직무-노출매트릭스의 설계

임현우,노영만,이원철 한국산업위생학회 2001 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.11 No.2

The types of exposure data needed in an industry-based study depend on the diseases of interest and the study design to be used. The best situation occurs when we have quantified personal exposure estimates for the agents of interest, the least informative case occurs when we have only knowledge of the fact of employment in a plant, industry, or trade where exposure probability is high. Exposure information for most industry-based studies falls somewhere between these tow extremes. Job exposure matrices(JEM) are designed to link information on occupation with information on exposure to specific workplace hazards. Some forms of systematic error of bias may be less likely to occur in studies that utilize job-exposure matrices to indirectly infer exposures from job titles than in studies that assess exposures by asking subjects about their past exposure. JEM can be used effec-tively industry-based studies for historic cohort studeis, case-control study to assist with the retrospective assess-ment of occupational exposures among workers whose individual exposure histories are unavailable. JEM generally consist of a computerized database that links information about job categories and likely exposures. These two major axes may be stratified by calendar time. This article reviews the design of JEM in support of industry-based studies. Specific matrices may find broader apllicability along with the increasing availability of detailed hygienic data.

트리즈를 활용한 로듐도금 프로브팁의 크랙발생 문제해결에 관한 연구

임현우,박진구,김호종 (사)한국CDE학회 2010 한국 CAD/CAM 학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.1

김남조 시의 모성 연구

임현우,김옥성 단국대학교 동양학연구원 2023 東洋學 Vol.- No.92

Motherhood is one of the qualities of a woman that cannot be separated from her. However, the term ‘motherhood’ has served as a mechanism for suppressing women by patriarchal thinking. Women with motherhood are considered as a means of assisting the family, which undermines their individuality. Kim Nam-jo’s motherhood develops poetic imagination in the direction of overcoming the dangers of patriarchal thinking that it contains. This imagination of ‘motherhood’ in Kim’s poetry reveals one side of her poetic imagination. In the poetry of Kim, ‘mother’ is the subject of motherhood and the object of motherhood. For “the mother” in Kim’s poetry, the child and the mother themselves are equal in that they are objects of motherhood. Through this equal relationship, mothers and children form a relationship of “companion” where they help and care for each other and walk on the road. This partnership expands to the relationship between ‘all beings’ through ‘motherhood’ in Kim’s poetry. Kim’s ‘motherhood’ is to give birth to a heart that loves others. This is ‘mental conception and childbirth’, which has gone further from physical conception and childbirth, which are the basis of ‘motherhood’. It has been fully pointed out that Kim’s maternal praise implies the risk of justifying patriarchal thinking. However, Kim tries to escape this danger by expanding the object and subject of “motherhood” and redefining its meaning. ‘모성’은 여성과는 분리될 수 없는 여성의 특질 중 하나이다. 그러나 ‘모성’이라는 용어는 가부장제적 사고에의해 여성을 억압하는 기제로서 작용해 왔다. 모성을 가진 여성은 가정을 보조하는 수단으로 여겨지고 이로인해 그 개체성을 손상당한다. 김남조 시의 모성은 그것이 내재하고 있는 가부장주의적 사고의 위험성을 극복하는 방향으로 시적 상상력을 전개시킨다. 김남조에서 나타나는 이러한 ‘모성’에 대한 상상력은 그의 시적 상상력의 일면을 드러낸다. 김남조 시에서의 ‘어머니’는 모성의 주체이자 스스로 그 모성의 대상이다. 김남조 시의 ‘어머니’에게 있어 자녀와 어머니 스스로는 모성의 대상이라는 점에서 동등하다. 이러한 동등한 관계를 통해 어머니와 자녀는 서로돕고 보살피며 길을 걷는 ‘동행자’의 관계를 형성한다. ‘동행자’ 관계는 김남조 시에서 ‘모성’을 통해 ‘모든 존재’ 간의 관계로 확장된다. 김남조 시의 ‘모성’은 타인을 사랑하는 마음을 태어나게 하는 것이다. 이는 ‘모성’의 기반이 되는 육체적 잉태와 해산에서 더 나아간 정신적인 잉태와 해산, ‘정신적 창조’이다. 김남조 시의 모성 예찬이 가부장제적 사고를 정당화할 위험성을 내포하고 있다는 점은 충분히 지적되어 왔다. 그러나 김남조는 이러한 위험성을 ‘모성’의 대상과 주체를 확장시켜 그 의미를 재정의함으로써 그러한 위험성에서 벗어나고자 한다.

폐쇄성 수면무호흡증후군 소아에서 삶의 질과수면다원검사 지수와의 상관관계

임현우,이상학,이흥만,최지호,권순영,신철,이승훈 대한이비인후과학회 2006 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.49 No.1

Background and Objectives:Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) can have an effect on the quality of life in children by causing sleep disturbance, physical symptoms, emotional distress and daytime function. We aim to verify the correlation between the sleep related quality of life and indices of full nocturnal polysomnography in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Subjects and Method:Twenty-three children aged from 3 through 15 years old (male:16, female:7) diagnosed to have obstructive sleep apnea syndrome using the full nocturnal polysomnography were studied. The caregivers for each child were asked to complete a KOSA-18 (Korean Obstructive Sleep Apnea-18) survey to define the sleep related quality of life. The relationship between indices of polysomnography and the total score of KOSA-18 (KOSA-18 T score) were analyzed by Spearman correlation. Results:There was significant correlation between KOSA-18 T score and respiratory disturbance index (RDI) (R=0.556, p=.006), KOSA-18 T score and arousal index (R=0.466, p=.025), and KOSA-18 T score and snoring (R=0.472, p=.027). However, the others did not show significant correlation. Conclusion:The 70% in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome has higher degree of impairment in the sleep related quality of life. The larger the impairment in the children’s quality of life by obstructive sleep apnea is, the higher the score of RDI, arousal index and snoring are. Therefore, earlier and more aggressive management may be needed in children with high KOSA-18. (Korean J Otolaryngol 2006;49:35-40)

Apoptotic Pattern of Cochlear Outer Hair Cells and Frequency-specific Hearing Threshold Shift in Noise-exposed BALB/c Mice

임현우,최승효,안중호,정종우 대한이비인후과학회 2008 Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology Vol.1 No.2

Objectives. Apoptosis of outer hair cell (OHC) can be identified through nuclear staining by specific nuclear changes. The change of filamentous actin (F-actin) is also involved in early cell death process. The study was designed to investigate OHC death along the whole length of the organ of Corti. Methods. BALB/c hybrid mice were used in this study. The noise group was exposed to white noise of 120 dB SPL for 3 hr per day for 3 consecutive days. The tone burst auditory brainstem response (ABR) test was conducted and cochleas from each group were obtained for the immunostaining of FITC phalloidin for F-actin and propidium iodide (PI) for nuclei. Results. ABR threshold of the noise group significantly increased after noise exposure (P<0.001). No threshold shift was found in the control group. Threshold shift of the noise group constantly increased from 4 to 16 kHz, but threshold shifts at 16 kHz and 32 kHz were similar. Patterns of OHC staining were subclassified as FITC+PI- cells, FITC+ PI+ cells, FITC-PI+ cells and missing cells. Proportion of normal live OHCs (FITC+PI-) rapidly decreased from the apex to the base. In the basal turn, FITC-PI+ cells and vacancy OHC (missing cells) were observed easily. Apoptotic and missing cells were most abundant at 60% of the whole length of the Corti organ. Conclusion. We could subclassify morphologic changes in OHC death after noise exposure. Quantitative changes in OHCs along the whole Corti organ showed a plateau pattern similar to that of a frequency-specific threshold shift. Objectives. Apoptosis of outer hair cell (OHC) can be identified through nuclear staining by specific nuclear changes. The change of filamentous actin (F-actin) is also involved in early cell death process. The study was designed to investigate OHC death along the whole length of the organ of Corti. Methods. BALB/c hybrid mice were used in this study. The noise group was exposed to white noise of 120 dB SPL for 3 hr per day for 3 consecutive days. The tone burst auditory brainstem response (ABR) test was conducted and cochleas from each group were obtained for the immunostaining of FITC phalloidin for F-actin and propidium iodide (PI) for nuclei. Results. ABR threshold of the noise group significantly increased after noise exposure (P<0.001). No threshold shift was found in the control group. Threshold shift of the noise group constantly increased from 4 to 16 kHz, but threshold shifts at 16 kHz and 32 kHz were similar. Patterns of OHC staining were subclassified as FITC+PI- cells, FITC+ PI+ cells, FITC-PI+ cells and missing cells. Proportion of normal live OHCs (FITC+PI-) rapidly decreased from the apex to the base. In the basal turn, FITC-PI+ cells and vacancy OHC (missing cells) were observed easily. Apoptotic and missing cells were most abundant at 60% of the whole length of the Corti organ. Conclusion. We could subclassify morphologic changes in OHC death after noise exposure. Quantitative changes in OHCs along the whole Corti organ showed a plateau pattern similar to that of a frequency-specific threshold shift.

풍수해보험의 이해

임현우,Im, Hyeon-Woo 한국수자원학회 2006 물과 미래(한국수자원학회지) Vol.39 No.10

Radiation therapy for gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: dose-volumetric analysis and its clinical implications

임현우,김태현,최일주,김찬규,이종열,조수정,엄현석,문성호,김대용 대한방사선종양학회 2016 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.34 No.3

Purpose: To assess the clinical outcomes of radiotherapy (RT) using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional conformal RT (3D-CRT) for patients with gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma to evaluate the effectiveness of involved field RT with moderate-dose and to evaluate the benefit of 3D-CRT comparing with 2D-RT. Materials and Methods: Between July 2003 and March 2015, 33 patients with stage IE and IIE gastric MALT lymphoma received RT were analyzed. Of 33 patients, 17 patients (51.5%) were Helicobacter pylori (HP) negative and 16 patients (48.5%) were HP positive but refractory to HP eradication (HPE). The 2D-RT (n = 14) and 3D-CRT (n = 19) were performed and total dose was 30.6 Gy/17 fractions. Of 11 patients who RT planning data were available, dose-volumetric parameters between 2D-RT and 3D-CRT plans was compared. Results: All patients reached complete remission (CR) eventually and median time to CR was 3 months (range, 1 to 15 months). No local relapse occurred and one patient died with second primary malignancy. Tumor response, survival, and toxicity were not significantly different between 2D-RT and 3D-CRT (p > 0.05, each). In analysis for dose-volumetric parameters, Dmax and CI for PTV were significantly lower in 3D-CRT plans than 2D-RT plans (p < 0.05, each) and Dmean and V15 for right kidney and Dmean for left kidney were significantly lower in 3D-CRT than 2D-RT (p < 0.05, each). Conclusion: Our data suggested that involved field RT with moderate-dose for gastric MALT lymphoma could be promising and 3D-CRT could be considered to improve the target coverage and reduce radiation dose to the both kidneys.

꿈에 관한 목회상담학적 연구: 도그마를 넘어 살아있는 하나님의 체험을 향하여

임현우 한국목회상담학회 2023 목회와 상담 Vol.40 No.-

This study aimed to propose pastoral counseling and pastoral care using integrated dream analysis to experience the living God beyond dogma through sociocultural, in-depth psychological, and pastoral theological reflection on dreams. Ann B. Ulanov's pastoral counseling research methodology was applied to this study. Today, many Christian counselees encountered in pastoral counseling are experiencing psychological and spiritual crises due to the lack of experience with God and the influence of dogma. To overcome this crisis, dreams can be a pastoral counseling resource that helps experience God. Dreams have functioned as a medium for spiritual and psychological recovery for humans from time immemorial. Therefore, this paper aimed to reflect on the meaning of dreams as a pastoral counseling resource from three perspectives. The following research results were derived through multi-layered reflection integrating theology and psychology according to Ann B. Ulanov's methodology. First, it is found that the dream examined from the socio-cultural point of view serves as an exemplary aspect of human life and a functional medium that helps to communicate with God and to find God’s will. Second, from the perspectives of depth psychologists Sigmund Freud and Carl G. Jung, it is found that Jung's dream theory could be effectively applied to pastoral counseling. Freud saw the dream as a repressed sexual conflict in childhood, while Jung considered the dream as an object and, simultaneously, the reward of the dreamer's conscious system. Third, the dream is analyzed from the perspective of Sanford and Ulanov, pastoral theologians. The theories of both scholars show that both the mind and the soul influence the symbols in dreams because the source that delivers dreams is the center of the mind and soul, and God is located in this center. Therefore, it is found that contact with symbols in dreams can connect with God's revelation and will. In conclusion, this study of dream reflection through the integration of theology and psychology has recommended a form of pastoral counseling and pastoral care that can help experience the living God beyond dogma. First, it suggests planning pastoral counseling to encounter the living God through the integrated dream analysis method. Second, it suggests planning pastoral care that restores the mind and soul. 본 논문은 꿈에 관한 사회문화적, 심층심리학적, 목회신학적 성찰을 통해 도그마를 넘어 살아있는 하나님을 체험할 수 있는 통합적인 꿈 분석 목회상담과 목회적 돌봄을 제언하는 연구이다. 본 논문은 앤 율라노프(Ann B. Ulanov)의 목회상담 연구방법론을 적용하였다. 오늘날 목회상담 현장에서 만나는 많은 기독교인 내담자들은 도그마의 영향으로 인한 하나님과의 체험 부재로 인해 심리적이며 영적인 위기를 겪고 있다. 이러한 위기의 극복을 위해 꿈을 활용하는 것은 하나님 체험을 돕는 목회상담적 자원이 될 수 있다. 꿈은 태곳적부터 인간에게 영적, 심리적 회복을 위한 매개체로 기능해왔기 때문이다. 따라서 본 논문은 세 가지 관점에서 목회상담적 자원으로서의 꿈의 의미를 통합하기 위한 성찰을 시도하였다. 앤 율라노프의 방법론에 따라서 신학과 심리학을 통합한 다층적 성찰을 통해 다음과 같이 연구 결과를 도출할 수 있었다. 첫째, 사회문화적 관점에서 성찰한 꿈은 인류의 삶에 예시적 측면과 신과의 소통 그리고 하나님의 의지를 확인할 수 있도록 돕는 기능적 매개체로서 작용한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 심층심리학자인 지그문트 프로이트(Sigmund Freud)와 칼 융(Carl G. Jung)의 관점에서 꿈을 성찰하였는데 융의 꿈 이론이 목회상담에 효율적으로 적용될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 왜냐하면, 프로이트는 꿈을 어린 시절의 억압된 성적 갈등으로 보았지만 융은 꿈을 하나의 객체이며 동시에 꿈꾼 이의 의식 체계의 보상으로 생각했다. 셋째, 목회신학자인 존 샌포드(John A. Sanford)와 율라노프의 관점에서 꿈을 성찰하였다. 두 학자의 이론을 통해 정신과 영혼이 모두 꿈속 상징에 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 꿈을 전달하는 출처가 정신과 영혼의 중심이며 이 중심에는 하나님이 위치하고 계시기 때문이다. 따라서 꿈속 상징과의 접촉은 곧 하나님의 계시와 뜻 접촉으로 연결될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이렇게 신학과 심리학의 통합을 통한 꿈 성찰에 관한 연구를 통해 도그마를 넘어 살아있는 하나님 체험을 도울 수 있는 목회상담과 목회적 돌봄을 다음과 같이 도출하였다. 첫째, 통합적인 꿈 분석 방법을 통한 목회상담을 제언하고자 한다. 둘째, 정신과 영혼을 회복시키는 목회적 돌봄을 제언하고자 한다.

A Synthesis of the Empirical Research on Older Learners of English

임현우,고현숙 한국외국어대학교 외국어교육연구소 2023 외국어교육연구 Vol.37 No.1

In response to the growing need for research on lifelong language learning for older adults, the present study analyzes the empirical research with a focus on older adults learning English as a second/foreign language. The data comprised 28 empirical studies published during the period from 1990 to August of 2022, indexed in Web of Science and ERIC. The present analyses identified five core research themes among the collected articles: a) Older adults’ experiences and motivational constructs in learning English; b) Benefits of English learning for older adults; c) Technology support for older learners of English; d) Age-related differences in English learning; and e) Customizing English instruction for older adults. The collected articles found that older learners have strong intrinsic motivation and could benefit from the use of multimedia and AI applications. Their results also provided support for the positive effects of English learning on the emotional and social quality of life in older adults, but there was little empirical evidence that learning English later in life delays cognitive decline. More research is warranted on the effects of learner variables on English learning as well as how to accommodate the educational needs and age-related characteristics of older adults in teaching practices. Limitations and suggestions for future study are discussed.

톨루엔 노출 근로자에서 유전자적 요인, 생활습관 및 식이가 요중 마뇨산 배설에 미치는 영향

임현우,박정일,노영만,이강숙,이정민,이원철,이세훈,정치경 大韓産業醫學會 2000 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.12 No.3

목 적 : 본 연구는 생물학적 지표 특성 연구를 위한 단면조사 연구로서 톨루엔 노출과 톨루엔의 생물학적 모니터링으로 이용되는 요중 마뇨산 농도간의 양-반응 관계에서 효과 변경인자로서 작용하는 유전자 ALDH2, CYPIAI, CYP2El의 다양성 분포를 조사하고, 이들 유전자가 요중 마뇨산 배설 농도에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 연구대상자는 경인지역에 위치한 22개의 사업체에서 페인트 제조 72명, 제조업에서 도장작업 50명, 인쇄업 12명, 접착작업 12명, 벽지의 코팅작업 14명등 160명의 근로자이었다. 성, 연령, 유기용제 작업장 근무경력, 흡연습관, 음주습관, 검사일 이전 밤에 음주 여부, 시료 채취전 6시간 이내에 섭취한 식품조사, 측정일 개인보호구의 착용 여부에 대하여 설문조사를 시행하였다. 톨루엔에 대한 개인노출량은 passive air sampler로 측정하였고, 요중 마뇨산은 요중 크레아틴으로 보정하여 측정하였다. 또한 aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) , cytochrome P45O IAI(CYPIAI), 그리고 cytochrome P45O 2El(CYPfEl)의 유전적 다양성은 혈액으로부터 백혈구의 DNA를 추출하여 제한 효소 절단 길이 다양성 (restiction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP)법으로 검사하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 결 과 : 연구대상자의 요중 마뇨산 농도의 기하평균은 0.44g/g creatinine, 기하표준편차 2.80이었다. 톨루엔 노출 농도, 개인 보호구 착용여부, 안식향산이 함유된 식품의 섭취여부중 요중 마뇨산 배설농도에 영향을 미치는 인자는 톨루엔 노출 농도뿐이었다. ALDH2, CYPIAI, CYPfEl, 연령, 흡연, 근무기간에서 회귀계수간에 차이를 보이는 경향이 있었다. 요중 마뇨산 농도에 대한 다중회귀분석에서 톨루엔, ALDH2, CYPIAI, CYP2El유전자형의 회귀계수가 통계적으로 유의하였다. 결 론 : 톨루엔 노출로 인한 요중 마뇨산 배설 농도는 ALDH2, CYPIAI, CYP2El유전자 다양성에 의해 영향을 받기 때문에, 유전자형의 대사능의 차이를 고려하여 마뇨산 기준 농도를 찾는 연구가 이루어져야 하겠다. Objectives The purpose was to investigate the distributions and the effects of genetic polymorphism of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2(ALDH2), cytochrome P45O IAI (CYPIAI), and cytochrome P45O 2El (CYPfEl) on the toluene metabolism. Methods : The subacts consisted of 160 workers who were exposed to toluene in different industries such as paint manufacturing, painting on steel and wood products, printing, bonding, and coating. The exposed toluene level was monitored by passive air sam paler, and the questionnaire variables were age, sex, smoking, drinking, previous night's drinking, use of personal protectlve equipment, work duration, and taking benzoic acid containing food. The urinary hippurric acid collected in the end of shift was corrected by urinary creatinine concentration. The genotypes of ALDH2, CYPIAI, and CYP2El were investigated using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods with DNA extracted from venous blood. Results'The geometric mean and the geometric standard deviation of urinary hippuric acid concentration were 0.44 g/g creatinine and 2.80. The urinary hippuric acid concentration was significantly related to personal exposed toluene level among personal exposed toluene level, use of personal protective equipment, and benzoic acid containing food diet. The slope differences of the regression for ALDH2, CYPIAI, and CYP2E1 genetic polymorphism, age, smoking, and work duration tended to be significant. In multiple regression analysis, the regression coefficient of toluene, ALDH2, 7YPIAl, CYP2E1 genetic polymorphism were significant. Conclusions : From the above results, urinary hippuric acid level after toluene exposure was significantly affected by the genetic polymorphism of ALDH2, CYPIAI, CYPfEl. It is needed further investigation of the urinary hippuric acid level considering the effect of genetic polymorphism.