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심희진 불교미술사학회 2024 불교미술사학 Vol.37 No.-
반가사유상은 반가좌에 사유수인을 취하고 원통형 좌구에 앉는 형식으로 제작되었다. 반가사유상의 좌구는 다른 미술품에서 찾기 힘든 이 상의 특징이자, 반가상이 유행한 지역 중 한국에서 두드러진 상의 형식이다. 좌구는 반가사유상의 구조와 긴밀히 연결되며 일정한 형태 변화를 보이기에 상의 편년을 파악하는 지표로 삼을 수 있다. 본고에서는 반가사유상 좌구 유형을 분석하며 삼국시대 반가상의 선후관계를 파악하고, 이 상의 좌구가 중국 및 일본 반가사유상과 구분되는 한국 반가사유상의 특징임을 제시하고자 했다. 반가사유상 좌구는 한국에서 이 상을 환조상으로 만들며 구체적으로 표현되기 시작하였다. 반가사유상의 두광이 후두부에 설치되고, 중국 반가상에 있던 천의표현이 사라지며 상의 全面이 연결되었다. 여기서 좌구는 반가상의 측면과 후면을 조각하기 위해 부각된 새로운 요소였으며, 상의 복잡한 구조 속에서 그 모습을 드러냈다. 반가사유상 좌구는 상현과 방석 문양을 기준으로 4가지 유형으로 분류할 수 있다. 이 유형들에서 삼국시대 반가사유상의 좌구가 일정한 방법으로 표현되며, 점차 상에서 분리되는 시대적 변화를 보인 점이 확인되었다. 초기 반가사유상에서 보이는 연결형 좌구는 하부구조의 다른 요소와 연결되어 있어, 방석 문양과 요패수식으로 좌구의 형태가 구분되었다. 중간 단계 좌구는 구조적 분리와 선 새김이 병존하는 과도기적 모습을 보이며, 좌구의 부피가 줄고 상의 자세가 자연스러워진다. 더불어 중간 단계 좌구 반가상의 등에 금속판을 갑입하는 새로운 기술이 사용된 점은 이 유형에서 반가사유상 제작 기술이 달라진 점을 말해준다. 이후 반가사유상의 좌구는 구조만으로 형태가 뚜렷한 분리형 좌구가 된다. 상과 좌구를 구분하던 방석 문양은 사라지고, 상의 옷주름과 좌구의 천주름을 경계 짓던 요패수식은 장신구로 처리된다. 반가사유상 좌구는 상의 시대적 흐름과 함께 다양한 모습으로 변화했으며, 별도로 제작되기도 한다. 삼국시대 반가사유상 좌구는 당시 반가상의 위상과 함께 해석할 수 있다. 한국 반가사유상은 협시상과 본존상으로 배치되었으며, 드물게 대형상으로 남아 있다. 이는 반가사유상이 예배상으로 조성될 만큼 중요하게 여겨졌던 상황을 짐작케 한다. 반가상의 높은 위상은 반가사유상에 좌구라는 새로운 표현을 시행하는 하나의 배경이 되었을 것이다. 반가사유상 좌구의 변화는 이 상이 전해진 일본에서도 이어졌다. 일본 반가상은 처음에는 한국 반가상의 좌구 유형을 유지했으나, 점차 일본 불상 관습에 맞춰 형태가 달라졌다. 좌구의 크기가 갑자기 커지거나, 좌구가 연화대좌 형식으로 바뀌었으며, 그에 따라 측면에서 상현과 좌구를 경계 짓던 요패수식이 사라졌다. 또한 시대가 내려가며 대좌에 안치된 일본 반가사유상은 두광이 후두부가 아닌 하단 연화좌에서 올라오는 기둥에 설치되는 변형을 보였다. The Pensive Bodhisattva(半跏思惟像) was made in the form of sitting on a cylindrical stool. The chair is a distinctive feature of the Pensive Bodhisattva statue, which is difficult to find in other artworks, and it is a prominent element of the statue in Korea, where the Pensive Bodhisattva is popular. The stool on the Pensive Bodhisattva is closely connected to the structure of the statue and can be used as an indicator to estimate the time of the statue's production, as it shows a certain change in shape. This paper analyzes the types of chairs, identifies the production period of the Ancient Korea Pensive Bodhisattva statue, and suggests that the stool of the statue is characteristic of the Korean Pensive Bodhisattva, thereby distinguishing it from the Chinese and Japanese Pensive Bodhisattva statues. The Chair of Pensive Bodhisattva appeared in Korea when the statue was made in three dimensions. The halo was installed at the back of the statue's head, causing the celestial robe expression on the Chinese statue to disappear and creating a seamless surface across the entire statue. Here, the chair was a new element that appeared to carve the side and back of the statue, harmonizing with its overall structure. The Pensive Bodhisattva chairs can be classified into four types based on drapery folds and cushion patterns. In these types, it was confirmed that the seat of the Pensive Statue in Ancient Korean was expressed in a specific manner and gradually evolved to become distinct from the statue. The early Pensive Bodhisattva Statue depicts a chair as a connecting seat within the substructure. The seat’s shape is divided into a cushion pattern and waist ornaments(腰佩垂飾). In the intermediate stage, the chair was expressed in structural separation and pattern. The chair's size decreased, and the sculpture's posture became more natural. Furthermore, the use of a new technology to attach a metal plate on the back of a sculpture with an intermediate chair suggests that the manufacturing technology has changed from the previous one. After that, the Pensive Bodhisattva's chair becomes a separate chair with a clear shape solely through its structure. The distinctive cushion pattern that set the chair apart from the sculpture has disappeared, and the waist ornaments, which once bordered the clothes and the chairs, are expressed as simple accessories. The chair of the statue changed into various shapes to reflect the trends of the Pensive Bodhisattvas during ancient Korea. These chairs were made separately from the start. The Pensive Bodhisattva’s chair can be interpreted in relation to the status of the Bodhisattva statue at that time. In Korea, the Pensive Statue was placed as an attendant statue of the Buddha Triad or established as the central statue. Furthermore, the fact that it remains a large statue among the Buddhist sculptures of the ancient Korean period suggests that this statue may have been created as an object of worship in a temple. This situation may be related to the new expression of a chair on the Pensive Bodhisattva Statue, which features an exposed rear surface. The evolution of the Pensive Statue chair also continued in Japan, where the sculpture was passed down. At first, the Japanese Pensive Statue Chair was similar to the formation of that in Korea, but it gradually changed over time. The chair suddenly increased in size, transforming into a lotus pedestal. As a result, the waist ornaments that distinguished the folds of clothes and chairs disappeared. In addition, the Japanese Pensive Bodhisattva Statue, which was placed on the pedestal, underwent a transformation in which the halo was installed on a pillar rising from the bottom, rather than the occipital part.
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LNG선박용 내조시스템 소재의 기계적 특성 및 피로강도 평가
심희진,김민태,윤인수,김영균,김정규 대한기계학회 2007 環境管理學會誌 Vol.2007 No.5
The membrane type LNG(Liquefied Natural Gas) cargo containment system is a special design structure for the large deformation behavior at LNG temperature<TEX>$(-162^{\circ}C)$</TEX>. The design of membrane is required great confidence so that membrane can plat role in the tightness of flammable fluid storing. LNG cargo containment is loaded and unloaded LNG between twice and five times in a week. During this process, the membrane has large deformation behavior due to the variation of temperature and pressure to the self weight. In this study, the evaluation of the fatigue strength of membrane is very important to determine the design life of LNG storage tank and to evaluate the mechanical properties at the LNG temperature. Also, in the view point of large deformation, the evaluation method is applied conservatively <TEX>$\epsilon-N_f$</TEX> curve of SUS 304L.
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심희진,최현석,정소령,안국진,김범수 대한자기공명의과학회 2011 Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Vol.15 No.3
Purpose: To describe the imaging findings at susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) in patients with occlusion of middle cerebral artery, and to correlate theabsence or presence of arterial bright foci in sylvian fissure, as one of their finding at SWI, with the diffusion weighted imaging (DWI)scores. Materials and methods: We included 12 patientswith symptomatic unilateral occlusion of middle cerebral artery. Retrospective review of SWI and DWI was done. On DWI, size of infarction was analyzed according to the ASPECTS grading system. On SWI, presence of hemorrhage, dark blooming of intravascular clot, distension of medullary or cortical vein, and absence or presenceof bright arterial foci in sylvian fissure were evaluated. Results: Of 12 patients with symptomatic unilateral MCA occlusion, SWI showed dark blooming of intravascular clot in 8 patients (66.7%), distended medullary or cortical vein in 7 patients (58.3%), nonvisualization of arterial bright signal intensity in sylvianfissure in 7 patients (58.3%), and hemorrhage in one patient (8.3%). In comparison with DWI, patients with spared sylvian arterial bright signal intensity showed better ASPECTS score (6.4±4.1) than patients without spared arterial bright signal intensity (4.4±1.1), yet it was not statistically significant(p=0.267, t-test). Conclusion: SWI at 3T provides added diagnostic information including site of occlusion, collateral flow by arterial bright signal intensity in sylvian fissure and early hemorrhagic transformation in patients with symptomatic MCA occlusion
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