발자크의 초기소설에 나타난 시대인식 : <마법의 가죽> 을 중심으로

이철의 상명대학교 어문학연구소 1996 語文學硏究 Vol.4 No.-

발자크의 『농민』과 졸라의 『대지』

이철의 프랑스문화예술학회 2019 프랑스문화예술연구 Vol.67 No.-

발자크의 『농민』과 졸라의 『대지』는 농촌과 농민에 대한 기존의 관점을 방법적으로 전복하는 반(反)목가적인 전략을 바탕으로 농촌 현실에 대한 두 주인공의 환멸을 부각시키는 비슷한 구조를 취한다. 두 작품은 ‘농토의 점진적인 파탄’이라는 현실인식을 일종의 ‘내부 식민화과정’의 전개양상으로 그려낸다. 『농민』에서 ‘메디오크라시’에 예속되는 농민의 모습, 『대지』에서 국내 정치와 세계적 규모로 펼쳐지는 자본주의에 종속된 농촌의 모습이 그런 양상이다. 농촌현실에 대한 두 작품의 전망의 차이는 미완성에 그칠 수밖에 없었던 『농민』의 사정과 『대지』가 표방하는 자연생성의 신화를 통해 규명될 수 있다. 『농민』의 미완성은 역사적 상상력에서 벗어날 수 없었던 발자크의 모습을 역설적으로 보여준다. 『대지』는 당대의 모순을 신화의 영원한 순환운동 속에녹여내며 역사에 대한 보다 폭넓은 사유의 공간을 열어준다.

발자크 작품세계의 변모과정 연구 - 『르뷔 파리지엔느 』와 1840년대 소설을 중심으로 -

이철의 한국프랑스학회 2004 한국프랑스학논집 Vol.47 No.-

발자크와 1848년

이철의 한국프랑스어문교육학회 2012 프랑스어문교육 Vol.39 No.-

En 1830, Balzac écrit les Lettres sur Paris, bilan critique et exhaustif de la révolution de Juillet, lesquelles annoncent son écriture romanesque aux années 1830. Mais à l’inverse, il ne laisse guère d’écrits sur la révolution de Février, sauf les lettres privées qu’il envoie à Mme Hanska presque tous les jours aux environs de 1848. Ce serait normal au point de vue chronologique, mais pourtant on peut se demander si ce n’est pas sur cet effleurement que se pose la véritable signification du rapport entre Balzac et Quarante-huit. Balzac est considéré comme un écrivain réactionnaire, défenseur du trône et de l'autel. C'est pourquoi il serait abusif de dire que Balzac consent à l'esprit quarante-huitard. Cependant on peut croire qu'il y a mieux qu'une simple dénégation dans les démarches de Balzac sur cette révolution. Pour éclairer ce sujet, tout d’abord nous avons examiné dans les écrits balzaciens d’autour de 1848 le problème de l’argent qui etait à la fois la hantise de Balzac et la clef de la compréhension du capitalisme moderne concrétisé à partir des années 1840. Nous supposons que pour Balzac, la difficulté de la représentation romanesque de ce problème se présente par l’ambiguïte et la naïveté des derniers romans de La Comédie humaine, surtout Le Cousin Pons et L’Envers de l’histoire contemporaine. Ensuite nous avons remarqué que Balzac a laissé inachevés quelques romans à ce temps-là: Les Paysans, Le Député d’Arcis, Les Petits Bourgeois. Ils y décrivent tous le processus de transformation fondamentale de la société française. Cet inachèvement n’est pas dû à la faute de temps. Il semble que Balzac les a volontairement abandonnés. Peut-être était-il incapable de concevoir de façon synthétique un monde qui n’évolue pas dans le sens de son propre système : ces trois oeuvres seraient en quelque sorte tombées dans le fossé de plus en plus large qui se creusait entre l’univers balzacien et l’univers réel. Ces difficultés font naître la figure du dernier Balzac, c’est-à-dire le romancier isolé du réel ou bien le romancier prisonnier de son roman. Ce serait une sorte de suicide littéraire déplorable. Mais nous supposons qu’un aspect très important de 1848 se révèle paradoxalement par cet isolement balzacien de son temps. Autrement dit, il est probable que la prise de la conscience de cette douloureux déchirement intérieur ait quelque chose de commun avec l'esprit quarante-huitard, qui ne s'arrête pas à une simple mutation socio-politique mais s'élargit à un solennel reproche de tout obstacle au mouvement de l'esprit humain et à la vie en devenir.

$CuF_2$의 펄스 핵자기공명 연구

이철의,이창훈,김준형,김군석,김건,Lee, Cheol Ui,Lee, Chang Hun,Kim, Jun Hyeong,Kim, Gun Seok,Kim, Geon Korean Chemical Society 1994 대한화학회지 Vol.38 No.9

펄스 핵자기공명 기법을 이용하여 상자성 물질인 $CuF_2$를 조사한 결과 상온에서 $^{19}F$ 위치의 차이에 의한 확연히 구별되는 두 개의 공명선을 얻었다. 한 선은 진동수 이동이 거의 없었지만 다른 한 선은 진동수 이동이 심했다. 두 경우 모두 스핀-격자 완화시간$(T_1)$이 짧지만 진동수 이동이 심한 경우에 $T_1$ 이 더 짧았다. 이는 두 경우에 대한 주위의 전자 환경이 다르기 때문으로 해석된다. We have studied the paramagnetic $CuF_2$ using the techniques of pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The powder sample revealed two well-separated lines from the distinct $^{19}F$ sites at room temperature. One of the lines showed little frequency shift. However, the other showed a large frequency shift, suggesting electron transfers. Furthermore, the two sites have very short spin-lattice relaxation times $(T_1).$ The frequency-shifted site has the shorter $T_1$ than the unshifted one, reflecting the difference of the electron environments of the two sites.

Directional behavior of nuclear quadrupole resonance in YBa2Cu3O6

이철의,S. H. Huh 한국물리학회 2002 Current Applied Physics Vol.2 No.6

Powder samples of YBa2Cu3O6 were magnetically aligned and the anisotropies in the systems were studied by means of Cu(1)lineshapes and the spinlattice and spinspin relaxation times as a function of the aligning magnetic eld indicate that full mi-croscopic alignment can be achieved by using a magnetic eld of about 4.7 T, for which doublet line patterns arising from ahyperne splitting were observed.. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

탈정치 혹은 작가의 권리청원 : 발자크의 '1830년의 전환'에 대한 한 해석 une interpretation sur "le tournant de 1830" chez Balzac

이철의 상명대학교 어문학연구소 1998 語文學硏究 Vol.8 No.-

한반도 군비통제 및 군축 : 각종 국제레짐과의 연결 및 활용

이철기(李鐵基) 한국전략문제연구소 2000 전략연구 Vol.7 No.2

The Korean Peninsula, despite the collapse of the Cold War on a global scale, still remains the last remant of the Cold War. North and South Korea have maintained hostile relations and military tension, and have continued to race armaments. Therefore our impending tasks and missions are the dissolution of Cold War system and the establishment of a permanent peace regime on the Korean Peninsula. In Particular it is very important to the end of arms race and the achievment of disarmament on the Korean peninsula. It is impossible to maintain peace and to attain unification without military confidence-building and disarmament between the two Koreas. North and South Korea agreed already on the some principles of the arms control and disarmament by "Agreement on Reconciliation, Non-aggression and Exchanges and Cooperation between the South and the North(Basic Agreement)" and "Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula" which was concluded in 1992. The Articles 12 of "Basic Agreement" provides that the two sides shall discuss and carry out steps to build military confidence and realize disarmament by 'South-North Joint Military Commission' And the two Koreas promise not to test, manufacture, produce, receive, possess, store, deploy or use nuclear weapons, and to use nuclear energy solely for peaceful purposes in "Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula" Meanwhile the United Nations system which play the role of the central forum international community and international arms control and disarmament agreements form "international arms control and disarmament regimes". Those regimes provide the important standards and contexts for the arms control and disarmament on the Korean Peninsula as well as is worthy to utilize for it. The international arms control and disarmament regimes are as follows: UN General Assembly and the organs which deals with disarmament, UN Register of Conventional Arms, Conference on disarmament in Geneva (CD), Non-Proliferation Treaty(NPT), Chemical Weapons Convention(CWC), Biological Weapons Convention(BWC), Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) and Ottawa Convention, and Missile Technology Control Regime(MTCR). In this context, the main purpose of this paper is to examine a way of the linkage with and utilization of international regimes for the arms control and disarmament on the Korean Peninsula, and to research also the possibility and conditions of utilizing those regimes. In order to attain this goals, I will study to utilize UN system as means to realize the conventional arms control and disarmament, prevent proliferation of nuclear weapons by NPT, exterminate chemical and biological weapons by CWC and BWC, prohibit anti-personnel mines by CCW and Ottawa Convention, and regulate missiles by MTCR. Among the international arms control and disarmament regimes, NPT, BWC and CD are acceded by North and South Korea together. While South Korea alone join in CWC and UN Register of Conventional Arms, all two Koreas take part in CCW, Ottawa Convention and MTCR. Taking account of UN membership of North and South Korea, we can think about utilization of the machinery which deals with disarmament within the UN framework. But it is. undesirable that the special matters of the Korea Peninsula is dealt with within UN system. It will bring about internationalization of the Korean. problems and cause unnecessary exhaustive contention and confrontation-diplomacy between the two Koreas. UN system, despite limitations like that, must contribute to arms control and disarmament on the Korean Peninsula. CD which is the sole multilateral forum for disarmament negotiation in international community can serve to give international universality upon arms control and disarmament on Korean Peninsula. Also It is possible to secure the transparency of attack arms transfer by UN Register of Conventional Arms. International regimes like CWC and BWC can be utilize as a useful means to prohibit chemical and biological weapons on the Korean Peninsula. CWC is the first disarmament agreement negotiated within a multilateral framework that provides for the elimination of an entire category of weapons of mass destruction under universally applied international control. It has the effective and powerful verification regime like the challenge inspections which allows each State Party to have an international inspection conducted at any facility or location in any other State Party without right of refusal at short notice. South Korea have announced intention to join CCW Protocol Ⅱ, but rejected accession to Ottawa Convention for military confrontation between the two koreas and usefulness of anti-personnel mines in DMZ. South Korea must, however, take part in Ottawa Convention for a huge wave of international public opinion against landmines. Their military utility has been increasingly questioned. Ottawa Convention provide that each party undertakes to destroy all its stockpiled anti-personnel mines as soon as possible but not later that four years the entry into force of the convention for that state party. Each party also undertakes to destroy all anti-personnel mines in mined areas under its judisdiction or control not later than 10 years after the entry into force of the convention. The aims of the MTCR is to restrict the proliferation of missiles, unmanned air vehicles, and related technology for those systems capable of carrying a 500kg payload at least 300km, as well as systems intended for the delivery of weapons of mass destruction(WMD). Rigorous application of MTCR Guidelines to the Korean peninsula can bring about many problems and obstacles. Therefore in order to utilize MTCR for missile control on the Korean Peninsula, a set of conditions must be met. It is necessary to assure North Korea' Security and to establish the fair and universal standard for missile control in the Northeast Asia. Research and development of rocket for peaceful purposer like space programs shall be protected In Conclusion, international arms control and disarmament regimes is worthy of utilization for the arms control and disarmament on the Korean Peninsula. First, International regimes contribute to grant the international universality and legitimacy on inter-Korean arms control and disarmament. second, It can offer the objectives, universal standard and framework in process of negotiation and implementation for the arms control and disarmament on the Korean Peninsula. Third, It must play a role of reinforcement and strengthening the arms control and disarmament regimes on the Korean Peninsula through the support and security assurance of powers on it.

「 시골의사 」에 나타난 주인공의 현실 인식

이철의 한국불어불문학회 1990 불어불문학연구 Vol.25 No.1

Il semble que le Me´decin de campagne de Balzac est un roman presque sans action, fait de pie`ces et de morceaux: il contient la monographie d'un village en voie de de´veloppement, un traite´ de politique et d'e´conomie, le re´cit nai¨f de la geste napole´oninne, la confession de l'amour malheureux, etc.. Mais toutes ces histoires convergent vers celle d'un homme qui consacre sa vie a` faire le bonheur de ses semblables. Benassis, he´ros de ce roman, e´prouve la souffrance de la dissonance du Moi-monde dans sa jeunesse a` Paris. Mais il ne se contente pas de souffrir et de de´noncer. Il de´cide de refaire une vie, une socie´te´, en s'apercevant que sa propre maladie et celle de ses semblables tiennet a` la maladie de l'organisation sociale. C'est pourquoi il se lance dans un village sous-de´veloppe´ et mise´rable. Son oeuvre de re´forme villageoise est tentative pour reconstruire un monde en accord avec lequel on puisse vivre. Il ne se fait pas le bienfaiteur d'un village par des dons, mais bien l'organisateur par les transformations qu'il apporte a` ses capacite´s de production. Mais pourtant il ne peut donner une victoire de´finitive a` son oeuvre. S'il ne peut, c'est qu'on ne saurait refaire la vie a` partir d'une volonte´ individuelle, alors que l'ensemble du monde continue selon ses lois propres. Pour cette raison, on pourrait se demander si l'oeuvre de Benassis tient compte pre´cise´ment des re´alite´s franc¿aises des anne´es 1820∼1830. Mais ce qui est plus important dans ce roman, c'est le fait me^me que Benassis s'affronte aux proble`mes sociaux sans les e´viter. La plupart des gens de son temps de´sespe`rent du re´el ou s'en e´vadent. Benassis, au contraire, tente de mettre un terme au schisme de l'action et du moi, de l'individuel et du collectif. Il sera un type tre`s significatif qui re´pond a` une des questions essentielles de l'homme: comment vivre dans le temps difficile?

동북아 HUB 구현을 위한 물류산업 발전 방향

이철,Lee, Cheol 한국물류협회 2006 물류 Vol.2 No.15

"2015년까지 약21조원을 투입하여 전국을 U자형의 철도망을 구축하겠다." 한국철도공사 이철 사장은 지난 6월 24일 한국물류협회가 주관한 물류 CEO 조찬회에서 이와같이 말했다. 또한, "앞으로 TSR~TCR을 연결하여 동북아 주요국가들을 잇는 간선교통망 역할을 수행할 것"이라고 말했다. 이에 이날 이철 사장이 발표한 내용을 요약 정리한다.