Statistical Analyses of Clinical Study Results Including Survival Data

임현우 대한간학회 2013 임상연구방법론워크숍 Vol.2013 No.1

폐쇄성 수면무호흡증후군 소아에서 삶의 질과수면다원검사 지수와의 상관관계

임현우,이상학,이흥만,최지호,권순영,신철,이승훈 대한이비인후과학회 2006 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.49 No.1

Background and Objectives:Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) can have an effect on the quality of life in children by causing sleep disturbance, physical symptoms, emotional distress and daytime function. We aim to verify the correlation between the sleep related quality of life and indices of full nocturnal polysomnography in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Subjects and Method:Twenty-three children aged from 3 through 15 years old (male:16, female:7) diagnosed to have obstructive sleep apnea syndrome using the full nocturnal polysomnography were studied. The caregivers for each child were asked to complete a KOSA-18 (Korean Obstructive Sleep Apnea-18) survey to define the sleep related quality of life. The relationship between indices of polysomnography and the total score of KOSA-18 (KOSA-18 T score) were analyzed by Spearman correlation. Results:There was significant correlation between KOSA-18 T score and respiratory disturbance index (RDI) (R=0.556, p=.006), KOSA-18 T score and arousal index (R=0.466, p=.025), and KOSA-18 T score and snoring (R=0.472, p=.027). However, the others did not show significant correlation. Conclusion:The 70% in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome has higher degree of impairment in the sleep related quality of life. The larger the impairment in the children’s quality of life by obstructive sleep apnea is, the higher the score of RDI, arousal index and snoring are. Therefore, earlier and more aggressive management may be needed in children with high KOSA-18. (Korean J Otolaryngol 2006;49:35-40)

트리즈를 활용한 로듐도금 프로브팁의 크랙발생 문제해결에 관한 연구

임현우,박진구,김호종 (사)한국CDE학회 2010 한국 CAD/CAM 학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.1

톨루엔 노출 근로자에서 유전자적 요인, 생활습관 및 식이가 요중 마뇨산 배설에 미치는 영향

임현우,박정일,노영만,이강숙,이정민,이원철,이세훈,정치경 大韓産業醫學會 2000 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.12 No.3

목 적 : 본 연구는 생물학적 지표 특성 연구를 위한 단면조사 연구로서 톨루엔 노출과 톨루엔의 생물학적 모니터링으로 이용되는 요중 마뇨산 농도간의 양-반응 관계에서 효과 변경인자로서 작용하는 유전자 ALDH2, CYPIAI, CYP2El의 다양성 분포를 조사하고, 이들 유전자가 요중 마뇨산 배설 농도에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 연구대상자는 경인지역에 위치한 22개의 사업체에서 페인트 제조 72명, 제조업에서 도장작업 50명, 인쇄업 12명, 접착작업 12명, 벽지의 코팅작업 14명등 160명의 근로자이었다. 성, 연령, 유기용제 작업장 근무경력, 흡연습관, 음주습관, 검사일 이전 밤에 음주 여부, 시료 채취전 6시간 이내에 섭취한 식품조사, 측정일 개인보호구의 착용 여부에 대하여 설문조사를 시행하였다. 톨루엔에 대한 개인노출량은 passive air sampler로 측정하였고, 요중 마뇨산은 요중 크레아틴으로 보정하여 측정하였다. 또한 aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) , cytochrome P45O IAI(CYPIAI), 그리고 cytochrome P45O 2El(CYPfEl)의 유전적 다양성은 혈액으로부터 백혈구의 DNA를 추출하여 제한 효소 절단 길이 다양성 (restiction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP)법으로 검사하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 결 과 : 연구대상자의 요중 마뇨산 농도의 기하평균은 0.44g/g creatinine, 기하표준편차 2.80이었다. 톨루엔 노출 농도, 개인 보호구 착용여부, 안식향산이 함유된 식품의 섭취여부중 요중 마뇨산 배설농도에 영향을 미치는 인자는 톨루엔 노출 농도뿐이었다. ALDH2, CYPIAI, CYPfEl, 연령, 흡연, 근무기간에서 회귀계수간에 차이를 보이는 경향이 있었다. 요중 마뇨산 농도에 대한 다중회귀분석에서 톨루엔, ALDH2, CYPIAI, CYP2El유전자형의 회귀계수가 통계적으로 유의하였다. 결 론 : 톨루엔 노출로 인한 요중 마뇨산 배설 농도는 ALDH2, CYPIAI, CYP2El유전자 다양성에 의해 영향을 받기 때문에, 유전자형의 대사능의 차이를 고려하여 마뇨산 기준 농도를 찾는 연구가 이루어져야 하겠다. Objectives The purpose was to investigate the distributions and the effects of genetic polymorphism of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2(ALDH2), cytochrome P45O IAI (CYPIAI), and cytochrome P45O 2El (CYPfEl) on the toluene metabolism. Methods : The subacts consisted of 160 workers who were exposed to toluene in different industries such as paint manufacturing, painting on steel and wood products, printing, bonding, and coating. The exposed toluene level was monitored by passive air sam paler, and the questionnaire variables were age, sex, smoking, drinking, previous night's drinking, use of personal protectlve equipment, work duration, and taking benzoic acid containing food. The urinary hippurric acid collected in the end of shift was corrected by urinary creatinine concentration. The genotypes of ALDH2, CYPIAI, and CYP2El were investigated using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods with DNA extracted from venous blood. Results'The geometric mean and the geometric standard deviation of urinary hippuric acid concentration were 0.44 g/g creatinine and 2.80. The urinary hippuric acid concentration was significantly related to personal exposed toluene level among personal exposed toluene level, use of personal protective equipment, and benzoic acid containing food diet. The slope differences of the regression for ALDH2, CYPIAI, and CYP2E1 genetic polymorphism, age, smoking, and work duration tended to be significant. In multiple regression analysis, the regression coefficient of toluene, ALDH2, 7YPIAl, CYP2E1 genetic polymorphism were significant. Conclusions : From the above results, urinary hippuric acid level after toluene exposure was significantly affected by the genetic polymorphism of ALDH2, CYPIAI, CYPfEl. It is needed further investigation of the urinary hippuric acid level considering the effect of genetic polymorphism.

Oral Metadiscourse in English Debates: A Discourse-Analytical and Rhetorical Approach

임현우 한국응용언어학회 2009 응용 언어학 Vol.25 No.3

Despite the recent growing interest in metadiscourse, oral metadiscourse has received scarce attention. The present study examined the oral metadiscourse appearing in four Korean college students' English debates. With a discourse-analytical and rhetorical approach, this study analyzed the metadiscourse items in the debates in reference to the argument structures and rhetorical appeals. The study results demonstrated the range of oral metadiscourse items that the Korean students utilized to organize their arguments and appeal to their opponents. Based on the study results and discussions, the present study put forward some pedagogical suggestions for the development of English learners' pragmatic awareness and knowledge of oral metadiscourse as well as suggestions for future research.

Apoptotic Pattern of Cochlear Outer Hair Cells and Frequency-specific Hearing Threshold Shift in Noise-exposed BALB/c Mice

임현우,최승효,안중호,정종우 대한이비인후과학회 2008 Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology Vol.1 No.2

Objectives. Apoptosis of outer hair cell (OHC) can be identified through nuclear staining by specific nuclear changes. The change of filamentous actin (F-actin) is also involved in early cell death process. The study was designed to investigate OHC death along the whole length of the organ of Corti. Methods. BALB/c hybrid mice were used in this study. The noise group was exposed to white noise of 120 dB SPL for 3 hr per day for 3 consecutive days. The tone burst auditory brainstem response (ABR) test was conducted and cochleas from each group were obtained for the immunostaining of FITC phalloidin for F-actin and propidium iodide (PI) for nuclei. Results. ABR threshold of the noise group significantly increased after noise exposure (P<0.001). No threshold shift was found in the control group. Threshold shift of the noise group constantly increased from 4 to 16 kHz, but threshold shifts at 16 kHz and 32 kHz were similar. Patterns of OHC staining were subclassified as FITC+PI- cells, FITC+ PI+ cells, FITC-PI+ cells and missing cells. Proportion of normal live OHCs (FITC+PI-) rapidly decreased from the apex to the base. In the basal turn, FITC-PI+ cells and vacancy OHC (missing cells) were observed easily. Apoptotic and missing cells were most abundant at 60% of the whole length of the Corti organ. Conclusion. We could subclassify morphologic changes in OHC death after noise exposure. Quantitative changes in OHCs along the whole Corti organ showed a plateau pattern similar to that of a frequency-specific threshold shift. Objectives. Apoptosis of outer hair cell (OHC) can be identified through nuclear staining by specific nuclear changes. The change of filamentous actin (F-actin) is also involved in early cell death process. The study was designed to investigate OHC death along the whole length of the organ of Corti. Methods. BALB/c hybrid mice were used in this study. The noise group was exposed to white noise of 120 dB SPL for 3 hr per day for 3 consecutive days. The tone burst auditory brainstem response (ABR) test was conducted and cochleas from each group were obtained for the immunostaining of FITC phalloidin for F-actin and propidium iodide (PI) for nuclei. Results. ABR threshold of the noise group significantly increased after noise exposure (P<0.001). No threshold shift was found in the control group. Threshold shift of the noise group constantly increased from 4 to 16 kHz, but threshold shifts at 16 kHz and 32 kHz were similar. Patterns of OHC staining were subclassified as FITC+PI- cells, FITC+ PI+ cells, FITC-PI+ cells and missing cells. Proportion of normal live OHCs (FITC+PI-) rapidly decreased from the apex to the base. In the basal turn, FITC-PI+ cells and vacancy OHC (missing cells) were observed easily. Apoptotic and missing cells were most abundant at 60% of the whole length of the Corti organ. Conclusion. We could subclassify morphologic changes in OHC death after noise exposure. Quantitative changes in OHCs along the whole Corti organ showed a plateau pattern similar to that of a frequency-specific threshold shift.

전통시장 배송시스템 도입방안 연구

임현우,이상린 한국유통학회 2011 한국유통학회 학술대회 발표논문집 Vol.2011 No.11

꿈 분석 과정에서 나온 개의 상징적 의미 : 융 심리학의 입장에서

임현우 한국콘텐츠학회 2020 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.20 No.2

In order to understand the symbolic meaning of the dog in my dream more broadly, this paper aims to examine the symbolic meaning of the dog in various cultures and to understand the inner side in depth through such a process. Just as the growth of a person’s character can be achieved through the conscious of the unconsciousness, looking at the contents of dreams made up of symbolic images is an important part of the growth of a person’s character. In this paper, I first looked at the biological background of dogs and looked at various cultural symbols of dogs that appear in fairytales, myths, religions and folklore. Next, I reflected how Jung psychology looked at the symbol of the dog and finally discussed what the symbol of the dog in my dream had in the process of analyzing the dream. 이 논문은 저자의 꿈에 나온 개의 상징적 의미를 좀 더 넓게 이해하기 위해 다양한 문화에서 나타나는 개의 상징적 의미를 살펴보고 그러한 과정을 통해 내면을 심층적으로 이해하는 데에 목적이 있다. 무의식의 의식화를 통해 인격의 성장이 이루어질 수 있듯이 상징적인 이미지로 구성되어 있는 꿈의 내용을 살펴보는 것은 인격의 성장이라는 측면에서 중요한 부분이다. 이 논문에서는 우선, 개의 생물학적인 배경에 대하여 살펴보고, 민담, 신화, 종교 그리고 민속에서 나타나는 개의 다양한 문화적 상징을 살펴보았다. 다음으로 융 심리학에서는 개의 상징을 어떻게 바라보고 있는지 조명해보고 저자의 꿈에 나온 개의 상징이 꿈 분석 과정에서 어떠한 의미를 담고 있는지에 대해 결론적으로 논하였다.

2012년 청각장애 평가방법과 절차

임현우,채성원 대한이비인후과학회 2012 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.55 No.3

The incidence of hearing impairment is increasing due to growth of the population of the elderly, industrialization and noise exposure. Evaluation of hearing impairment are frequently made in purpose of compensation, indemnification or welfare policy of the disabled. Evaluation of hearing impairment is a process to diagnose and to evaluate the disability under objective criteria. Several domestic and international standards have been proposed including legal acts such as the disable welfare law, industrial accident compensation insurance and the national pensions act. There are also medical counsel standards such as Korean academy of medical sciences disability evaluation standards, disability standards of American medical association and disability evaluation of McBride. In order to assess the hearing impairment fairly, tho-rough understanding about the difference of the purposes and standards of each guideline of hearing impairment is needed. Therefore in this article, the domestic and the international standards for the evaluation method of hearing impairment which was revised recently and their differences are discussed.

온라인 쇼핑의 성장에 따른 택배물류 네트워크의 효율적 운영에 관한 탐색적 연구

임현우,임종원,이한석 한국마케팅학회 2007 ASIA MARKETING JOURNAL Vol.9 No.2

오프라인 소매점의 상권은 점포를 방문하는 소비자의 지역분포에 의해 결정된다. 그리고 점포에서 매출의 발생과 실현이 동시에 이루어진다. 물적이동이 요구되는 상품을 판매하는 온라인 소매점의 상권은 물류 배송망을 통하여 소비자가 지정하는 시간/장소에 소비자/ 판매자가 부담할 수 있는 배송비 미만으로 배달할 수 있는 공간/지역범위에 의해 결정된다. 온라인매출은 배달완료로서 실현되기 때문이다. 온라인 쇼핑몰의 상권은 택배망의 효율성과 신뢰성에 의하여 결정된다고 할 수 있다. 우리나라에는 온라인 매출이 연간 36%나 고성장함에도 불구하고 매출실현이 이루어지는 지역별 매출/배송밀도에 관한 온라인 상권지도조차 없었다. 그러므로 36%씩의 수요증가에 대한 배송능력/배송망도 단기적/중장기적 대응책이 어떻게 추진되는가에 대한 연구도 없었다. 본 연구에서는 (1) 국내최초로 온라인 상권지도를 제시하였다. (2) 배송수요의 고속 증가에 대한 택배업계의 단기적/중장기적 대응책을 실증조사 하였다. (3) 연구결과는 세가지로 요약되었다. 첫째, 화장품과 같은 편의품의 경우에도 온라인 상권은 전국으로 광역화되고 있음을 파악하였다. 온라인 쇼핑의 매출성장을 주도하는 인기상품(hot selling items)도 저가격의 의류, 표준품으로서 오프라인 상권에서는 상품의 이동범위(range of goods)가 적은 상품이었으나 전국상권으로 광역화되는 현상을 1년간의 매출분포 지도를 통하여 제시하였다. 둘째, 온라인 매출증가에 따라 배송물량의 증가 배송가격인하 → 배송원가인하 → 서비스품질 향상의 현상이 나타나고 있었다. 셋째, 수요증가에 대한 택배업계의 단기적 대응은 지역별로 이루어지고 있으나 간선물류망 (허브, 간선운송)에 대한 중장기 대책이 감지되지 못하였다. (4) 본 연구 및 실증조사의 한계와 이를 바탕으로 한 미래 연구 방향을 제시하였다. The critical link between consumer-based internet ordering and the delivery of the product to the consumer is a key success factor in online shopping. Market areas of online shopping company implies the range of space where products ordered from online shopping can be physically delivered to customers distributed over space with reasonable shipping cost and lead time through the physical distribution network. The average rate of growth in online shopping is 36% per year in Korea for the last 5 years. But there are no maps available that describe sales/delivery density of online shopping, few researches are focused on the short-term/long-term adaptation to demand increase by online shopping. In this paper (1) Maps of trade area are described indicating the sales/delivery density around the nation. (2) Empirical researches suggested that short-term adaptation to demand increase resulted in price reduction and service in enhancement of service quality in local transportation. But the long-term adaptation on the parts of parcel delivery industry are to be investigated in future researches.