國際商去來에 있어 電子契約의 特殊性에 관한 硏究

심종석(Shim Chong Seok) 한국국제회계학회 2003 국제회계연구 Vol.9 No.-

Electronic commerce in the cyberspace through the internet is not a new phenomenon. International traders have already exchanged business information of which through the various networks needed for the international commerce. Internet is different from others in that it just has various means and methods for commercial transactions caused by a lot of computer webs. At the present time, Rapidly spreading instant use of internet is facilitating changes and development in commercial transactions. There have been two kinds of networks, closed and opened networks. These two networks are combined and developed in the cyberspace expanding its areas. These sorts of phenomena are natural because electronic commerce is essentially global. In addition, the commerce among countries has been happening from time to time and it not only brings active globalization in many ways but also changes social and economic structures. Under those circumstances, this study defines data massages focusing on the essential part in the means and methods stated above. It also deals with problems and solutions in electronic contracting. The study defines the meanings of electronic commerce and electronic contracting from the subjects - computerization of electronic commerce and features of electronic contracting - in their orders within the limits of the study. It also reviews differentiating its means and methods. Functional requirements of data messages are also within the study. In addition, by the comparative legal study of the limits of international business transactions stated in the international trade law, electronic commerce should be distinct from electronic transactions. It means that the former involves 「Business to Business」 and the latter involves transactions with any others including it. Therefore practical benefits are focused on. The benefits are based on the fact that it is reasonable that a sharp line has to be drawn between B2B and B2C. B2B is something that protects themselves by the various international laws controlling international business transactions whiles B2C has a relatively large need to be protected. Data messages are give the same legal and functional effects as paper documents. It is just embodied concept of electronic signature by the contractual parties concerned in international business transactions, information security based on the good faiths. It should be reviewed in general and the reasons for if are suggested. The procedures of electronic commerce are somewhat short in comparison with its common use these days. So it is in desperate need to establish uniform rules that control international business transactions in the cyberspace. The study suggests the bases of how and what rules to be put as the computerizations of electronic commerce are proceeding. In the cyberspace, it has been difficult to rely on international trade usage and customs because of its short history and rapid changes. Therefore new niles are being made. The forms are model law, guidelines, principles or rules rather than a treaty that carries legal bindings among countries. The law of the main countries that lead electronic commerce is having effect on that of other countries or it becomes their law itself. The method is different from countries to countries. Depending on the matters of legal principles, some countries revise their positive laws or take measures for special legislation. That's the way they deal with the problems happening in the cyberspace. At the same time, the international organization involved in electronic commerce is going ahead with international legislation and some results have already existed. The results up to now can be said that they just enact fragmentary laws to be applied in order to solve practical problems or they try to arrange laws to be applied comprehensively. But they are just temporary ones. From the above subjects, new principles and rules are being studied while we are roughly reviewing sy

국제물품매매계약에 관한 UN 협약(CISG)상 승낙적격의 법적 기준에 관한 고찰

심종석(Chong-Seok Shim) 법무부 국제법무정책과 2014 통상법률 Vol.- No.115

‘The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods’(CISG) is a treaty that is a uniform international sales law. As of December 2013, it has been ratified by 79 countries that account for a significant proportion of world trade, making it one of the most successful international uniform laws. Related to this thesis, CISG article 18 is the first of five articles that deal with the acceptance of an offer. (1) of article 18 addresses what constitutes the acceptance of an offer, while (2) and (3) determine when an acceptance is effective. Article 19 qualifies article 18 by providing rules for when a purported acceptance so modifies an offer that the reply is a counter-offer. Article 19 qualifies article 18 by providing that a purported acceptance which modifies the offer is a rejection of the offer and is considered instead to be a counter offer. (1) of article 19 states this basic proposition, while (2) makes an exception for immaterial modifications to which the offeror does not object. (3) lists matters which are considered material. Article 20 sets out rules for calculating the time in which an offeree must accept an offer. Article 21 provides that a late acceptance is nevertheless effective if the conditions set out in (1) or (2) are satisfied. Other provisions of Part II of the Convention defined when an acceptance is late. Thus article 18(2) requires a timely acceptance to reach the offeror within the time period specified in that paragraph and calculated as provided in article 20; article 24 defines when a revocation reaches the offeree. Article 18(3), however, identifies circumstances in which an acceptance is effective when the offeree performs - an act, such as one relating to the dispatch of the goods or payment of the price, without notice to the offeror. - Article 22 provides that an offeree may withdraw its acceptance if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance becomes effective. Article 23 provides that a contract is concluded when an acceptance of an offer becomes effective. Article 24 defines, for the purposes of Part II, governing formation of the contract, when a communication reaches the other party. Part II of the Convention refers to the time when a communication reaches the other party in articles 15, 16(1), 17, 18(2), 20(1), 21(2), 23.

FTA 원산지관리체계 분석을 통한 uTradeHub상 e-C/O 관리시스템 기반구축에 관한 연구

심종석(Chong-Seok Shim) 국제e-비즈니스학회 2010 e-비즈니스 연구 Vol.11 No.2

OECD 정보기술전망(2008)에 관한 지표평가와 우리나라 IT 정책에 대한 함의

심종석(Chong-Seok Shim),노정희(Jeong-Hee Noh) 국제e-비즈니스학회 2009 e-비즈니스 연구 Vol.10 No.2

국제계약에 있어 전자적 의사표시의 이용에 관한 UN 협약의 평가와 실무적용상 유의점에 관한 고찰

심종석(Chong-Seok Shim) 국제e-비즈니스학회 2008 e-비즈니스 연구 Vol.9 No.4

CISG상 중대한 계약위반과 계약해제에 관한 규정해석과 판결례에 관한 연구

심종석(Chong-Seok Shim) 법무부 국제법무정책과 2012 통상법률 Vol.- No.107

Art. 25 defines the term fundamental breach, which is used in various provisions of the CISG. A fundamental breach as here defined is a prerequisite for certain remedies under the CISG, including a party’s right to avoid the contract under arts. 49(1)(a) and 64(1)(a), and a buyer’s right to require delivery of replacements for goods that failed to conform to the contract. In general art. 25 defines the border between situations giving rise to regular remedies for breach of contract, like damages and price reduction, and those calling for more drastic remedies, such as avoidance of contract. Art. 49 specifies the conditions under which the buyer is entitled to declare the contract avoided. Avoidance under art. 49 is available in two situations: if the seller’s failure to perform its contractual obligations amounts to a fundamental breach of contract as defined in art. 25 or if the seller fails to deliver the goods within an additional period of time fixed in accordance with art. 47. Art. 64 identifies situations in which the seller may declare the contract avoided because the buyer is in breach of one or more of its obligations. The rules mirror those of art. 49 governing the buyer’s right to declare the contract avoided for breach by the seller. The effects of avoidance are governed by articles 81 to 84. Art. 72 entitles a seller or a buyer to avoid the contract if it becomes clear before the date for performance that the other party will commit a fundamental breach. However, art. 49 rather than art. 72 applies if, at or after the date for performance, a party’s failure to perform or nonconforming performance amounts to a fundamental breach. Arts. 81-84 are entitled effects of avoidance, only the first of its provisions, art. 81, is devoted exclusively to this topic. Art. 84, also provides for certain consequences of avoidance of contract, but at least some of those consequences also apply when the contract is not avoided and the buyer demands delivery of substitute goods under art. 46. Arts. 82-83 are a matched pair that do not at all address the effects of avoidance, that is, art. 82 imposes a limit on an aggrieved buyer’s right to avoid, art. 83 preserves other remedies for an aggrieved buyer that has, under art. 82, lost the right to avoid or demand substitute goods.

미국 통일컴퓨터정보거래법상 컴퓨터 정보의 보증체계에 관한 고찰

심종석(Chong-Seok Shim) 국제e-비즈니스학회 2006 e-비즈니스 연구 Vol.7 No.5

전자서명 관련 법제의 개선과제에 관한 일고찰

심종석(Chong-seok Shim),정희원(Hee-won Chung) 한국인터넷전자상거래학회 2010 인터넷전자상거래연구 Vol.10 No.2

Various laws have been passed internationally to facilitate commerce by the use of electronic massages and signatures in interstate and foreign commerce. The intent is to ensure the validity and legal effect of contracts entered into electronically. For instance, electronic signature definitions of E-Sign'(Sec 106) are the term electronic signature means a method of signing an electronic message that identifies and authenticates a particular person as the source of the electronic message and indicates such person's approval of the information contained in the electronic message. In the view point of UETA(Sec. 2) is that's means an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record, In the other hand, an electronic bill of lading is a simple bill of lading but it is provided (or the transaction takes place) through electronic means. These are electronic signature, and the information is transmitted electronically. This has been able to take place through electronic messages. According to the electronic signature acts in Korea, this law applies where electronic signatures are used in the context of commercial activities and for the purpose of this law electronic signature means data in electronic form in, affixed to or logically associated with, a electronic message, which may be used to identify the signatory in relation to the electronic message and to indicate the signatory's approval of the information contained in the electronic message.

사회과학적 시각에서 NKRV와 KRV의 비교를 통한 신약성경번역의 문제점에 관한 일고찰

심종석(Chong Seok Shim) 한국로고스경영학회 2016 로고스경영연구 Vol.14 No.4

본 연구는 사회과학적 시각의 범주 내에서, 특별히 법학․무역학 그리고 역사학적 시각을 중심으로 ‘개역개정판’(NKRV)과 ‘개역한글판’(KRV)의 상호 비교에 따른 신약성경 번역상의 문제점 내지 부적절성을 지적하고, 그 적정성 담보를 조건으로 새로운 용어로 바로 잡을 수 있는 계기를 마련함으로써 이로부터 신약성경의 가독성을 제고하고 나아가 그 해석상 뜻밖의 장애를 미연에 방지 또는 극복할 수 있는 단초제공에 목적을 둔 논문이다. 주요 골자는 신약성경의 공식 국문번역본으로서 NKRV와 KRV의 개별단어를 중심으로 그 번역에 있어 특단의 문제점을 지적하고 이에 상당한 개선방안 내지 재․개정의 당위를 제시하는 순으로 체계를 구성하였다. 연구방법은 이상의 국문번역본에 영문번역본으로서 NIV, KJV, 그리고 구약성경의 처지 및 필요에 따라 히브리어 또는 헬라어 원문을 병합하여 그 적정성을 검증하는 수순에 따른 문헌연구방법을 취하고자 한다. 이상의 연구목적과 방법에 기하여 본 연구의 분석대상으로 취한 개별단어는 순서에 따라 ‘죄와 죄벌’, ‘음부와 무저갱’, ‘간음과 음행’, ‘성전과 성소’, ‘관습과 규례’, ‘예물과 재물’, ‘소유와 산업’, ‘외국인과 나그네’, ‘정죄와 비판’, ‘하늘과 하늘들’ 등이다. The purpose of this study was based on the social scientific perspective, as it were, one is law the other is international trade and others is history, as to motivate for the translation of new testament. This study pointed out the problems of translation around the individual words of the New Testament, published in Korean and English. Furthermore, in order to configure a system that was modified to present the grounds for the revision of individual words. In this case, the Bible is a translation of the ‘New Korean Revised Version’(NKRV) and ‘Korean Revised Version’(KRV), in the case of the English as compared to ‘New International Version’ (NIV) and ‘King James Version’(KJV), and was investigated by merging the plight of the Old Testament this if necessary. Individual words need to be distinguished in accordance with the purpose of the study is as follows. Iniquity and punishment (LUK 21:22), sheol and hades(ROM 10:7), adultery and fornication(JOH 8:3; CO1 6:9; JUD 1:7; REV 21:8, 22:15), church and temple (LUK 1:9, 1:21-22, 23:45), custom and practice(LUK 1:6; ACT 6:14, 16:4; ROM 2:26; GAL 6:16; COL 2:20), gifts and substance(MAT 13:22; MAR 4:19; LUK 8:14, 15:13, 18:24), ownership and possession (MAT 25:14; LUK 8:3; ACT 5:1; HEB 10:34), foreigner and alien(ACT 28:2-4; ROM 1:14; CO1 14:11; EPH 2:19; COL 3:11; HEB 11:13; PE1 2:11; ), meaning of son of man(REV 14:14), condemnation and judgment(COL 2:18), heaven and heavens(MAT 3:16; MAR 1:10; LUK 3:22; JOH 1:32) and so on.

CISG하에서 매수인의 물품대금지급 의무에 관한 법적 기준과 판결례에 관한 고찰

심종석(Chong-Seok Shim) 한국통상정보학회 2013 통상정보연구 Vol.15 No.3

본고의 연구범위로서 ‘국제물품매매계약에 관한 UN협약’(CISG) 제3편 제3장 제1절은 총 7개의 조문으로 구성되어 있다. 본고의 연구결과로서 개별조항의 법적 기준에 관한 요지와 그 시사점 내지 유의점은 다음과 같다. 제53조는 본절의 개요임과 동시에 매수인의 주된 의무를 일괄하여 다루고 있는 규정이다. 본조는 CISG가 물품매매의 요건을 언급하고 있지 않음을 고려하여 제30조와 연계하여 다루어야 한다. 제54조는 계약이나 또는 적용법규에 따라 물품대금지급을 위한 매수인의 준비조치를 다루고 있는 규정으로서 본조의 의무를 위반할 경우 매도인은 제61조에 따라 구제수단을 행사할 수 있다. 다만 이러한 절차는 제71조 (1)에서 규정하고 있는 이행준비 또는 계약의 이행을 위한 행위가 아님을 유의하여야 한다. 제55조는 적용함에 있어서는 반드시 양당사자의 의사가 고려되어야 한다. 계약당사자가 물품가격을 결정하고 있는 경우 제7조의 적용순위에 따라 일반원칙 내지 국제사법이 적용될 수 있음을 유의하여야 한다. 제56조는 당사자가 물품중량의 기준을 합의해 두고 있지 않다면 포장중량을 제외한 물품의 순중량으로 물품대금을 결정하도록 규정하고 있다. 본조는 당사자 의사나 관행 또는 관습이 없는 경우에 적용되는 일반원칙이다. 제57조에 의거 당사자가 달리 합의한 바가 없다면 물품대금은 매도인의 영업소에서, 당사자가 물품의 인도 또는 서류의 교부 시에 대금을 지급하기로 합의한 경우 물품 또는 서류가 인도되는 장소에서 대금이 지급되어야 한다. 계약체결 후 영업소의 변경과 관련하여 발생한 물품대금지급에 관한 추가비용은 매도인이 부담하여야 한다. 제58조는 그 어떠한 특정한 시기에 물품대금을 지급하여야 할 의무가 없는 경우 매수인의 대금지급의 시기를 규정하고 있는 조문으로서 이 경우 본조는 제78조에 언급된 이자의 누적의 시기의 기산시점이 된다. 제59조에 따라 매수인은 그 어떠한 조건에도 구애됨이 없이 예정대로 물품대금을 지급하여야 한다. 당해 의무를 위반할 경우 매도인은 모든 구제권을 행사할 수 있다. 당해 시점 이후로 연체된 금액의 이자가 적용된다. Section I of Chapter III (‘Obligations of the Buyer’) in Part III (‘Sale of Goods’) of the CISG consists of six articles addressing one of the fundamental buyer obligations described in article 53 of the CISG: the obligation to pay the price. Although the amount of the price that the buyer must pay is usually specified in the contract, two articles in Section I contain rules governing the amount of the price in particular special circumstances: article 55 specifies a price when one is not fixed or provided for in the contract, and article 56 specifies the way to determine the price when it is ‘fixed according to the weight of the goods’. The remaining four provisions in Section I relate to the manner of paying the price: they include rules on the buyer’s obligation to take steps preparatory to and to comply with formalities required for paying the price (article 54); provisions on the place of payment (article 57) and the time for payment (article 58); and an article dispensing with the need for a formal demand for payment by the seller (article 59). Especially article 53 states the principal obligations of the buyer, and serves as an introduction to the provisions of Chapter III. As the CISG does not define what constitutes a ‘sale of goods’, article 53, in combination with article 30, also sheds light on this matter. The principal obligations of the buyer are to pay the price for and take delivery of the goods ‘as required by the contract and this CISG’. From this phrase, as well as from article six of the CISG, it follows that, where the contract provides for the performance to take place in a manner that differs from that set forth in the CISG, the parties’ agreement prevails.