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李澈相 現代醫學社 1968 現代醫學 Vol.9 No.6
Since Wangensteen and his associates introduced the technique of gastric freezing as an ulis, Histoge effective method for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease in 1962, many experimental and 13, 1952. clinical studies have been performed and conflicting results began to appear concerning the s, ain. North effectiveness of the technique. First of all, some observers claimed that the depression of gastric secretion was not always as impressive as Wangensteen had reported and they attriral Lesions, buted this to the possibility of patchiness of the freezing effect on the gastric mucosa which 'd. &Oral Path.. may also cause the known serious complications such as gastric hemorrhage, ulecerations 59 4 th Ed. 1954, or perforations. To improve the efficacy of the gastric freezing and to eliminate the compli-,ulis" Oral Surd cations, many modified techniques were attempted and some reported that the rapid rewarming following freezing showed more effective reduction of gastric acid secretion and 1953. decrease of the complications. In view of these facts, the present study was designed to determine whether the more. ongenital Ep effective gastric freezing could be accomplished by repeated gastric freezings which may a'cover the patchiness of a single freezing and to compare the effectiveness of repeated freez Dent ings with and without rewarming. All experimental dogs were given gastrotomies with stainless tubes at the most dependent portion of their stomaches for the gastric analysis which was performed every othe after each freeze, and then every week for five weeks. For the preliminary test, 12 dogs were used to determine the minimal histamine do optimal gastric secretory responses by injecting histamine diphosphate in graded doses' 4.02 mg/kg to 0.12mg/kg. The minimal histamine dose for the optimal gastric sec response in dogs was found to be 0.10 mg/kg. and at this_ dose the means of the voj` of gastric secretion, acidity and acid output were 80ml/hr., 100.0 mEq/L and 7.2 m respectively. For the freezing experiment, 18 dogs were utilized and they were.divided into the foA: wing three groups: Group I (control group): In this group of four dogs, gastric analysis was done wee without freezing or rewarming. Group II: In this group of four dogs, a single freezing was accomplished with rapid rew arming in half of the,number (Group II-a) and without rewarming in the other hay (Group II-b). Group III: In this group of 10 dogs, three successive gastric freezing with rewarming, e one week intervals, were done in 3 of the dogs (Group III-a), and without rewarming, the same one week intervals, in the other seven (Group III-b). Gastric secretory and, histologic alterations as well as liver function and electrocardiograph " changes after or during the gastric freezing were observed and the results were summariz as follows: 1) There were a considerable variation and occasional rebound phenomena in the volume, acidity and hourly acid output and no dramatic reduction in all three modalities followin both a single and three successive gastric freezings. However, three successive freezings.' produced more consistant and greater reduction in the volume and hourly acid output than a single freezing did. Rapid rewarming following freezing appeared to reduce the effects of freezing. There was no appreciable alteration of pH of gastric juice after freezing. 2) There were no significant histological and macroscopical changes in the stomach 6' . weeks after the last gastric freezing. 3) There was no appreciable alteration in total protein, albumin, globulin,thymol turbidity test and alkaline phosphatase activity after gastric freezing, but BSP dye retention examined at the end of gastric freezing was eight times higher than control. 4) Electrocardiogram recorded during gastric freezing showed gradual bradycardia in 5550, prolongation of QRS and Q-T intervals, depression of ST segment and lowering or inversion 4 of T waves in 100%, and occasional ventricular extrasystoles.
Integration and Expression of Goat β-Casein/hGH Hybrid Gene in a Transgenic Goat
이철상,Doo Soo Lee,Nanzhu Fang,Keon Bong Oh,Sang-Tae Shin,Kyung-Kwang Lee 사단법인 한국동물생명공학회 2006 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.30 No.4
In order to generate transgenic goats expressing human growth hormone (hGH) in their mammary glands, goat β-casein/hGH hybrid gene was introduced into goat zygotes by pronuclear microinjection. DNA-injected embryos were transferred to the oviduct of recipients at 2-cell stage or to the uterus at morula/blastocyst stage after cultivation in glutathione-supplemented mSOF medium in vitro. Pregnancy and survival rate were not significantly different between 2-cell embryos and morula/blastocysts transferred to oviduct and uterus, respectively. One transgenic female goat was generated from 153 embryos survived from DNA injection. Southern blot analysis revealed that the transgenic goat harbored single-copy transgene with a partial deletion in its sequences. Despite of the partial sequence deletion, the transgene was successfully expressed hGH at the level of 72.1±15.1 μg/ml in milk throughout lactation period, suggesting that the sequence deletion had occurred in non-essential part of the transgene for the transgene expression. Unfortunately, however, the transgene was not transmitted to her offspring during three successive breeding seasons. These results demonstrated that goat β-casein/hGH gene was integrated into the transgenic goat genome in a mosaic fashion with a partial sequence deletion, which could result in a low level expression of hGH and a failure of transgene transmission.
이철상 한국유전학회 2006 Genes & Genomics Vol.28 No.2
In this study, goat β-casein/hGH hybrid gene-harboring transgenic mice were generated and transgene expression was assessed in the milk, blood, and various organs of the transgenic females. All of the founder females (16 lines) were fertile, and all secreted hGH into their milk. Milk hGH concentration was found to be consistently high; it was ranging from 0.1 to 13.2 mg/ml and higher than 1 mg/ml in most of the transgenic mice (10/16 lines). The blood hGH levels in the higher-expressing mice (> 5 mg/ml in milk) was considerably elevated at lactation (12.6 ± 11.3 g/ml), but was greatly reduced to a concentration of 9.9 ± 9.1 ng/ml during the non-lactation stage, and was even lower, 2.5 ± 1.7 ng/ml, in the males. Despite the presence of hGH in the blood of lactating transgenic mice, Northern blot analysis revealed that the expression of hGH was highly specific to the mammary glands. These results indicated that a strict temporal and spatial regulation of goat β-casein/hGH gene expression, which resulted in very low blood hGH levels during non-lactation phases, could induce a consistently high level of hGH expression in the milk of transgenic mice with no apparent systemic effects on reproduction, most notably infertility.