Flat-Rack 컨테이너 화물에 대한 화물배상책임보험약관상의 갑판적 면책조항의 적용 여부

Chang Kyung Whan(張敬煥) 한국보험법학회 2009 보험법연구 Vol.3 No.2

화물배상책임보험약관의 갑판적 면책조항은 "Freight Loaded in bulk on Deck is not Covered unless Freight Owner Consents."라고 규정하고 있다. 그런데, 이 갑판적 면책조항이 flat-rack 컨테이너에 적입된 화물에 대해서도 적용될 수 있는 지가 문제되고 있다. 부정설에 의하면, 이 면책조항의 "Freight Loaded in bulk"는 散積貨物(bulk cargo)을 뜻하고, flat-rack 컨테이너에 적입된 화물은 '컨테이너화된 화물'로서 산적화물에 해당하지 아니하므로 이 면책조항이 적용될 수 없다고 한다. 또 한 이 견해는, 이 면책조항은 그 적용대상을 명확하게 규정하지 아니하였으므로 작성자불이익의 원칙에 의해서도 적용될 수 없다고 한다. 그러나 사견으로는 다음과 같은 이유로 이 면책조항은 flat-rack 컨테이너에 적입된 화물에 대해서도 적용될 수 있다고 생각된다. 첫째, 갑판적 면책조항은, 갑판적에 의한 자연력에의 노출로 인하여 멸실ㆍ훼손의 위험이 (船倉積될 경우에 비해) 현저하게 증가된 화물에 대해서는 보험보호를 배제한다는 취지이다. 육상보험의 경우에는 주관적 위험증가에 대해서 보험자가 그 사실을 안 날부터 1월내에 보험료의 증액을 청구하거나 계약을 해지할 수 있을 뿐, 당연히 면책될 수 있는 것은 아니다(상법 제653조). 그러나 해상위험은 그 특성상 육상위험보다 엄격하게 다루어질 필요가 있고, 또한 화물배상책임보험은 해상보험으로서 전형적인 기업보험이므로 상법 제663조 단서에 의하여 보험계약자 등의 불이익변경금지의 원칙도 적용되지 아니한다. 따라서 상법 제653조를 이유로 이 갑판적 면책조항이 무효라고 할 수 없다. 둘째, 산적화물은 고체화물의 경우에는 대량의 균질물의 특성상 특별한 선박(벌크선)의 船倉에 적재되거나 액체화물의 경우에는 유조선의 탱크에 주입되는 화물로서 갑판적되는 화물이 아니다. 따라서 갑판적 면책조항의 "Freight Loaded in bulk"를 산적화물로 풀이하면, 갑판적되지도 않는 화물에 대해 갑판적 면책조항을 적용한다는 결과가 되어 이 면책조항이 있으나마나한 것이 된다. 이 면책조항이 의미를 지니기 위해서는, 위 문언은 '컨테이너화되지 않은 일반화물(break bulk cargo)'를 뜻하는 것으로 풀이해야 한다. 셋째, 일반화물이 flat-rack 컨테이너에 적입되어 갑판적되는 경우에는, 밀폐형 컨테이너(예컨대, dry 컨테이너)에 적입된 경우와는 달리, 그 화물은 벽이나 천장에 의한 보호를 받지 못하고 바람ㆍ비ㆍ햇빛ㆍ파도ㆍ급격한 온도변화 등의 자연력에 노출된다. 이 점에서 일반화물이 flat-rack 컨테이너에 적입되었다고 하더라도, 이를 컨테이너화된 화물로 보기는 어렵고 컨테이너화되지 않은 화물로서 갑판적 면책조항의 적용대상이 된다고 생각된다. 넷째, 해상사업자인 해운업자나 복합운송주선업자라면, 갑판적 운송은 화물의 자연력에 대한 노출로 인하여 船倉積운송보다 화물의 멸실ㆍ훼손의 위험을 훨씬 더 증가시킨다는 점, 갑판적 면책조항을 보험약관에 두게 된 것은 이러한 갑판적 운송의 위험 때문이라는 점, 실제로 갑판적되는 화물은 산적화물이 아니라 일반화물이라는 점, 일반화물이 flat-rack 컨테이너에 적입되더라도 외부에 노출된다는 점 등은 당연히 알고 있거나 알 수 있는 사항들이다. 따라서 이들이라면, 일반화물이 flat-rack 컨테이너에 적입되어 갑판적되는 경우에도 갑판적 면책조항의 적용가능성을 예상할 수가 있을 것이다. 그렇다면, 이 면책조항이 화물배상책임보험의 보험계약자인 해운업자나 복합운송주선업자에게 작성자불이익의 원칙이 적용되어야 할 정도로 불명확한 것이라고는 할 수 없다고 생각된다. One of the Terms & Conditions in Cargo Liability Insurance Policy stipulates, "Freight Loaded in bulk on Deck is not Covered unless Freight Owner Consents." The applicability of this deck cargo exclusion clause to the cargo loaded on flat-rack container is at issue. [Hereafter, "deck cargo exclusion clause" is referred to as "Deck Clause", "flat-rack container" as "FR container" and "cargo loaded on flat-rack container" as "FR container cargo"]. According to the negative opinion, the phrase "Freight Loaded in bulk" of Deck Clause means a 'bulk cargo', while FR container cargo is a 'containerized cargo' but not a bulk cargo, so that Deck Clause shall not apply to FR container cargo. It is also insisted that Deck Clause is not able to apply to insurants by the contra proferentem rule because it stipulates ambiguously its applicable extent. In my opinion, however, Deck Clause can apply to FR container cargo. The reasons are as follows. Firstly, it is the purpose of Deck Clause to exclude the cargo, the risk of loss or damage to which is obviously increased owing to on-deck stowage, from the insurance protection. In non-marine insurance the insurer can increase premium or cancel contract within one month from the day of knowing the obvious risk increase induced by the insured, but he cannot be immediately exempted from his contractual liability owing to such a risk increase (Korean Commercial Code [hereafter, referred to as "KCC"], Section 653). It is however required to cope more strictly with marine risks, because of their features and characteristics, than with non-marine risks. Also, the principle of unilateral compulsory application of KCC, Part Ⅳ (Insurance) shall not apply to Cargo Liability Insurance because it is, as a sort of marine insurance, typically a business insurance (KCC, the Proviso of Section 663). Deck Clause shall not, therefore, be void in spite of the deviation from KCC, Section 653. Secondly, a bulk cargo is, as bulk homogeneous material, dropped or poured with a spout or a shovel bucket into a bulk carrier's hold (in case of dry bulk cargo) or a tanker's tank (in case of liquid bulk cargo). In other words, a bulk cargo is not loaded on deck. If the phrase "Freight Loaded in bulk" is, therefore, interpreted as a bulk cargo, then Deck Clause shall apply to such a cargo, as is not loaded on deck, so that it will become meaningless. In order that Deck Clause may be meaningful, the phrase should be interpreted as a 'non-containerized break bulk cargo'. Thirdly, when a break bulk cargo, with being loaded on FR container, is loaded on deck, it has no side and top protection, unlike in the case of being loaded in such an enclosed container as a dry container. And, as a result of that, the break bulk cargo is exposed to the elements such as wind, rain, sunshine, waves and sudden temperature change. In this respect, although a break bulk cargo is loaded on FR container, it should fall, like a non-containerized cargo, under the application of Deck Clause. Finally, ocean carriers or multimodal freight forwarders do or can know, as marine businessmen, the following facts: on-deck carriage increases the risks of loss or damage to cargo still more greatly than under-deck carriage, because of the exposure of cargo to the elements; Deck Clause is prepared against such a risk increase of on-deck carriage; what is loaded on deck, is not a bulk cargo but a break bulk cargo; a break bulk cargo is exposed to the elements when it is stowed on deck although it is loaded on FR container. These can, therefore, predict well enough the applicability of Deck Clause to the break bulk cargo loaded on FR container. If so, Deck Clause is not deemed so ambiguous for these, who enter into Cargo Liability Insurance contracts, as to apply the contra proferentem rule.

동적 세기조절방사선치료에서 깊이에 따른 DLG변화 분석

장경환,곽정원,조병철,정치영,배재범,윤상민,이상욱,Chang, Kyung Hwan,Kwak, Jungwon,Cho, Byungchul,Jeong, Chiyoung,Bae, Jae Beom,Yoon, Sang Min,Lee, Sang-wook 한국의학물리학회 2015 의학물리 Vol.26 No.3

This study is to evaluate thedosiemtric leaf gap (DLG) at different depths for dynamic intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in order to evaluate the absolute dose and dose distribution according to the different positions of tumors and compare the measured and planned the multileaf collimator (MLC) transmission factor (T.F.) and DLG values. We used the 6 MV and 15 MV photon beam from linear accelerator with a Millenium 120 MLC system. After the import the DICOM RT files, we measured the absolute dose at different depths (2 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, and 15 cm) to calculate the MLC T. F. and DLG. For 6 MV photon beam, the measured both MLC T. F. and DLG were increased with the increase the measured depths. When applying to treatment planning systemas fixed transmission factor with its value measured under the reference condition at depth of 5 cm, although the difference fixed and varied transmission factor is not significant, the dosiemtric effect could be presented according to the depth that the tumor is placed. Therefore, we are planning to investigate the treatment planning system whichthe T. F. and DLG factor according to at the different depths can be applied in the patient-specific treatment plan.

토모테라피에서 통계적공정관리를 이용한 EBT 필름 기반의 선량품질보증의 치료계획 가이드라인

장경환,Chang, Kyung Hwan 대한방사선과학회 2022 방사선기술과학 Vol.45 No.5

The purpose of this study was to analyze the results from statistical process control (SPC) to recommend upper and lower control limits for planning parameters based on delivery quality assurance (DQA) results and establish our institutional guidelines regarding planning parameters for helical tomotherapy (HT). A total of 53 brain, 41 head and neck (H & N), and 51 pelvis cases who had passing or failing DQA measurements were selected. The absolute point dose difference (DD) and the global gamma passing rate (GPR) for all patients were analyzed. Control charts were used to evaluate upper and lower control limits (UCL and LCL) for all assessed treatment planning parameters. Treatment planning parameters were analyzed to provide its range for DQA pass cases. We confirmed that the probability of DQA failure was higher when the proportion of leaf open time (LOT) below 100 ms was greater than 30%. LOT and gantry period (GP) were significant predictor for DQA failure using the SPC method. We investigated the availability of the SPC statistic method to establish the local planning guideline based on DQA results for HT system. The guideline of each planning parameter in HT may assist in the prediction of DQA failure using the SPC statistic method in the future.

경계성 종양과 암보험

장경환,Chang, Kyung-Hwan 한국생명보험의학회 2001 保險醫學會誌 Vol.20 No.-

Dosimetric Characteristics of Edge $Detector^{TM}$ in Small Beam Dosimetry

장경환,이보람,김유현,최경식,이정석,박병문,배용기,홍세미,이정우,Chang, Kyung-Hwan,Lee, Bo-Ram,Kim, You-Hyun,Choi, Kyoung-Sik,Lee, Jung-Seok,Park, Byung-Moon,Bae, Yong-Ki,Hong, Se-Mie,Lee, Jeong-Woo Korean Society of Medical Physics 2009 의학물리 Vol.20 No.4

In this study, we evaluated an edge detector for small-beam dosimetry. We measured the dose linearity, dose rate dependence, output factor, beam profiles, and percentage depth dose using an edge detector (Model 1118 Edge) for 6-MV photon beams at different field sizes and depths. The obtained values were compared with those obtained using a standard volume ionization chamber (CC13) and photon diode detector (PFD). The dose linearity results for the three detectors showed good agreement within 1%. The edge detector had the best linearity of ${\pm}0.08%$. The edge detector and PFD showed little dose rate dependency throughout the range of 100~600 MU/min, while CC13 showed a significant discrepancy of approximately -5% at 100 MU/min. The output factors of the three detectors showed good agreement within 1% for the tested field sizes. However, the output factor of CC13 compared to the other two detectors had a maximum difference of 21% for small field sizes (${\sim}4{\times}4\;cm^2$). When analyzing the 20~80% penumbra, the penumbra measured using CC13 was approximately two times wider than that using the edge detector for all field sizes. The width measured using PFD was approximately 30% wider for all field sizes. Compared to the edge detector, the 10~90% penumbras measured using the CC13 and PFD were approximately 55% and 19% wider, respectively. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the edge detector was close to the real field size, while the other two detectors measured values that were 8~10% greater for all field sizes. Percentage depth doses measured by the three detectors corresponded to each other for small beams. Based on the results, we consider the edge detector as an appropriate small-beam detector, while CC13 and PFD can lead to some errors when used for small beam fields under $4{\times}4\;cm^2$.

인터넷 사이버몰이용 표준약관의 검토

장경환(Kyung Hwan Chang) 한국상사법학회 2000 상사법연구 Vol.19 No.2

N/A

교통범칙금대행업과 보험법

장경환(Kyung Hwan Chang) 한국보험학회 1999 보험학회지 Vol.54 No.-

Recently a new kind of business, so called Traffic Penalties Compensation Business, came to appear in Korea as well as in Japan. With a great number of customers(members) the manger of this business enters into Traffic Penalties Compensation Contracts, whereby the manager undertakes, in return for the agreed dues paid by members, to pay on behalf of them the pecuniary penalties against their negligent traffic violations. These contracts may be allowed as liability insurance contracts. Because it would be contrary to public policy to shift the liabilities for pecuniary penalties against `intentional` acts to the liability insurers, but in case of the liabilities for pecuniary panalties against `negligent` acts it world not thwart public policy to shift these liabilities to the liability insurers. Therefore the regulations of Chapter Ⅳ of Korean Commercial code, called Insurance Contract Law, should be applied to these contracts. Also according to Korean Insurance Business Act this business, as an insurance business, should be under the supervision of the authorities concerned, namely Financing Supervisory committee and Financing supervisory Services.

상법 제4편(보험법) 개정의견

장경환 ( Kyung Hwan Chang ) 한국상사법학회 2005 상사법연구 Vol.24 No.2

하도·낙서에 대한 주희의 인식 - 『역학계몽』 「본도서」를 중심으로

장경환(Kyong-Hwan Chang) 원광대학교 동양학대학원 2014 동양학연구 Vol.10 No.-

본고에서는 易의 근원으로 알려진 河圖·洛書의 의미와 하도·낙서에 대한 朱熹의 인식을 알아보고자 하였다. 하도·낙서는 易의 기원으로 상고대부터 전해 내려오는 것으로 인식되고 있었으나 현대적인 의미의 우주의 근원과 원리는 아니었다. 한대에도 하도·낙서라는 명칭은 있었으나, 易의 주된 논의의 대상은 아니었고 체계화된 내용도 없었다. 송대의 주희에 의하여 상수역 영역에서 논의가 되어온 하도·낙서가 체계화 되고 유학의 영역에 들어오게 되었다. 주희는 程頤의 의리역학을 받아들인 유학자였으나 그 시대에 천시되어진 상수역의 산물인 하도·낙서를 받아들이고 역의 기원으로 하도·낙서를 주장하였다. 이러한 주희의 학문적 의도에 관심을 가져볼만하다. 이 글에서는 주희가 하도낙서를 어떠한 의미로 받아들였는지, 어떠한 의도를 가지고 하도·낙서를 易의 기원으로 보았는지 고찰해 보았다. 첫째, 하도·낙서의 의미는 상수역의 보완을 통해 의리역을 확장하고 의리역의 보완을 통해 역을 체계화하기 위한 것이며, 둘째, 우주의 원리는 하나임을 연역하기 위한 것이고, 셋째, 하도·낙서는 주희의 理학에서 理를 구조화, 표상화 하는데 있어 이러한 것을 뒷받침 할 수 있는 도상이라 할 수 있다. 따라서 주희가 인식한 하도·낙서는 그의 理철학을 보다 깊이 있게 체계화 할 수 있는 易의 도상이었다고 볼 수 있다. This study is intended to find out the meaning of Hetu-Luoshu which is known as the root of I Ching and zhuxi's cognition for it. Hetu-Luoshu has been handed down as the root of I Ching, however it was not the root and the principal of universe in modern meaning. And in the Han dynasty there was Hetu-Luoshu but it was not the discussion object of I Ching and didn't have structured contents. By Zhuxi in Sung dynasty, Hetu-Luoshu was structured and included into Confucianism ,which has been discussed in the region of Xiangshuyixue. Even though Zhuxi was a scholar of Confucianism who adopted Cheng Yi-Ch'uan's philosophical I ching, also adopted Hetu-Luoshu, the product of Xiangshuyixue which was despised in the period. From this, it is valuable that we have interest in Zhuxi's intention for the study. In this thesis, by the awareness of Zhuxi's Hetu-Luoshu, I study what is the meaning of Zhuxi's Hetu-Luoshu and with what intention it is the origin of I Ching. The first, the meaning of Hetu-Luoshu is the enlargement of philosophical I ching by the supplementation of Xiangshuyixue and systemization of I Ching by the supplementation of philosophical I ching. The second, to deduct that the principal of universe is unity. the third, Hetu-Luoshu is the icon for backup, which can systemize and represent Yi in Zhuxi's Yi study. And so, Zhuxi's Hetu-Luoshu is the icon of I Ching which can systemize his Yi philosophy deeply.

표면처리한 섬유상활성탄에 의한 페놀류의 흡착

장경환(Gyeong Hwan Chang),변윤섭(Gyeong Rak Jheong),정경락(Youn Seop Byun) 한국화학공학회 1992 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.- No.-