In Vitro 발효방법에 의한 사료유기물 이용에 관한 연구 제2보 , 성양에 의한 알팔파건초와 보리짚의 첨가량에 따른 In Vitro 유기물 소화율에 관한 시험

이무환 ( Mu Hwan Lee ) 한국축산학회 1976 한국축산학회지 Vol.18 No.1

To investigate the effect of sample size addition into the fermentation flasks using Lee`s modified method (1971) on the organic matter digestibility of alfalfa hay and barley straw, 0.25gm, 0.5gm, 0.75gm and 1.0gm of each forage were placed into separate fermentation flasks containing 75㎖ of rumen liquor and McDughall`s buffer solution. There was a significant difference (P$lt;0.05) between 0.25gm and 1.0gm of sample size treatment. Since there was no significant difference between treatment 0.5gm and 0.75gm of sample size, either of which could be adopted for the in vitro fermentation method for further experiments. A significant (P$lt;0.05) difference was found between the sample size of alfalfa and that of barley straw, but there was no significant difference in interaction between the kind of feedstuffs and the sample sizes. It was confirmed that Lee`s modified method was not different from Tilley and Terry`s organic, matter digestibility of the feedstuffs. In the barley straw organic matter digestibility determined by Tilley`s method the organic matter digestibility of barley straw was proportionatelly increased as the barley straw sample size was increased with slope of (b=38.6 p$lt;0.01). By the Lee`s modified method there was no significant increase (b=36.8) of D.O.M. of barley straw. Linear regression equations of organic matter digestibility of alfalfa and barley-straw were Y=7.28X+52.3 and Y=36.76X+3.01 respectively in the Lee`s modified experiments, where Y=in vivo O.M. digestibility, X=in vitro O.M. digestibility.

제주도사료자원 개발에 관한 연구 1 . 해조류 혼합싸이레지 제조 시험

이무환,김승찬 ( Mu Hwan Lee,Seung Chan Kim ) 한국축산학회 1976 한국축산학회지 Vol.18 No.3

This experiment was conducted to improve inedible seaweeds as feedstuff for herbivores using seaweeds (Sargassum associations) produced in Cheju together with corn silage and sweet potatoes. In Experiment Ⅰ, pH changes of the ground seaweed dissolved in acid and alkaline solutions were measured at various times of soaking. In Experiment Ⅱ, whole seaweed and corn silage were mixed for further fermentation, and seaweed and sweet potatoes were proportionately mixed for silage. Chemical analysis of organic acids and evaluation of silage qualities were done by the method proposed by Flieg. These experiments have been carried out from April 1st, 1975 to March 25th, 1976. The results summarized are as follows: Experiment Ⅰ. To measure pH values of the ground seaweeds in the acid and alkaline solutions as a results of ion exchange and other effects, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and sedium hydroxide solution of 0.1N, 0.05N and 0.01N were added separately to each of the ground seaweed plots for pH tests at various intervals of time. The results of experiment I are as follows: 1. Both of hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid plots show generally similar changing pattern of pH values. Within 30 minutes of time pH values of both acid solutions were enhanced from pH 1.0(0.1N), pH 1.6(0.05N), and pH 2.0(0.01N) up to pH 3.6, pH 4.2 and pH 4.4 respectively after mixing with ground seaweed. 2. In sodium hydroxide solutions of pH 13.2(0.1N), pH 13.0(0.05N) and pH 12.6(0.01N), pH values of the ground seaweed fell down to pH 6.4, pH 7. 2 and pH 5.8 respectively showing near to neutralization within 30 minutes of soaking time. Experiment Ⅱ. To estimate the effects of seaweeds on corn silage, seaweeds were added to corn silage to store for fermentation at room temperature for six months. To make A.I.V. silages of seaweeds mixed with sweet potatoes, 11 combinations of mixtures were filled into each plastic bottles and fermented for 25 days in water bath maintained at 25℃. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Seaweeds added to corn silage caused decreased organic acid production and slightly higher pH value than that of control plot. No difference was found in lactic acid production in both treatments of silages. Highly significant difference (p$lt;0.01) was found in acetic acid production between two silages. Butyric acid production teas 0.6 mM far seaweed-corn silage and 13.9 mM for corn silage showing highly significant effects (p$lt;0.01). 2. Silages of excellent quality were produced from 11 treatments combinated with seaweed and sweet potatoes. In treatment 5 and treatment 4, some adequate proportions of combinations of samples have been brought about better results(p$lt;0.01) than single treatments in lactic acid productions. No butyric acid was found in all of the treatment plots. No difference was found in quality of silages between seaweed silage and sweet potato silage.

In Vitro 발효방법에 의한 사료유기물이용에 관한 연구 제1보 , 자양에 의한 알팔파와 페레니얼 라이그라스의 In Vitro 발효방법과 In Vivo 방법에 의한 유기물소화율에 관한 시험

이무환 ( Mu Hwan Lee ) 한국축산학회 1976 한국축산학회지 Vol.18 No.1

To study the forage utilizability by young lambs, Romney lambs were weaned ar 3.5 weeks, 5.5 weeks, 7.5 weeks and 9.5 weeks of age and put onto alfalfa and perennial rye grass pasture or metabolic crates for two or four weeks and estimated in vivo organic matter digestibility. These lambs were slaughtered and collected the rumen liquor which was used for in vitro fermentation of alfalfa and perennial rye grass. There was no difference between in vitro and in vivo organic matter digestibility. However, there was a significant difference (P$lt;0.05) between the treatment of 5.5 week-slaughtered (3.5 week-weaned) and 9.5 week-slaughtered (7.5 week-weaned) and between 9.5 week-slaughtered (7.5 week-weaned) and 11.5 week-slaughtered (9.5 week-weaned) at 5% level of probability. In the in vitro and in vivo organic matter digestibility by the lambs slaughtered at 9.5 weeks of age, there was no significant difference in digestibility of organic matter of alfalfa and perennial rye grass. However, a significant (P$lt;0.05) difference with sample cut on November 3rd was observed. There was no over all feed sample difference, however, there was difference between 9.5 weeks and 11.5 week-slaughtered group. And there was also a significant difference between feed sample cut-on September 28th, October 19th and November 3rd in organic matter digestibility. A high correlation coefficient (r=0.94) was observed between the over all in vitro and in vivo organic matter digestibility. A significant correlation coefficient (r=0.88) was found between in vitro and in vivo organic matter digestibility of alfalfa. The linear equation, D.O.M. _(in vivo)=0.86 D.O.M. _(in vitro)+12.1 was estimated from these results. For perennial rye grass there was a high, correlation (r=0.99) between in vitro and in vivo organic matter digestibility and calculated linear regression equation, D.O.M. _(in vivo)=1.105 D.O.M. _(in vitro)-5.95.

The Effect of Ionization on Mice Growth and Breeding Performance

Lee Mu-Hwan(이무환) 韓國營養學會 1984 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.17 No.4

育成豚에 대한 海藻粉의 飼料價値에 관한 硏究

李珷煥 제주대학교 1977 논문집 Vol.9 No.-

A feeding trial was made with Landrace(?) x Yorkshire(?) F?pigs to study the effect of seaweed meal levels (0,4,6,10 and 15%)substituted to the diet (n the body weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency and economic aspects. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Daily gains of the 0%, 4%, 6%, 10%, and 15% of seaweed meal substituted were 388, 373, 363, 312 and 325 grams respecitvely. The statistical significant difference was not observed between the contrli lot and the treatment lots. 2. In feed consumptions, no significant difference was observed between the control lot and the treatment lots. Daily feed intake of the pigs fed 0%, 4%, 6%, 10% and 15% of seaweed meal substituted were 2154, 2068, 2200, 2016, and 2191 grams respectively and feed efficienc- ies were proportionately decreased as the amount of seaweed meal were increased. 3. In feed cost required for 1kg.body weight gain, the pigs fed 0%,4%,6% 10% and 15% of seaweed meal substituted were 582, 565, 610, 613 and 637 won respectively. 4. From the results of this trial it was suggested that seaweed meal could be substituted 6% of the ration for the growing pigs.

사료자원 개발을 위한 해조류싸이레지의 사료가치에 관한 연구

이무환 한국축산학회 1977 한국축산학회지 Vol.19 No.2

Seaweeds were treated with 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01N solution of HCl, H₂SO₄ and NaOH respectively for silage fermentation to exploit a feedstuff. pH values of silage during the fermentation periods and production of organic acids such as lactic acid, acetic acid and butylic acid were analysed and evaluated by the method proposed by Flieg. Canon exchange capacities of these silages were measured by A.O.A.C. method. Final pH value of the 0. 1N solution of H2S0, treatment was showed the lowest value that of 4.0. And the values of 0.1N and 0.05N solution of HCl treated seaweed silage were found to the values of 4.2 respectively. In the treatments of 0.05N and 0.01N H₂SO₄ 0.01N Hcl and the 0.05 and 0.01 NaOH solution were showed the same pH values of 4.8 and the treatment of 0.1N solution of NaOH was showed the highest pH value as 5.2. According to the quality of seaweed silage evaluated by the production of lactic, acetic and butylic acids, the H₂SO₄ 0.1N treatment, the H₂SO₄ 0.05N treatment and the HCl 0.1N treatment were excellent in quality. The HCl 0.05N treatment, the HCl 0.01N treatment, the H₂SO₄ 0.01N treatment, the NaOH 0.1N treatment were found good in quality, and H₂SO₄ 0.05N and 0.01N treatment were fair in quality. Canon exchange capacities of all the seaweed silages were distributed from 200 Mequiv./100g to 229 Mequiv./100g while the canon exchange capacity of the original seaweed sample was 173.5 Mequiv./100g. The treatment effects were 24-50 Mequiv./100g.

커피(카페인)가 암.수 흰쥐의 성장과 번식능력에 미치는 영향

이무환 전주대학교 자연과학종합연구소 1998 전주대학교 자연과학연구소 학술논문집 Vol.11 No.1

No research of coffee(caffeine) affected on the breeding performances of human and rat has been reported however. many reports on female and blood pressure have been reported. Male and female Spraque Dawley breed was used for the present experiment conducted at the Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Home Economics Education Jeon Jn University from August to December 1998 In the body weight gain of male rat no statistical significant differences were found among the 36mg/100m1 caffeine treatment lot the 54mg/100m1 caffeine treatment lot and the control lots. but a significant difference (P 0.05) was found in the treatment of the 100mg/100m1 lot with other treatment lots. For female rats, no significant difference was found between the 36mg/100m1 treatment lot and the control lot However, there was a significant difference between above two group(P 0.05). The characteristics of the rat spermatozoa were found not significant difference m the 36mg/100m1 and 54mg/100m1 treatment lots, but the 100mg/100m1 treatment lot was found significant difference statistically(P 0 05) with the other treatment lots. Male rats contributed to produce offsprings were in the treatments of the 36mg/100m1 lot, the 54mg/100m1 tot and the control lots. Female rats contributed to give birth were found in the 36mg/100ml lot and the control lots Both male and female rats treated with 100mg/100m1 caffeine were found infertile

飼料資源의 品質向上에 관한 硏究 : 第1報: Alkali處理 海藻粉 給與水準이 仔豚의 成長에 미치는 影響 I. Effects of Feeding the Alkali Treated Seaweed Meal on Pigs Growth

李珷煥 제주대학교 1977 논문집 Vol.9 No.-

Fifteen male and fifteen female pigs of cross breed were used in this experiment to inves- tigate the feeding value of seaweed meal treated with alkaline solution and the untreated seaweed meal which were replaced at levels of 4% and 6% of the formulated feed. This experiment was carried out from December 3rd,1976 to April 3rd,1977 at the Experiment Farm of Che Ju Mational University. Chemical analysis of the seaweed meal used showed that crude protein; 8.46%, ether extract; 1.51%, crude fiber; 7.15%, ash; 20.64% and mitrogen free extract; 43.81%. Statistical analysis of covariance indicat that the initial body weights of the experimental pigs had not effected on their later growth rates. No statisical significances were found in the body weight gains, sexes and chemical treatment effes according to factorial statistical analysis. Pigs consumed similar amounts of feed in the 6% of alkaline treated seaweed meal lot, 6% of untreated seaweed meal lot and the control lot. Howevor, there were no statistical cignificant differerces in geed intake, and feed efficiencies among all the treatments. From this expe iment it was concluded that seweed meal at the levels of 4% or 6% could be substituted the conventional formulated feed for growing pigs to promote health without any losses.

유부(乳腐)와 유청(乳淸)의 제조 방법에 관한 연구

이무환 전주대학교 1999 論文集 Vol.24 No.2

종래의 생산 기술로는 우유, 전지유, 탈지유, 탈지분유를 가수한것 등을 단독으로 응고시킬 수 없었다. 이는 응고 우유 제조를 두부의 제조 방법에 의존하였기 때문이며, 종래에는 응고유 생산의 필요성이 희박했기 때문이었을 것이다. 탈지우유로부터 유부와 유청을 분리하여 제조하는 방법이다. 우유를 100% 활용하기 위하여 유부와 유청을 분리하여 제조하는 방법이 제공되는데, 탈지분유 134g로부터 126~127g의 유부가 생산되고, 유청은 873-874g 생산된다. 이를 위하여 응고제의 첨가량을 유부의 형성과 식용 유청 생성을 위한 최저 첨가 수준을 발견하였다. 염화칼슘(CaCl ₂)의 첨가량은 우유 중량의 0.15%~0.5%로, 유부와 유청의 광물질 강화를 위하여 염화칼슘과 염화 마그네슘의 혼합비율을 1:1로 하여 최저 첨가 수준은 우유 중량의 0.18%~0.5%로 하엿다. 원료 우유에 응고제를 첨가한 후에 가열 하면 93℃부터 커드가 형성되기 시작하여 98.4℃에서 4분 이내에 유부와 유청 형성을 완료하는 방법이 포함된다. 따라서 가열 공정에서 살균, 우유의 완전한 이용, 칼슘과 마그네슘 강화 및 식품으로써의 안정성을 기본으로 하며, 응고제 첨가 후에 가열 공정이 이뤄지며, 유부의 성형화, 유청의 분리 생산으로 제조 과정이 이루어 진다. 유부는 향미가 유지 및 강화되었고, 우리의 식사 조리 과정에서 형태가 흩어짐이 없이 재 가열에 안정성이 있다. 유청을 pH가 5.99~6.10이므로 음료로서 활용 가능하다. 탈지분유는 지방이 1% 함유되어 건강에 좋은 유제품이므로 이것을 유부와 유청으로 제조한 후 가공하면 우리의 식생활에 맞는 식품으로 개발이 가능하다. 유부는 물에서 5분 이상 끓여도 흩어짐이 없이 고형상태를 유지하여 찌게나 국물에도 안전한 조리가 가능하다. 유부와 유청은 우유가 갖고 있는 향미가 더욱 발현되었다. 유부를 제2차 조제 가공하여 유아식과 노인용 식품을 개발 할 수 있는 전망이 밝다. Whole milk, skim milk and powdered skim milk could not been solidified, due to mainly because of application of the manufacturing method of soy bean cake Tofu, and partly because of a scarce necessity of milk curd production for human consumption. The present invention includes a manufacturing method of milk curd and whey simultaneously. Pure milk being processed to separate milk curd and whey for further food supplements and drink processions. Powdered skim milk of 134 grams dissolved into water to make 1 liter, produced 126∼127 grams of milk curd and 873∼874 ml of whey for example. The minimum levels of calcium chloride addition were investigated distributing from 0.15% to 0.5% of the milk solution. The mixture of calcium chloride and magnesium chloride were distributed from 0.18% to 0.5% of additions of coagulants. The sample milk was added the coagulant, and continue to heat until 98.4 ℃ for less than 4 minutes after the curd formation initiated at 93 ℃. The pasteurization, complete utilization of milk, fortification of cacium and magnesium, food safety of dairy products, formation of milk curd and collection of liquid whey can be done by the proposed manufacturing method. Milk curd maintained milky odor and improved smell, the solid form of the milk curd was found maintained during a 10 minutes boiling in water, thus promised for milk curd to be adopted by oriental house wives for their table. The whey with pH value of 5.99∼6.10 can be used for human food. Since dried skim milk contains 1% butter fat, both milk curd and whey produced from it could meet healthy oriental food patterns. Expected items of foods from both of milk curd and whey includes infant foods, aged foods, hunger relief food, chocolate drink, coffee drink, tea-drink and sport drink.

유우배합사료(乳牛配合飼料)의 단미사료(單味飼料) 입자 크기와 이용성에 관한 연구

이무환 한국낙농학회 1982 韓國酪農學會誌 Vol.4 No.3

우리나라는 해마다 乳牛配合飼料 51만M/T의 상당히 많은 部門을 1.41mm크기의 粒子보다 크게 粉碎하여 供給하고 있다. 本 試驗에서는 穀類의 粒子 크기가 큰 原料를 混合한 乳牛用 配合飼料를 5種의 크기別로 分類한 後 in vitro nylon bag 乾物消化率과, 乳牛의 黃으로 排出 損失되는 澱粉質 粒子의 量을 調査한 後 市價로 換算하고 적당한 粒子의 크기를 硏究한 것이다. 市販 乳牛用 配合飼料의 11%에 해당하는 量이 1.41mm 粒子크기 原料로 構成되어 있었으며, 1.0mm 以上의 크기는 25%이었고, 0.5mm 以下의 粒子는 42%로 가장 많았다. in vitro nylon bag 醱酵方法에 의한 各 醱酵時間別 乾物消化率을 보면, 4時間 醱酵時의 0.71∼1.0mm 粒子가 가낭 높았고, 48時間의 경우에는 0.5∼0.71mm 粒子가 높았고 72時間에는 0.71∼1.0mm粒子가 가장 높아, 점차 醱酵時間이 길어짐에 따라서 粒子가 큰 쪽의 消化率이 높은 傾向을 나타냈다. 5種의 粒子크기別로 分類하여 72時間 消化시킨 후 不消化 乾物을 同一한 方法으로 5種의 粒子크기로 再次 分類한 結果 1.41mm 以上의 粒子는 14%가 增加되었으나 0.5mm 以下 粒子는 상대적으로 17.51%가 減少되었다. 放牧中인 乳牛의 ??을 任意로 採取한 後 澱粉質粒子量을 調査한 결과, 1.0mm 以上의 粒子는 0.112∼0.43% 分布로써 平均 0.307%이었다. 1日 乳牛 1頭가 配合飼料를 2,3 및 6kg씩 給與받을 경우에 最下 7천3백90만원부터 11억6천여만원이 每年 損失된 셈이다. 本 硏究에서 얻은 最善의 粒子크기는 0.5∼0.71mm와 그 以下의 크기가 적당하다고 보며, 1.0∼1.41mm 粒子는 좀더 깊이 硏究해 볼 課題이며, 1.41mm以上의 粒子는 損失을 가져온다고 생각된다. Annual demand for dairy cattle concentrate ration amounts to 510,000M/T in Korea. In griding graints and other ingredients of balanced ration a large proportion of particles exceeding 1.41 mm in diameter were found. Particles of different sizes were digested by the in vitro nylon bag technique for estimating dry matter digestibilities during six fermentation periods of various durations. Starchy particles from random fecal samples, collected from grazing dairy cattle, were washed, counted and weighed. In this trial 11 per cent of the balanced ration had a particle size exceeding 1.41mm in diameter, 25 per cent of the total feed particle size was larger than 1.0mm and 42 percent was finer than 0.5mm. Five sieved samples of balanced ration were tested for dry matter digestibility using the in vitro nylon bag technique. After 72 hours fermentation the undigested material was sieved using 4 different sieve sizes. Distribution of particle sizes of undigested material were altered, increasing large particles and decreasing small particles proportionately. Particle size 0.71-1.0mm gave the highest digestibility after 4 hours fermentation, after 10-24 hours fermentation particle size 0.5mm was the highest, after 48 hours fermentation particle size 0.5-0.71mm was the highest and after 72 hours fermentation the digestibility of particle 0.71-1.0mm was the highest. Thus as length of fermentation period increased large particles were digested. Starch granules in feces excreted by grazing dairy cattle were separated using a 1.0mm sieve. The distribution of granule partcles ranged from 0.112-0.430 per cent, with an average of 0.307 percent. When balanced ration was fed at the rates of 2, 3, and 6kg per head daily from 478-7509M/T of starchy particles of ration were estimated as lost annualy through feces of dairy cattle in Korea. If these amounts were converted into cost price of balanced ration the losses would be from 73,900,000-1,160,000,000 won. The optimum particle sizes were found to be 0.5-0.71mm including a certain amount of particle finer than 0.5 mm. Particle sizes larger than 1.41mm appear to be unsuitable as many starchy particles were found in the feces. Particle sizes 1.0-1.41mm have still to be studied.