, 사망률 및 생존율에 미치는 영향을 비교 검토하였다. 대상 환자 중 anti-HCV Ab 가 측정되지 않은 140예는 비교 연구에서는 제외하였다. 결 과 : 추적 기간 동안 환자의 사망률은 HBV(+)군 32.7%, HCV(+)군 9.9%, NBNC군 8.4%로서 HBV(+)군에서 훨씬 높았다. 특히 사망 환자 중 간질환에 의한 사망률은 HBV(+)군 57.1%, HCV(+)군 0%, NBNC군 1.7%로서 HBV(+)군에서 유의하게 높았다(p=<0.001). 5년과 10년 이식신 생존율은 HBV(+)군에서 52.2%와 39.2%, HCV(+)군에서 68.4%와 47.2%, NBNC군에서 86.6%와 65.8%로서 NBNC군에서 타군에 비하여 유의하게 높았다. 5년과 10년 환자 생존율은 HBV(+)군에서 72.0%와 63.9%, HCV군에서 91.8%와 87.3%, NBNC군에서 94.4%와 88.2%로서 HBV(+)군에서 타군에 비하여 훨씬 감소하였으며 HCV(+)군과 NBNC군 간에는 큰 차이는 없었다. 결 론 : HBV(+)군은 다른군에 비하여 신 이식 후 이식신 및 환자 생존률이 현저히 낮았다. 생존율이 낮은 원인은 특히 간질환에 의한 사망률이 타군에 비하여 높기 때문이었다. HCV(+) 군은 HCV(-)군에 비하여 이식신 생존율은 낮았으나 환자 생존율에 큰 차이가 없었다. HCV (+)군의 간질환은 면역억제제의 투여량을 조절하여 간질환의 진행을 예방할 수 있었으며 간질환의 의한 사망을 감소 시킬 수 있었다. Background : The impact of hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection on renal transplantation outcome is controversial. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection on kidney transplant over the long-term, 15 years and to compare infected patients with noninfected patients matched for factors possibly associated with graft and patient survival. Methods : We analyzed 1,042 patients who underwent renal transplantation in period from March 1984 to Dec. 1998 including 107 with positive HBsAg (HBV(+) group), 81 with positive anti-HCV antibody (HCV(+) group) and 714 noninfected recipients (NBNC group). One hundred-forty patients who had not taken ani-HCV antibody screening test were excluded. The prevalence of chronic liver disease, the patient mortality, the patient survival rate and the graft survival rate were evaluated. Results : The patient mortality during the period of follow-up was significantly higher in HBV(+) group(32.7%) than in HCV(+) group(9.9%) and NBNC group(8.4%). The cause of death related to liver desease was significantly higher in HBV(+) group(57.1%) than HCV(+) group(0%) and NBNC group(1.7%). Five year and 10 year graft survival rate were significantly lower in HBV(+) group(52.2 %, 39.2%) than in HCV(+) group(68.4%, 47.2%) and NBNC group(86.6%, 65.8%). Five year and 10 year patient survival rate of HBV(+) group(72.0%, 68.9%) was significantly lower than HCV(+) group(91.6%, 87.3%) and NBNC group(94.4%, 88.2%), but there was no significant difference in the patient survival rate between HCV(+) and NBNC group. Conclusion : Hepatitis B virus infection has a significant deleterious effect on the patient and graft survival of renal transplantation recipients. The poor survival rate was a result of the mortality from liver disorder. Hepatitis C virus infection also has a poor graft survival rate compared to NBNC group, but the patient survial rate is similar to NBNC group.
양철우(Chul Woo Yang),장윤식(Yoon Sik Chang),한치화(Chi Hwa Han),윤영석(Young Suk Yoon),박종원(Chong Won Park),김춘추(Choon Choo Kim),방병기(Byung Kee Bang),김동집(Dong Jip Kim),김학기(Hark Ki Kim) 대한내과학회 1989 대한내과학회지 Vol.37 No.1
N/A We reviewed 38 cases of patients with bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and the results are as follows: 1) Thirty of thirty eight patients (82%) showed nephrotoxicity: 12 cases of electrolyte imbalance (31%), 2 cases (8%) of acute renal failure (ARF), and both, 16 cases (43%). 2) Incidence of ARF in Cyclosporin A (CsA) plus antimicrobial agents (AM) group, AM group and CsA group was 60%, 33% and 16% respectively. 3) The most common incidence of electrolyte imbalance was hypokalemia (26 cases, 70%), followed by hypocalcemia (14 cases, 38%), hypophosphatemia (10 cases, 27%), hyponatremia (5 cases, 13%), and hypomagnesemia (3 cases, 8%) 4) Clinical characteristics of patients with ARF were non-oliguric (2,867±481ml/24hrs), mildly azotemic (serum Cr: 2.2±0.6mg/dl), and reversible except one expired case. 5) The increase in serum creatinine was correlated with the duration of the administration of the nephrotoxic drugs (r=0.60, p<0.05). Though the impact of the nephrotoxic drugs could not be evaluated individually, it seems that, combined use of antimicrobial agents and CsA after BMT be the major factor of ARF.
저구연산뇨증에 의한 신결석과 신석회화증을 동반한 원위세관 산증 1 예
채은영(Eun Young Chae),장윤식(Yoon Sik Chang),신동일(Dong Il Shin),태현정(Hyun Jung Tae),박용범(Yong Bum Park),박선희(Sun Hee Park) 대한신장학회 2002 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.21 No.3
Renal stone and nephrocalcinosis are common clinical manifestations of type 1 renal tubular acidosis. In normal state, citrate plays the most critical role in suppressing stone formation as it combines with calcium. In type 1 RTA, increased reabsorption of citrate in proximal tubule results in low citrate excretion, which precipitates renal stone formation. We report a case of type 1 RTA accompanying renal stone and nephrocalcinosis caused by hypocitraturia. A 16-year-old male patient who had renal stone and nephrocalcinosis showed hypocitraturia. Incomplete type 1 RTA was proved as the cause of hypocitraturia by bicarbonate and ammonium loading test in the patient.
이승헌(Seoung Hun Lee),윤형규(Hyung Gue Yoon),송윤상(Yoon Sang Song),최문영(Moon Young Choi),김석은(Seok Eun Kim),박인석(In Seok Park),장윤식(Yoon Sik Chang),방병기(Byung Kee Bang) 대한내과학회 1994 대한내과학회지 Vol.46 No.1
N/A Background: The Captopril test (Muller, 1986) appears to represent a simple and useful screening tool in the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension. The limitations of the sennsitivity, specificity have been reported under certain circumstances. We performed this study to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of the Captopril test in the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension. Methods: We calculated the sensitivity, specicity and predictive value of the Captopril test in 26patients with clinical suspicion of renovasculr hypertension. We performed the Captopril test and renal angiography in these patients. Results; 1) The Captopril test was positive in 8 patients (30.7%), in whom 26renovascular hypertension were suspected. 2) The mean value of basal and stimulated plasma renin activity were 4.55±1.74ng/ml/hr and 19.89±7.19ng/ml/hr respectively, in 8patients with positive Captopril test. The mean value of percent increase of stimulated PRA was 384±227.9% in these patients. 3) The mean value of basal and stimulated plasma renin activity were 7.27±5.29ng/hr and 8. 78±5.89ng/ ml/hr respectively, in patients with negative Captopril test. The mean value of percent increase of stimulated PRA was 34.61±30.56% in these patients. 4) In patients with postivie Captopril test, there were 4true positive (50%) and 4false positive (50%) by renal angiography. In 18patients with negative Captopril test, there was 1false negative who had abnormal angiography. 5) The sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of the Captopril test were 80%, 81% and 50% respectively. Conclusion: The Captopril test seems to have limitations of sensitivity, specificity and predictive value in the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension. The careful clinical clinical application of Captopril test and renal angiography should be considered in the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension.
우리나라 무증상 성인에서의 신장기능 및 성인병의 발현빈도
진동찬(Dong Chan Jin),윤영석(Young Suk Yoon),신영신(Young Shin Shin),송호철(Ho Cheol Song),박철휘(Cheol Whee Park),안석주(Seog Ju Ahn),김석영(Suk Young Kim),최의진(Euy Jin Choi),장윤식(Yoon Sik Chang),방병기(Byung Kee Bang) 대한내과학회 1996 대한내과학회지 Vol.51 No.5
N/A Objectives: This report is the results of mass study on renal functions and prevalence of adult diseases in asympotmatic Korean. Methods: The subjects were 50,000 persons (male 31,633, female 18,367) who were enrolled a regular health check up program, June 1990 to Dec 1994, at Catholic Medical Center, Korea. Results: The mean serum creatinine were 1.073±0.19㎎/dl in male and 0.824±0.13㎎/dl in female. Abnormal creatinine (over mean plus 2 standard deviation) prevalence rate were 0.37% in male (1.6㎎/dl and aver) and 0.65% in female (1.2㎎/dl and over). The prevalence of urine occult blood (one positive) were 3.6% in male, 13.4% in female. The proteinuria were 3.3%, 2.1%, respectively. The differences between age group of serum creatinine were little, but that of blood pressure, cholesterol, body mass index were significant, especially before and after menopause in woman. The prevalence of hypertension were 27.1% in male and 24.2% in female. Hyperlipidemia and obesity (BMI over 25㎏/㎡) were 9.5, 9.3% in male and 28.9, 25.0% in female, respectively. Conclusion: These data were may represent overall Korean normal value and could be useful as reference value in Korea.