집단상담 과정-성과 준거에 관한 델파이 연구

서미나,권경인 한국상담학회 2014 상담학연구 Vol.15 No.1

This study was aimed to present the group counseling process and outcome criteria to develop its criteria model. To identify the major categories and elements of group counseling process-outcome criteria, relevant literature was reviewed and four experts on group counseling were interviewed. Thus, a basic plan was developed. To derive experts' agreement on the validity of group counseling process-outcome criteria contents, the Dephi method was used three times in surveying 30 experts on group counseling. Data were treated using the SPSS 17.0 statistical program, and to prove the importance and validity of individual items, the internal validity formula, developed by Lawshe, was used in calculating the CVR(Content Validity Ratio) of individual items. As a result, 55 questions were derived as the group counseling process-outcome categories and 8 categories were identified for the group counseling outcome- promotion of social function skill, emotional sense of stability, the understanding of family and others by group members, reduction of subjective discomfort, multiple self-understanding, the promotion of problem-solving, existential factors and the promotion of interpersonal. The five categories for group counseling processes were evaluated as important process which were feedback, observation, experiment, numerous people's sympathy, and interaction. The result showed that multiple self-understanding and the promotion of problem-solving through feedback, the understanding of family and others, multiple self-understanding through observation, the promotion of problem-solving ability through experimentation, emotional sense of stability and multiple self-understanding by numerous people's sympathy, the promotion of interpersonal through interaction were evaluated for major group counseling process-outcome. Thus, the major group counseling process- confirmed in the group counseling - outcome category, unlike individual counseling, presented the characteristics of group counseling, to which attention needs to be drawn. Finally, a model was presented by integrating Dephi survey results. Based on the findings of research, follow-up research and implications in the counseling field were discussed. 본 연구는 집단상담의 특성을 반영한 집단상담 과정-성과의 준거를 제시함으로써 집단상담 과정-성과준거 모형을 개발하는데 목적이 있다. 집단상담 과정-성과준거의 주요 범주와 요소를 찾기 위해 성과와 관련된 문헌검토 및 4명의 집단상담 숙련 전문가 면담을 통해 초안을 개발하였다. 집단상담 과정-성과준거의 내용타당성에 대한 전문가들의 합의과정을 도출하기 위해 30명의 집단상담 전문가에게 3차에 걸쳐 델파이 방법(Delphi method)을 사용하였다. 자료처리는 SPSS 17.0 통계프로그램을 사용하여 각 항목별 중요도와 내용타당도를 Lawshe가 개발한 내적 타당도 산출 공식을 적용하여 항목별 CVR(Content Validity Ratio)을 산출하였다. 연구결과 55개 문항으로 구성된 집단상담 과정-성과 항목을 찾아냈고, 총 8개의 집단상담 성과범주로 ‘사회적 기능수준 증진’, ‘정서적 안정감’, ‘집단원들에 의한 가족 및 타인이해’, ‘주관적 불편감 감소’, ‘다각적 자기이해’, ‘문제 해결능력 증진’, ‘실존적 요인들’, ‘대인관계 능력 증진’ 등이 확인되었다. 주요 집단상담 과정범주로는 ‘피드백’, ‘관찰’, ‘실험’, ‘다수의 공감’, ‘상호작용’ 등 5개가 추출되었다. 주요 과정-성과는 ‘피드백을 통한 다각적 자기이해와 문제 해결능력 증진’, ‘관찰을 통한 가족 및 타인이해와 다각적 자기이해’, ‘실험을 통한 문제 해결능력 증진’, ‘다수의 공감을 통한 정서적 안정감과 다각적 자기이해’, ‘상호작용을 통한 대인관계 능력 증진’으로 확인되었다. 집단상담 과정-성과 항목에서 도출된 주요 집단상담 과정과 성과는 개인상담과는 차별적인 집단상담 성과의 특성을 제시하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 최종 델파이 결과를 통합하여 집단상담 과정-성과 모형을 제시하였으며 연구결과를 바탕으로 후속연구 및 상담현장에서의 시사점을 논하였다.

결핵성 심낭삼출의 전산화단층촬영소견

서미라 대한영상의학회 1998 대한영상의학회지 Vol.38 No.6

Purpose : To evaluate the CT findings of tuberculous pericardial effusion. Materials and Methods : In 12patients with tuberculous pericardial effusion. CT scans were obtained. The condition was diagnosed by thepresence of chronic granulomatous inflammation with caseous granuloma or acid fast bacilli in a biopsy specimen orpericardial fluid. CT findings were evaluated with regard to the appearance and the location of pericardialthickening, location of pericardial effusion, loculation of the pericardial effusion by adhesion of pericardiumand associated findings such as pulmonary tuberculosis or pleural effusion. Results : In all cases, pericardialeffusion and thickening were seen. This thickening was usually even(10 of 12 cases), and occurred mainly in theanterior portion(7 of 12 cases). Thickened pericardium was enhanced and showed higher attenuation than adjacentchest wall muscle. Effusion was usually found in the anterior portion(10 of 12 cases), though the right and leftside were also involved(5/12 and 6/12 cases, respectively). Loculation of pericardial effusion was noted in tencases. Pleural effusion occurred in eight cases and associated active pulmonary tuberculosis in five. Conclusion :The CT findings of tuberculous pericardial effusion are enhanced evenly-thickened pericardium and anteriorloculated pericardial effusion, and are helpful for the diagnosis of tuberculous pericardial effusion.

미만성 폐출혈의 방사선학적 소견

서미라 대한영상의학회 1998 대한영상의학회지 Vol.39 No.6

Purpose : To describe the chest radiographic and CT findings of diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage. Materials andMethods : Two radiologists retrospectively analysed the chest radiographic and CT findings of six patients withdiffuse pulmonary hemorrhage. Using open lung biopsy (n=2) and transbronchial lung biopsy or bronchoalveolarlavage (n=4), diagnosis was based on the presence of hemosiderin-laden macrophage or intra-alveolar hemorrhage.Underlying diseases were Wegener's granulomatosis (n=2), antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (n=2),Henoch-Schonlein purpura (n=1), and idopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (n=1). In all patients, sequential chestradiographs, obtained during a one to six-month period, were available. HRCT scans were obtained in five patients,and conventional CT scans in one. Follow-up HRCT scans were obtained in two. We also analyzed the patterns ofinvolvement, distribution and sequential changes in the pulmonary abnormalities seen on chest radiographs and CTscans. Results : Chest radiographs showed multifocal patchy consolidation (n=6), ground-glass opacity (n=3), andmultiple granular or nodular opacity (n=3). These lesions were intermingled in five patients, while in one therewas consolidation only. Sequential chest radiographs demonstrated the improvement of initial pulmonaryabnormalities and appearance of new lesions elsewhere within 5-6 days, though within 7-25 (average, 13) days,these had almost normalized. HRCT scans showed patchy consolidation (n=5), multiple patchy ground-glass opacity(n=5), or ill-defined air space nodules (n=4). These lesions were intermingled in five patients, and in one,ground-glass opacity only was noted. In two patients there were interlobular septal thickening and intralobularreticular opacity. The distribution of these abnormalities was almost always bilateral, diffuse with no zonalpredominancy , and spared the apex of the lung and subpleural region were less affected. Conclusion : Althoughchest radiographic and CT findings of diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage are nonspecific, sequential changes inbilateral multifocal patchy consolidation and ground-glass opacity, accompanied by clinical symptoms such ashemoptysis or anemia, may be helpful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage.

생활스트레스, 스트레스 대처방식, 사회적 지지가 대학생의 정신건강에 미치는 영향

서미,조한익,최보영 한국상담학회 2006 상담학연구 Vol.7 No.2

사용자 참여적 인터넷 광고의 사례연구 - 게임성향 배너광고를 중심으로

서미라 한국디지털정책학회 2012 디지털융복합연구 Vol.10 No.10

유니버설디자인 개념을 적용한 웹 콘텐츠 접근성 가이드라인 제안

서미라(Seo Mira),강희순(Kang Heesoon) 한국디지털디자인학회 2008 디지털디자인학연구 Vol.8 No.4

2007년 한국정보문화진흥원(KADO)의 웹 접근성 준수현황 보고서에 의하면 다수의 웹 사이트는 여전히 웹 접근성 지침을 준수하지 않고 있어 사용자의 인터넷 사용능력에 의한 정보격차 가능성이 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 이에 정부는 관련법률 제정 및 제도 개선 등을 통해 정보격차를 최소화하기 위해 노력하고 있으나 범용적으로 사용하고 있는 웹 접근성 가이드라인은 특히 장애인 사용자에게 포커스가 맞춰져있다. 따라서 모든 사용자에게 보편적 정보접근을 보장하자는 웹 접근성의 본래 취지에 비해 미흡한 기존의 지침을 이용하여 웹 접근성 평가를 하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 기존 웹 접근성 지침을 비교 분석하여 예상치 못했던 문제점들을 도출하고 이를 해결하기 위해 장애인을 포함한 모두를 위한 디자 인을 기본 철학으로 한 유니버설디자인 개념을 도입한 UD-WCAG (Universal Design-Web Content Accessibility Guide)를 제안한다. UD-WCAG은 7개 대분류와 46개 항목으로 구성된다. According to the report of web-accessibility compliance status of the Korea Agency for Digital Opportunity & Promotion (KADO) in 2007 a number of web-site still has not complied with the web accessibility instruction that there is a high possibility of information gap by the Internet use capability of user. For this purpose the government has made efforts to minimize the information gap through the enactment of pertinent laws system improvement and others however the web accessibility guideline generally used is focused on the use of the disabled. Therefore the web accessibility evaluation is made by using the existing instruction that is insufficient to the original purpose of web accessibility to guaranty the general information access for all users. Therefore this research proposes UD-WCAG that introduced the concept of universal design with the basic philosphy of design for all including the disabled for formulating the unexpected problems and the solutions thereto by comparing and analyzing the existing web accessibility instruction. UD-WCAG is consisted of 7 main classifications and 46 lists.

캐릭터 커스터마이징 게임에 나타난 유형별 스타일링 분석

서미라 한국디지털정책학회 2015 디지털융복합연구 Vol.13 No.5

제주 지역 호텔 내 일반음식점의 식품위생 관리실태 조사 및 미생물학적 오염도 평가

서미래 ( Mi-rae Seo ),김민수 ( Min-soo Kim ),박은진 ( Eun-jin Park ) 한국식품조리과학회(구 한국조리과학회) 2020 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.36 No.4

Purpose: This study evaluated the hygiene management of chefs working in 16 hotel restaurants located in Jeju using a questionnaire survey. Hygience conditions of kitchen facilities were examined by applying microbiological assays. Methods: A survey was conducted from Feb 7^th to Feb 28^th, 2020, enrolling 16 general restaurants located in Jeju Island hotels. Bacterial and fungal loads on the surfaces of worker’s hands, knives, cutting boards, and refrigerator handles were evaluated using an ATP luminometer. Moreover, the number of airborne bacteria and fungi was measured before and after cooking. Results: Most subjects (98.1%, n=157) had completed their hygiene education, and 67.5% had received hygiene education more than six times per year. Our survey results also revealed differences in the actual condition of hygiene management with respect to the cooking experience and possession of a license, where higher performance was determined for cooks with less than 6 years of cooking experience and subjects possessing a license. Variable ATP values were obtained, which were highly dependent on prevalent conditions in the kitchens: 70.9% [3,467 RLU (78∼83,127)] worker's hands, 52.1% [1,875 RLU (7∼37,493)] cutting boards, 60.5% [507 RLU (2∼2,973)] knives, and 2.1% [3,435 RLU (89∼33,276)] refrigerator handles were showed acceptable hygiene standards. While number of airborne bacteria detected was below the legal hygiene level in all kitchens both before and after cooking, the number of fungi was below the legal hygiene level (10.0 CFU per plate) in all but two kitchens (11.0 and 12.7 CFU per plate). Conclusion: These results indicate that hygiene education is not strongly associated with results of microbiological tests of a kitchen, and additional hygiene education needs to be imparted to achieve improving the outcomes in kitchen hygiene and sanitation.

해외교포 대상 솔리언또래상담 프로그램 개발 연구 : 재미교포 청소년을 중심으로

서미,천희선,윤민지,이혜민 한국청소년상담복지개발원 2015 청소년상담연구 Vol.23 No.2

The purpose of this study is to develop ‘Solian Peer Counseling program for Korean youth living abroad' based on the model of 'Solian Peer Counseling Program for Korean students' to reduce cultural stresses of Korean youth living abroad, and increase their multi-cultural competence and interpersonal skills. Precedent studies performed in and outside Korea on characteristics and psychological issues of Korean youth living abroad, and other peer counseling programs were examined. In addition, focus-group interviews and depth interviews were conducted with professionals who have experiences of working with Korean youth living abroad. Based on the investigation of precedent researches and interview analyses, the program has divided into three parts which include the three roles of peer counselors - Friendship, Counselorship, and Leadership. To evaluate the effectiveness of the program, it was implemented to 20 adolescents, and the assessment tool was given to the participants before and after the program to measure interpersonal skills, bi-cultural self-efficacy, and multi-cultural ability. After its test operation, participant evaluation was also conducted. The results were analyzed by Independent-Samples t-test and Analysis of Covariance(ANCOVA) and it was reported that scores for all three areas - interpersonal skills, self-efficacy and multi-cultural identity - have increased. For program evaluation, 75% of participants showed general satisfaction and more than 90% answered that they would recommend the program to others. At last, this study discusses the implication and limitations of the current program, and proposes for further research. 본 연구의 목적은 해외교포 청소년의 정신건강 문제를 돕기 위해 이들의 문화적응 스트 레스를 줄이고, 다문화적 역량을 키우기 위한 또래상담 역할모형에 기반을 둔 해외교포 대상 솔리언또래상담 프로그램을 개발하는 것이다. 이를 위해, 해외교포 청소년의 특성 및 심리적 문제, 또래상담 프로그램에 대한 국내외 문헌을 고찰하고, 해외교포 청소년 및 이들을 지도한 경험이 있는 현장 전문가를 대상으로 포커스그룹인터뷰(FGI) 및 심층 인터뷰를 실시하였다. 선행연구 고찰 및 인터뷰 분석 내용을 바탕으로 프로그램 구성요 소를 도출하고 이를 토대로 총 '다가가는 친구되기(Friendship)', '대화하는 친구되기 (Fellowship)', '도와주는 친구되기(Leadership)'의 3단계 프로그램을 구성하였다. 프로그 램의 효과성 검증을 위해 미국에 거주 중인 해외교포 청소년 20명을 대상으로 프로그램 을 시범운영하였다. 시범운영 실시 전후로 참여 청소년과 통제집단에 포함된 청소년을 대상으로 대인관계 능력, 자기효능감, 다문화 정체성을 측정하였다. 아울러, 프로그램 참 여 청소년들에게는 참여자 관점 평가를 실시하여 프로그램의 만족도를 평가하도록 하였 다. 수집한 자료를 독립표본 t검증과 공변량분석(ANCOVA)을 통해 분석한 결과, 프로그 램에 참여한 청소년의 대인관계 능력, 자기효능감, 다문화 정체성 점수가 프로그램운영 이전보다 이후에 유의하게 향상되었다. 참여자 관점 평가 분석에서도 참여자들의 75% 이상이 프로그램에 대해 전반적으로 만족하며, 90% 이상이 다른 청소년들에게 추천하고 싶다고 밝혀져 프로그램이 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 끝으로 본 프로그램의 의의와 한 계점을 논하였으며, 향후 연구에 대해 제언하였다.

비자살적 자해와 극복과정 경험에 대한 질적 연구: 상담경험이 있는 청소년을 대상으로

서미,김지혜,이태영,김은하 한국상담학회 2019 상담학연구 Vol.20 No.4

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of recovery process through counseling among adolescents with non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors. For this, we interviewed 9 mid-to-late(aged 15~24) adolescents who had harmed themselves for at least six months and received counseling services and the collected data were analyzed using grounded theory methodology. The results showed that the central phenomenon was ‘self-injurious behaviors with multiple functions’. Casual conditions for this phenonenon included ‘stress, negative affect, and emotional suppression’ while contextual conditions included ‘lack of family attention and family neglect’, ‘abusive parents’, ‘negative counseling experiences’, ‘lack of crisis counseling intervention system’. For intervening conditions, ‘recognizing negative aspects of self injury’, ‘personality strength’, ‘needs and belief of changes’, ‘empathy and support’, ‘positive counseling experiences’, ‘moving away from stressors.’ In addition, action/interaction conditions were ‘rational, positive thinking’, ‘seeking counseling’, ‘development of social support networks.’ Analysis on the recovery process revealed that it involved ‘stopping self-injurious behaviors’, ‘positive stress coping strategies’, ‘positive self-concept’, and ‘acceptance of the self’ and that even after recovery from self-injury behaviors, ‘negative affect and relapses of self-injury behaviors’ could occur. Based on these findings, we provided clinical implications for adolescents’ self-injurious behaviors. 본 연구의 목적은 비자살적 자해경험이 있는 청소년을 대상으로 상담을 통해 자해를 극복하는 과정을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 최소 6개월 동안 자해를 했고, 상담을 받은 경험이 있는 15~24세의 중기․후기 청소년 8명을 심층면접한 후 근거이론을 활용하여 분석하였다. 자료 분석 결과, 자해행동의 중심현상은 ‘다양한 기능을 가진 자해행동’으로 나타났다. 중심현상의 인과적 조건으로는 ‘스트레스, 부정정서 및 감정억제’가 나타났고, 맥락적 조건으로는 ’가족의 무관심과 방관적인 태도’, ‘부모의 학대’, ‘상담에서의 부정적 경험’, ‘위기상담시스템의 부족’이 확인되었다. 또한 중심현성의 중재적 조건은 ‘자해 행동의 부정적 측면 인식’, ‘성격적 강점’, ‘변화에 대한 욕구와 믿음’, ‘공감과 지지’, ‘긍정적 상담경험’, ‘스트레스로부터 벗어남’이 나타난 반면 작용 및 상호작용은 ‘합리적이고 긍정적인 생각’, ‘상담 신청’, ‘사회적 지지체계 구축’으로 나타났다. 자해극복과정을 분석 한 결과, 자해극복과정에는 ‘자해행동 중단’, ‘긍정적인 스트레스 대처방안’, ‘긍정적인 자기 개념’ ‘자기 수용’의 과정이 포함되었고, 자해를 극복한 후에도 ‘부정정서와 자해행동이 재발’하는 경우가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과를 토대로 청소년의 비자살적 자해에 대한 상담 및 치료적 개입에 대한 함의를 제언하였다.