Genetic Identification of a Second Site Modifier of ctr1-1 that Controls Ethylene-Responsive and Gravitropic Root Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana

신기혜,소문수,이린아,이인혜,이수민,박순기 한국분자세포생물학회 2013 Molecules and cells Vol.36 No.1

Ethylene controls myriad aspects of plant growth through-out developmental stages in higher plants. It has been well established that ethylene-responsive growth entails extensive crosstalk with other plant hormones, particularly auxin. Here, we report a genetic mutation, named 1-aminocy-clopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) resistant root1-1 (are1-1) in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. The CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 (CTR1) encodes a Raf-related protein, functioning as an upstream negative regulator of ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that the ctr1-1, a kinase-inactive allele exhibited slightly, but significantly, longer root length, compared to ACC-treated wild-type or ctr1-3, a null allele. Our genetic studies unveiled the existence of are1-1 mutation in the ctr1-1 mutant, as a second-site modifier which confers root-specific ethylene-resistan-ce. Based on well-characterized crosstalk between ethylene and auxin during ethylene-responsive root growth, we performed various physiological analyses. Whereas are1-1 displayed normal sensitivity to synthetic auxins, it showed modest resistance to an auxin transport inhibitor, 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid. In addition, are1-1 mutant exhibited ectopically altered DR5:GUS activity upon ethylene-treatment. The results implicated the in-volvement of are1-1 in auxin-distribution, but not in auxin-biosynthesis, -up-take, or -sensitivity. In agreement, are1-1 mutant exhibited reduced gravitropic root growth and defective redistribution of DR5:GUS activity upon gravi-stimulation. Taken together with genetic and molecular analysis, our results suggest that ARE1 defines a novel locus to control ethylene-responsive root growth as well as gravitropic root growth presumably through auxin distribution in Arabidopsis thaliana.

스핑크스에서의 ‘Wacker OH 100’을 이용한 경화처리 효과의 정량적 평가

신기혜,박형동 한국자원공학회 2004 한국자원공학회지 Vol.41 No.1

Stone, which composes of monuments, has been damaged by natural and artificial weathering. The physical damage in stone monuments could make the rate of weathering accelerate and lead to further damage. Therefore it is important to increase the stability of stone, which is used in monument, in order to conserve the stone monuments and the consolidation is evaluated as one of the most effective conservation treatments. For the purpose to analyze the effect of the consolidation with ethyl silicate resin in Sphinx of Giza, Mokkatam limestone, which has similar properties to the stone used in Sphinx, is used as a sample in this study. As a result of the research, water absorption rate and permeability in Mokkatam limestone decrease, but the ultrasonic velocity increases after consolidation. In the analysis of digital image of Mokkatam limestone, the color of the stone surface is darkened after consolidation. But the degree of the color change is small, so it is evaluated that the change could be ignored. 우리 나라는 전체 문화재의 약 17%에 달하는 다수의 석조 문화재를 보유하고 있다. 석조 문화재의 구성 암석은 채석된 이래로 자연적인 풍화와 함께 전쟁, 화재, 인간 활동 등에 의해 손상을 입게 된다. 암석은 그 특성상 한 번 물리적인 손상을 입게 되면, 풍화가 가속되어 더 큰 손상이 발생할 수 있다. 그런 까닭으로 석조 문화재의 내구성을 증진시켜 풍화로 인해 발생할 수 있는 피해를 방지하기 위한 보존 처리가 필요하며, 합성수지를 이용한 경화처리방법은 대표적인 보존 처리이다. 본 연구는 이집트 기자 지역의 대표적인 석조 문화재인 스핑크스를 대상으로 에틸 실리케이트 계열의 수지를 이용한 경화 처리 효과를 정량적으로 분석하고자 했으며, 이를 위해 스핑크스 구성 암석과 동일한 지층대에 속하는 모카탐 석회암을 이용하였다. 실험 결과, 경화 처리 후 모카탐 석회암의 물 흡수율, 투수율은 감소하고 탄성파 속도는 증가하는 것으로 나타나, 경화처리가 암석 내부 공극을 채우는 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 암석의 표면색은 경화처리를 통해 변화하지만, 육안으로 식별하기 어려운 정도인 것으로 나타났다.

The Expression of an Auxin-induced Protein at the Early Stage of Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis

Shin, Ki-Hye,Cheon, Choong-Ill 숙명여자대학교 자연과학연구소 2003 자연과학논문집 Vol.- No.14

식물의 nodulin은 legumes/Rhizobium symbiosis동안에 bacterial singals에 반응하여 발현되며, 발현의 패턴의 차이는 발생단계의 초기부터 시작되며, 그것은 강영에서 질소고정이 일어나는 시기까지 nodule의 발달과정을 가능하게 하는 기능을 할 것이다. 이 연구는 nodulation의 초기단계에 중점을 두었으며 그 이유는 초기단계에 일어나는 events는 pathogencsis와 symbiosis에서 모두 symbiotic organelles를 형성하는 필수적이기 때문이다. 약 60여개의 nodulation의 초기에 특이적으로 발현하는 유전자들을 2 day, 7 day, 27 day의 infected roots와 nodnles에서 GeneFishingTM 방법으로 분리하였다. 이 중 aldo-kcto reductase superfamilies에 속하는 다른 oxidoreductase와 높은 유사성을 보이는 유전자를 선택하여 더 연구하였다. 이 유전자의 발현은 nodulation동안에 감소하는 양상을 보였으며, 또한 exogenous auxin에 의해 발현됨이 확인되었다. 이 유전자의 full-length cDAN는 CapFishingTM 방법에 의해 분리되었다. Plant nodulins expressed in response to bacterial signals during legumes/Rhizobium symbiosis show temporal patterns of expression starting form the early developmental stages, and their proper functions make it possible a series of nodule development processes from the infection to nitrogen fixation stage. This study has been focused on the early stages of nodulation because the early events up to formation of symbiotic organelles are essential to both pathogenesis and symbiosis. About 60 early stage-specific genes were isolated by GeneFishingTM Method using 2-, 7-, and 27-day-old soybean roots. A few of them were selected for further studies. One of the selected genes has high similarity to other oxidoreductase that belong to aldo-keto reductase superfamilies. Its cxpression was decreased during nodulation. Its full-length cDNA was isolated by CapFishingTM technique. This gene was induced by exogenous auxin treatment. The further study on this gene may hepl us to understand how nodules are initiated on leguem roots.

제주도 노지재배 감귤원 내 귤굴나방 월동태 구명

권순화,신기혜,문영일,김동순 한국환경생물학회 2021 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.39 No.4

귤굴나방은 제주도 감귤원에서 경제적으로 중요한 해충이지만, 상대적으로 월동생태와 관련된 연구는 부족하다. 본 연구에서는 귤굴나방이 월동과 관련하여 다음 해 초기개체군 발생과 어떻게 연결되는지 발육단계별 저온 실내실험과 야외실험 및 노지 감귤원 포장조사를 통하여 구명하였다. 연구 결과, 동일한 저온 조건에서 귤굴나방의 발육단계에 따라 생존기간의 유의한 차이가 있었으며 성충이 번데기보다 더 오래 생존하는 것으로 나타났다. 귤굴 나방 성충과 번데기를 야외 감귤원에 접종한 후 생존기간을 평가한 결과, 서귀포지역에서 성충은 다음 해 3월 24일까지 생존하였다. 이는 일반적으로 서귀포지역의 봄순 발아가 3월 중순에 시작된다는 사실을 고려했을 때 성충태로 월동한 귤굴나방이 다음 해 초기개체군을 형성할 가능성이 높다는 것을 의미한다. 반면에 번데기의 경우 제주시와 서귀포에서 1월을 넘기지 못하고 모두 사망하였다. 또한, 노지 감귤원 내 귤굴나방 발육단계별 밀도조사에서 다음 해 봄까지 노지 감귤원에서 생존한 번데기는 없었던 반면 성충은 모든 과원에서 지속적으로 발견되었다. 따라서 결과를 종합하여 판단해 볼 때, 제주도의 노지 감귤원에서 귤굴나방은 성충태로 월동하는 것으로 판단되며, 번데기의 경우 신초에 형성된 용방에서만 생존할 수 있다는 제약이 있기 때문에 겨울철 동해 피해를 받기 쉬운 신초에서 월동 후 다음 해 초기개체군 형성에 기여하는 것은 쉽지 않을 것으로 판단된다. Citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella) is an economically important pest in citrus orchards. This study was conducted to elucidate the over-wintering stage of P. citrella through experiments on the survival rate of P. citrella at low temperatures and field investigations during the winter season. There was a significant difference in the survival period depending upon the over-wintering stage of P. citrella at low temperatures, and the adults survived longer than the pupae. Evaluation of the survival period after inoculating citrus orchards with P. citrella adults and pupae showed that only the adults survived until mid-March of the following year, but all pupae died in January. This suggests that considering the fact that the germination of spring shoots in Jeju generally begins in mid-March, over-wintering adults are likely to form an early population the next year. However, pupae may not contribute to the formation of the initial population in the early season after wintering in fall shoots that are prone to freezing damage in winter because P. citrella could only survive in pupal chambers formed in fall shoots. Therefore, these results suggest that P. citrella adults that emerge in late autumn can over-winter in citrus orchards in Jeju, Korea.

Overexpression of GmAKR1, a Stress-Induced Aldo/keto Reductase from Soybean, Retards Nodule Development

허윤선,신기혜,김성한,남경희,이명석,천종윤,천충일 한국분자세포생물학회 2009 Molecules and cells Vol.27 No.2

Development of symbiotic root nodules in legumes involves the induction and repression of numerous genes in conjunction with changes in the level of phytohormones. We have isolated several genes that exhibit differential expression patterns during the development of soybean nodules. One of such genes, which were repressed in mature nodules, was identified as a putative aldo/keto reductase and thus named Glycine max aldo/keto reductase 1 (GmAKR1). GmAKR1 appears to be a close relative of a yeast aldo/keto reductase YakC whose in vivo substrate has not been identified yet. The expression of GmAKR1 in soybean showed a root-specific expression pattern and inducibility by a synthetic auxin analogue 2,4-D, which appeared to be corroborated by presence of the root-specific element and the stress-response element in the promoter region. In addition, constitutive overexpression of GmAKR1 in transgenic soybean hairy roots inhibited nodule development, which suggests that it plays a negative role in the regulation of nodule development. One of the Arabidopsis orthologues of GmAKR1 is the ARF-GAP domain 2 protein, which is a potential negative regulator of vesicle trafficking; therefore GmAKR1 may have a similar function in the roots and nodules of legume plants.

제주도 온주밀감에 발생하는 주요 감귤 바이러스병 감염 현황

정경은,최철우,이성찬,신기혜 제주대학교 아열대농업생명과학연구소 2021 아열대농업생명과학연구지 Vol.37 No.1

최근 감귤 재배시 많은 피해를 주는 주요 병해 발생 현황

이성찬(Seong Chan Lee),황록연(Rok Yeun Hwang),권순화(Soon Hwa Kwon),신기혜(Ki Hye Shin) 한국원예학회 2020 한국원예학회 학술발표요지 Vol.2020 No.11

엽록체 trnL-trnF intergenic spacers (IGS) 영역과 핵 리보솜 Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) 영역 염기서열을 이용한 제주도 내 ‘인창귤’(‘Inchangkyool’)과 중국 의창 지(Citrus ichangensis ‘Ichangensis’) 품종과의 유전학적 분석

김민주(Min Ju Kim),김미선(Mi Sun Kim),신기혜(Kihye Shin),박석만(Sukman Park),최철우(Cheolwoo Choi),윤수현(Su Hyun Yun),진성범(Seong Beom Jin) 한국육종학회 2021 한국육종학회지 Vol.53 No.1

‘Inchangkyool’ varieties, which are believed to have been cultivated in Jeju for a long time, have leaves and flowers with a lemon-likefragrance. They have been suggested to be given the same scientific name as Citrus ichangensis, which is known to originate from China’sSouthwest and Midwest regions. However, the genetic characterization of ‘Inchangkyool’ has not been reported, and literature is not readilyavailable. Hence, in this study, 30 citrus chloroplast (cp)DNA (trnL-trnF) regions and nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS)regions were tested to identify the genetic relationship between ‘Inchangkyool’ and C. ichangensis and the origin of ‘Inchangkyool’ cultivars. Our results indicated that the total nucleotide sequence length of the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer (IGS) region and the G + C content was373 bp and 36.73%, respectively, in the cpDNA of C. ichangensis and ‘Inchangkyool’, whereas the ITS1 regions were 247 and 248 bp andthe ITS2 regions were 228 and 226 bp, respectively. Furthermore, the sequence lengths of the total ITS (ITS1 + 5.8S rDNA + ITS2) regionswere 638 and 637 bp, respectively, whereas the G+C content was 70.16%, 71.26%, 69.03%, 70.61%, 64.6%, and 65.49%, respectively - showingdifferences in the nuclear ribosomal DNA region. However, the nucleotide sequence length of the 5.8S rDNA region was 163 bp and theG + C content was 54.6%, which were the same for both varieties. In addition, sequence divergence and phylogenetic analysis of the trnL-trnFand ITS regions in chloroplast DNA showed that the sequence divergence of the trnL-trnF region on the chloroplast was 0-0.008. This resultindicates that ‘Inchangkyool’ is most closely related to Jeju eight native citrus cultivars including ‘Dongjeongkyool’. It is also closely relatedto C. ichangensis cultivars and six common citrus cultivars. In other words, the ‘Inchangkyool’ cultivar was inherited from the same maternalline as the Chinese C. ichangensis. The divergence values of the nuclear ribosomal DNA region between ‘Inchangkyool’ and ‘Dongjeongkyool’and C. ichangensis were 0.008 and 0.026, respectively. These results indicated that ‘Inchangkyool’ was most closely related to ‘Dongjeongkyool’,and was farther from the C. ichangensis cultivar. In addition, phylogenetic relationships found ‘Inchangkyool’ to belong to the same groupas the ‘Dongjeongkyool’ cultivar of jeju native citrus cultivars and a different group from C. ichangensis. From the above results, it is suggestedthat ‘Inchangkyool’ cultivar has been classified from the same maternal cultivar as the C. ichangensis in China, but has been obtained throughlong-term crossing with the same species as ‘Dongjeongkyool’. Moreover, based on the above results, it is believed that a distinct cultivarname for ‘Inchangkyool’ can be presented.