스코틀랜드의 혐오범죄 규율을 위한 새로운 법적 근거

이정념(Jungnyum Lee) 명지대학교 법학연구소 2024 명지법학 Vol.23 No.1

스코틀랜드에서는 2024년 4월 1일부터 혐오범죄의 규율을 위한 새로운 법적 근거가 효력을 발휘하고 있다. 「혐오범죄 및 공공질서법」은 스코틀랜드 전역에서 혐오범죄에 대응하기 위한 보호 조치를 확장하는 법적 근거로, 혐오범죄의 유형을 구체화하면서 혐오범죄로부터 보호되어야 하는 대상의 범위를 확대하는 등 혐오범죄의 형사법적 규율 체계를 강화하고 있다. 스코틀랜드의 「혐오범죄 및 공공질서법」은 혐오범죄를 ‘편견으로 인한 가중범죄, 인종적으로 가중된 괴롭힘 그리고 혐오를 조장하는 범죄’로 유형화하여 처벌 가능한 혐오범죄의 범위를 명확히 하고 있다는 점, 혐오범죄의 피해자 내지 피해집단이 지니는 보호되어야 하는 특성을 구체적으로 열거하고 있다는 점 그리고 개인이 향유하는 의사표현의 자유를 보장하기 위한 근거를 명문화 하고 있다는 점에서 특징적이다. 본 논문은 스코틀랜드의 「혐오범죄 및 공공질서법」이 혐오범죄의 피해자 내지 피해집단이 지니는 보호되어야 하는 특성을 상당히 방대하면서도 구체적으로 열거하면서 혐오범죄를 유형화하고 있다는 점에 주목하고 있다. 이에 본 논문은 「혐오범죄 및 공공질서법」에서 명시하고 있는 혐오범죄의 각 유형별 구성요건과 처벌 범위는 물론 동법 내에 마련된 개인의 의사표현의 자유를 보장하기 위하여 갖추고 있는 조항들의 법적 타당성을 전반적으로 살펴보면서, 종국적으로 「혐오범죄 및 공공질서법」의 실효성에 대하여 검토하고 있다. Since 1. April 2024, a new legal basis for regulating hate crimes has come into effect in Scotland. The <Hate Crime and Public Order (Scotland) Act 2021> contains a legal basis for expanding protective measures to respond to hate crimes across Scotland. It strengthens the criminal discipline system for hate crimes, while specifying the types of hate crimes and expanding the scope of objects that are protected against hate crimes. <Hate Crime and Public Order (Scotland) Act 2021> in Scotland clarifies the scope of punishable hate crimes by categorizing them as ‘aggravation of offence by prejudice, offence of racially aggravated harassment, and offences of stirring up hatred’. It specifically lists the characteristics of victims or victimized groups who will be protected while guaranteeing the freedom of expression enjoyed by individuals. This article focuses on the types of hate crimes contained in the <Hate Crimes and Public Order (Scotland) Act 2021> by listing broadly and specifically the characteristics of victims or victimized groups who will be protected. Accordingly, this article examines elements defining hate crimes and the range of punishment for each type of hate crimes specified in the <Hate Crimes and Public Order (Scotland) Act 2021>, as well as the legal validity of the provisions set out in the Act to guarantee individual freedom of expression. Finally, this article reviews the effectiveness of the <Hate Crimes and Public Order (Scotland) Act 2021>.

비교법연구(比較法硏究) : 독일에서의 보안감호에 관한 최근 논의들 -2011년 5월 4일 독일 연방헌법재판소의 결정을 중심으로-

이정념 ( Jung Nyum Lee ) 법조협회 2011 법조 Vol.60 No.9

형사법 개정논의 속에서 강력사건에 대한 새로운 재범방지 대책으로서의 보호감호 제도에 대한 논의가 다시금 진행되고 있다. 종래 독일 연방헌법재판소에서는 보안감호 관련 규정이 합헌이라는 입장을 유지해 왔으나, 2009년 유럽인권재판소에서 독일의 보안감호에 대해 형벌과 다름없는 제재라는 입장을 내놓으면서 독일에서도 보안감호에 대한 새로운 접근이 있어 왔다. 이미 우리나라의 보호감호와 유사한 제도를 폐지하였던 나라에서도 새로운 내용으로 관련 규정 내지 제도들을 마련하고 있고, 범죄인의 행위에 대해 과중한 법정형을 부과하는 것도 한계가 있다는 점에서 재범의 위험성이 큰 범죄인에 대한 재범방지책으로서 보호감호의 도입 논의는 그 실익이 있다. 보호감호의 도입 논의 속에서, 보호감호제도가 지니는 ``자유지향적이고 치료적이며 일반인을 위한 예방적 성격``이 온전히 발현될 수 있도록 보호감호 대상자들을 논의의 중심에 둠으로써, 보다 실질적인 재범방지책으로서의 기능을 발휘할 수 있도록 하여야 할 것이다.

개인정보보호법 위반행위에 대한 제재 예외 사유

이정념(Lee Jungnyum) 조선대학교 법학연구원 2020 법학논총 Vol.27 No.2

The revised Personal Information Protection Act has been in force since 5 August 2020. Before the act was revised, it gave rise to various criticisms, including that the act vaguely defines the concept of personal information, that the legal basis related to the protection of personal information is distributed in various laws, and that the scope of use of personal information stipulated in the act should be expanded to foster new industries. Following the submission of various legislative proposals to amend the Personal Information Protection Act at the National Assembly, a bill amending the Personal Information Protection Act was finally adopted on 9 January 2020. An important new feature of the revised Personal Information Protection Act is the introduction of the concept of pseudonym information and the expansion of the scope of use of personal information by establishing provisions regarding pseudonymisation. This article focuses on analysing the legal justification of provisions that stipulate exceptions from the application of sanctions for violations of the revised Personal Information Protection Act in the case that the handling or use of pseudonym information violates the act. In detail, this article critically examines the concrete requirements and effects of the various reasons for exceptions from the application of sanctions regulated in Article 28-7 of the revised Personal Information Protection Act. Finally, this article suggests further conditions that should be contained in Article 28-7 to protect the basic rights on personal information of the informational subject.

아동·청소년을 피해대상으로 하는 디지털 성범죄의 규율을 위한 입법 논의 - 개정 「아동·청소년의 성보호에 관한 법률」을 검토하며 -

이정념(Lee, Jungnyum) 이화여자대학교 젠더법학연구소 2024 이화젠더법학 Vol.16 No.3

In light of a rapid increase in digital sex offenses using deepfake technology, both domestically and internationally, the Korean government has been actively pursuing measures to address this issue. The National Assembly has also accelerated legislative discussions to establish stricter regulations against digital sex offenses targeting children and youth. As part of these efforts, the 「Act on the Protection of Children and Youth Against Sex Offenses」, the 「Act on Special Cases Concerning the Punishment of Sexual Crimes」, and the 「Sexual Violence Prevention and Victim Protection Act」 were revised on October 16, 2024. These legislative amendments represent a strong commitment to regulating digital sex offenses more effectively, particularly those targeting vulnerable populations such as children and youth.<BR/> Above all, the revised 「Act on the protection of children and youth against sex offenses」 introduces new elements into provisions aimed at addressing offenses involving sexual exploitation materials targeting children and youth. It also specifies procedures for protecting victims and establishes a legal basis for conducting emergency concealed identity investigations. These changes reflect a more systematic approach to combating digital sex offenses targeting children and youth.<BR/> This article provides a detailed analysis of the new elements of offenses using sexual exploitation materials targeting children and youth, the requirements and procedures for emergency concealed identity investigations, and the provisions for preventing the expansion of damage and protecting victims of digital sexual offenses targeting children and youth which are newly established in the revised 「Act on the protection of children and youth against sex offenses」. In addition, the article discusses areas for further legislative reform to ensure the effective implementation of these provisions in accordance with legislative purpose of the act.

대상자를 위한 친사회적인 보호감호의 도입 필요성 및 그 방향

이정념(LEE Jung Nyum) 한국형사정책학회 2010 형사정책 Vol.22 No.1

Die Sicherungsverwahrung wurde in Korea früher abgeschaft, weil das koreanische Sozialschutzgesetz, das sie geregelt hat, im 4. August 2005 außer Kraft gesetzt wurde. Es gibt zur Zeit die Diskussion, dass die Sicherungsverwahrung neu einführt werden soll. Die neue Sicherungsverwahrung soll benutzt werden, um die gefährlichen Gewohnheitsverbrechern zu resozialisieren. Im 31 März 2010 wurde das koreanische Strafgesetzbuch(kStGB) geändert und das Strafmaß über die Gewohnheitsverbrechern verschäft. Die Strafverschäftung der Gewohnheitsverbrechern führt dazu, dass sie nicht nur mit dem Schuldprinzip unvereinbar ist, sondern auch kriminalpolitisch problematisch. Die Grund dafür ist, dass wegen der prinzipellen Ablehnung der unbestimmten Verurteilung die unbestimmte Freiheitsstrafe noch nicht wünschenswürdig ist. Dies bedeutet, dass die Sicherungsverwahrung einzige kriminalpolitisch sinnvolle Sanktion gegen den Gewohheitsverbrechern. Die neue Sicherungsverwahrung soll sich in der Zukünft an pro-soziale Sicherungsverwahrung orientieren werden.

「집회 및 시위에 관한 법률」의 개정에 관한 고찰 -야간옥외집회 관련 국회에 계류 중인 개정법률안의 내용을 중심으로-

이정념 ( Jung Nyum Lee ) 한국경찰법학회 2010 경찰법연구 Vol.8 No.1

외국법연구 : 미국에서의 아동학대신고의 무제도

이정념 ( Jung Nyum Lee ) 한국경찰법학회 2010 경찰법연구 Vol.8 No.2

혐오범죄의 개념과 그 속성, 입법적 고려사항 -독일의 최근 입법논의를 중심으로-

이정념 ( Jung Nnyum Lee ) 한국경찰법학회 2015 경찰법연구 Vol.13 No.1

Die sog. Hasskriminalitat umfasst Straftaten, die vorwiegend aufgrund der Zugehorigkeit der Opfer zu einer durch Rasse, Herkunft, Religion, Hautfarbe oder sexuellen Orientierung bestimmten Gruppe begangen werden. Hasskriminalitat zeichnet sich in erster Linie dadurch aus, dass es um das ubergreifende Ziel der Erniedrigung einer ganzen Gemeinschaft als Resultat von Abneigung, Vorurteilen oder Hass geht. Damit richtet sich die Hasskriminalitat nicht nur gegen die Menschen als Individuen, sondern zielt insbesondere darauf ab, ganze Bevolkerungsgruppen einzuschuchtern und sie in ihrer Freiheit, sich im offentlichen Raum zu bewegen, einzuschranken. Neben der Pravention von Hasskriminalitat kommt daher auch der wirksamen Strafverfolgung eine besondere gesellschaftliche Bedeutung zu. Hierfur sollen Straftatbestande geschaffen werden, die es erlauben, die Beweggrunde und Ziele des Taters sowie die aus einer Hasskriminalitat sprechende Gesinnung und den bei dieser Tat aufgebrachten Willen fur die strafrechtliche Beurteilung von Hasskriminalitat besonders zu berucksichtigen. Es bedarf einer gesetzgeberischen Diskussion zu den strafrechtlichen Folgen von Hasskriminalitat. In diesem Zusammenhang mussen der Begriff und die wesentlichen Charakteristika der Hasskriminalitat im legislativen Prozess anhand der Eigenschaft des Opfers prazise und zutreffend erfasst werden. Dadurch sowie durch weitere Maßnahmen soll es Polizei und Staatsanwaltschaft in der Praxis erleichtert werden, Hasskriminalitat zu erkennen und ihre Erkenntnisse bei Ermittlungsarbeiten bzw. in der strafrechtlichen Bewertung der Taten angemessen zu berucksichtigen.

유전자정보의 활용과 보호를 위한 형사소송법 개정 방향 검토

이정념 ( Jung Nyum Lee ) 한국경찰법학회 2011 경찰법연구 Vol.9 No.1

Ziel der DNA-Analyse ist die Feststellung der Identitat eines Spurenverursachers. Dadurch konnen Verbrechen aufgeklart, Tatverdachtige uberfuhrt, Unschuldige entlastet und potenzielle Opfer vor Wiederholungstatern geschutzt sowie Tatzusammenhange erkannt werden. Die Moglichkeit, durch eine DNA-Analyse Straftaten aufzuklaren und Tater uberfuhren zu konnen, sind zweifelsohne verlockend, sollten aber nicht uberschatzt werden. Im koreanischen Strafprozessrecht (kStPO) gibt es keine Regelungen uber die DNA-Informationen im Strafverfahren. Um eine ausreichende Ermachtigungsgrundlage fur DNA-Informationen zur Tateridentifikation im Strafverfahren zu bieten sollten wir die Regeln fur die Verwendung und Gewinnung der DNA-Informationen in der kStPO festlegen. Die weitere Diskussion uber Verwendung, Gewinnung und auch Schutz der DNA-Informationen im Strafverfahren soll maßvoll gefuhrt werden.

혐오범죄의 형사법적 규율에 관한 제언 -미국의 혐오범죄예방법(Hate Crimes Prevention Act) 및 혐오범죄통계법(Hate Crime Statistics Act)을 중심으로

이정념 ( Jung Nyum Lee ) 한국경찰법학회 2011 경찰법연구 Vol.9 No.2

Since in USA have been passed in 1969 <the Hate Crime Prevention Act (HCPA)> and in 1990 <the Hate Crime Statistics Act (HCSA)>, has been collected and reported the data of the Hate Crime. The Hate Crime Statistics Program(HCSP)` of the FBI`s Uniform Crime Reporting(UCR) Program collects data regarding criminal offenses that are motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender`s bias against a race, religion, sexual orientation, ehnicity/national origin. or disability and are committed against persons, property, or society. Because motivation is subjective, it is sometimes difficult to know with certainty whether a crime resulted from the offender`s bias. The presence of bias alone does not necessarily mean that a crime can be considered a Hate Crime. Only when law enforcement investigation reveals sufficient evidence to lead a reasonable and prudent person to conclude that the offender`s actions were motivated, in whole or in part, by his or her bias, should an incident be reported as a hate crime. For the prevention of Hate Crime should be discussion on enactment of new panelties in korea.