문화적 가치와 경제적 행위

백용훈(Beak, Yong Hun) 한국아시아학회 2017 아시아연구 Vol.20 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 시장에서 나타나는 경제적 행위를 문화적인 측면에서 탐구하기 위한 것으로, 베트남에서 생명보험 시장이 어떻게 발전해왔고 어떠한 특성을 가지고 있는가를 사회문화적인 맥락에서 파악해보았다. 연구 결과 베트남 생명보험 시장의 특징은 첫째, 순수 보장성 보험 상품보다는 생사혼합보험과 투자연계보험이 대부분을 차지하고 있다는 점이다. 둘째, 종신보험이나 사망보험과 같은 보장성보험 상품에 대한 판매 비중이 현저하게 낮다는 점이다. 즉, 베트남인들에게 보험은 하나의 저축을 위한 수단으로 인식되고 있고 사망보험과 같은 순수 보장을 위한 상품 구매는 꺼리는 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과의 근원적 이유는 베트남인들의 죽음에 대한 인식과 조상에 대한 의례의 일상화 등에서 기인하고 있는 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 한편, 최근 새로운 트렌드로 부상하고 있는 교육보험의 인기는 베트남인들이 교육을 중시하는 전통 그리고 경제발전과 함께 세대 간 수직 이동을 향한 베트남인들의 열망이 결합되어 보험 시장에 나타난 것으로, 이러한 양상은 전통적 가치와 근대화의 만남과 그에 따라 발생하는 문화적 혼종성에 따른 베트남인들의 적응 과정으로 이해할 수 있다. 본 논문의 강조점은 시장에서의 교환이 경제학에서 강조하는 효용성을 기준으로 이루어지는 것이 아니라 교환물의 대상에 대한 인간의 사회적 판단에 따라 실천되고 있다는 것이다. This article uses a cultural approach to examine howthe life insurance market has been formed and developed and why those characteristics have been appeared in Vietnam. Based on interviewdata and documentary references, the findings reveal two main trends. First, “endowment” and “investment-linked” products are more dominant than pure guarantee-type. Second, the sales portion of guarantee-type insurance products such as “whole life” and “term life” is significantly lower. In other words, Vietnamese recognize life insurance as a means of saving. And it is reluctant to purchase products for pure guarantee. The fundamental reason why these results came out can be understood as the presence of a cultural taboo and the ritualization of ancestor worship (ban thờ in vietnamese). And the popularity of investment-linked, especially children’s education insurance products which is emerging as a new trend in recent years has appeared in the insurance market by combining the tradition for education and desire for inter-generational vertical mobility. This aspect can be understood as the process of adaptation of Vietnamese, that is cultural hybridity, according to the encounter between traditional values and modernization. This study emphasizes the socio-cultural contexts such as social norms and values in order to investigate the impact of the determinants of life insurance demands and culture matters in forging a newmarket. Because markets are socially constructed arenas where repeated exchanges occur in a set of formal and informal sector.

제12차 및 제13차 베트남 공산당대회 결과 비교 분석: 인적자원, 문화, 환경 문제를 중심으로

백용훈 ( Yong-Hun Beak ) 국제지역학회 2021 국제지역연구 Vol.25 No.2

This article focuses on the social and environmental sectors among the report documents of the 13th Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, and examines the practical problems facing Vietnam and its future direction. After comparative analysis of the 13th Party Congress documents with those of the 12th, this author judged that it is necessary to examine the social and environmental sectors rather than the political and economic sectors. The most notable points are the development of human resources and the establishment of an advanced culture. Patriotism, national self-reliance, great unity of the whole nation, aspirations for development, and promotion of innovation and national development in a sustainable way are reflected in the main socio-economic development goals. It also emphasizes that these factors and the socialist democratic (dan chủ chủ nghĩa xa hội) political system must combine to create synergy. In the documents of the party conference, the term “combined with the power of the times” is included, which means that the 4th industrial revolution and socio-economic development in line with the period of international integration are the main contents.

아세안(ASEAN)의 보건 위기 대응과 협력: 감염병과 보건안보(Health Security)

백용훈 ( Beak¸ Yong Hun ) 서강대학교 동아연구소 2020 동아연구 Vol.39 No.2

This paper focuses on the health cooperation of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN). The purpose of this paper is to understand how member states have responded to health issues since ASEAN was founded in 1967 and how the regional cooperation has progressed. In addition, I would like to review the achievements and limitations of this regional level of cooperation in the progress of responding to COVID-19 and what will be the future challenges. Since the 2000s, ASEAN’s health cooperation has begun actively institutionalizing regional frameworks for the prevention and control of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, SARS, bird flu, and influenza A. The success of the institutionalization of collective response and regional health cooperation was due to the recognition of health as matter of “national security”. In the process of responding to COVID-19, ASEAN leaders agreed to further strengthen collective responses through national solidarity and regional cooperation. However, the pattern of its practical response was implemented according to border closures, nationalism, and the health capabilities of individual states.

제도의 성과와 사회적 배태성: 베트남 북부 남러이와 남부 미호아 마을보건소 비교 연구

백용훈 ( Yong Hun Beak ) 서강대학교 동아연구소 2016 동아연구 Vol.35 No.1

This paper aims to understand how the performance of welfare institutions can be relevant to its social and cultural environment and focuses on how reforms in the healthcare sector have led to the current situation in Vietnam by comparing Hong River Delta (Nam Loi Commune) in North and Mekong River Delta (My Hoa Commune) in South of the country. For example, it explores how the characteristics of traditional and cultural arrangements affect the performance of welfare institutions, especially in the formal healthcare service sector. Formal welfare defines the achievement of preventive healthcare service system by commune health stations. Commune health stations in North and South show the differences in its operations. Nam Loi commune health station in North supplies preventive health services and programs to their residents and the people actively participate in them. It enables the stations to provide better and effective preventive medical service. However, My Hoa commune health station in South provides corrective treatment services to the residents. Because the people react differently to healthcare services and visit the stations only when necessary, which hinder the stations to plan and implement preventive medical services persistently. The reason for this difference between the two regions is directly derived from the level of coordination and cooperation with residents, not from the institutional or political capacity such as public health facilities and operational policy.

베트남 2020: 재난 극복 과정에서 발휘된 대내외 리더십과 단결력

백용훈 ( Beak Yong Hun ) 한국동남아학회 2021 동남아시아연구 Vol.31 No.1

In 2020, Vietnam‘s response to the pandemic and natural disasters was successful as it included the combination of the leadership of the Vietnamese government and the national solidarity. The authorities took proactive quarantine measures to extinguish the spread of the virus early, which led to the Vietnam economy maintaining a positive annual GDP growth rate of 2.91%. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, innovation in growth models, such as strengthening the capabilities of domestic private companies, and restructuring of state-owned companies have progressed slowly. And the proportion of exports of foreign investment companies increased year on year. Despite these circumstances, the growth of big corporations in Vietnam’s private sector is one of the remarkable achievements implying structural changes in the economy. Politically, the party leadership continued to promote the anti-corruption movement, which has been in full swing since 2016, by conducting investigations and judgments on cases related to corruption while focusing on controlling the virus. And in preparation for the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV), the question was raised as to who will rise to the new leadership position and what new changes in Vietnamese politics will face accordingly. Despite the domestic crisis caused by the disaster, in terms of external relations, Vietnam performed exemplary and successfully fulfilling the roles of ASEAN Chair and non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The conflict between Korean and Vietnamese netizens that occurred in the early days of the COVID-19 outbreak made us realize how important bilateral understanding is in both countries with strong patriotism.

베트남 보건의료의 개혁: 이슈와 과제

백용훈 ( Yong-hun Beak ) 한국보건사회연구원 2020 국제사회보장리뷰 Vol.15 No.-

이 글에서는 베트남 보건의료 개혁 과정의 특징을 짚어보고, 최근의 주요 이슈 및 과제를 살펴본다. 베트남은 1980년대 후반 보건의료 개혁을 시작할 당시에 지역사회에서 무료로 의료서비스를 제공할 수 있는 공공의료 시스템을 갖추고 있었다. 이로써 예방적 의료 및 모자보건 관련 건강지표는 꾸준히 개선되어 왔다. 하지만, 사회보험제도 도입과 탈중앙화를 촉진하는 개혁은 의료서비스에 대한 정부 지출을 줄이는 동시에 가구의 부담을 증가시켰다. 그리고 인구통계학적, 역학적, 사회적 변화들에 따라 비전염성 만성질환이 늘어나면서 가구의 의료비 지출 부담은 더욱 가중되고 있다. 건강 형평성 관점에서 볼 때 양질의 의료서비스 접근성을 보장할 역량 강화와 필수 의약품에 쉽게 접근하도록 법적, 제도적 환경조성이 요구된다.

베트남 온라인 공간의 확대와 일상의 정치

백용훈(Beak, Yong Hun) 한국아시아학회 2018 아시아연구 Vol.21 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 베트남에서 확대되고 있는 온라인 공간의 정치사회적 영향력과 특징을 탐구하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 체제 비판에 대한 역사적 과정과 정치적 블로그의 유형 및 특징 그리고 유명 블로거를 포함한 베트남 일반 대중들이 온라인 공간에 업로드하는 게시글 및 댓글 의견을 파악해보았다. 연구 자료는 특별 경제-행정구역법(Đơn vị Hành chính – Kinh tế Đặc biệt, 이하 특별구역법(Luật Đặc Khu)) 관련 논의가 가장 활발하게 진행되었던 시기, 즉 2018년 5월말부터 6월말까지 인기 블로그 사이트와 페이스북에 업로드된 약 30개의 논평과 약 7,500개의 댓글 내용이다. 본 연구의 분석 결과 및 함의는 다음과 같다. 특별구역법과 관련된 온라인 논평과 댓글은 대부분 “중국”과 관련된 것이었다. 특히, 반체제인사들은 일반 대중들의 반중국 정서를 이용하고 있다. 현재 베트남의 온라인 영역이 확대되고 있는 상황 속에서 그리고 수많은 의견들이 생산 및 재생산되고 있는 과정 속에서 사회운동가 블로거들의 활동이 일정한 역할을 하고 있다는 점은 분명하다. 하지만, 일반 대중들은 이를 단순히 수용하지 않았고, 때로는 반대하면서 자신의 의견을 적극적으로 표출하고 있었다. The purpose of this article is to explore the political and social influence and characteristics of online space that has been expanded in Vietnam. This study examined the historical process of the criticism of the regime, the types and characteristics of political blogs, and the opinions and comments posted by Vietnamese public in the online space including popular bloggers in details. The data includes about 30 articles and about 7,500 comments on popular blogspheres and Facebook pages from the end of May 2018 to the end of June, that is the most active period of discussion on the Draft Law on Special Administrative-Economic Units (Van Don, Bac Van Phong, Phu Quoc). The results and implications of this study are as follows. Most of the online articles and comments related to the Draft Law were related to “China”. In particular, dissidents use the anti-Chinese sentiment of the general public. In other words, it is clear that the activities of bloggers are playing a certain role in the context of expanding the online space and in the processs of (re)producing many opinions. However, the general public did not simply accept it, and sometimes opposed it and expressed their opinions actively.

생명보험 거래 맥락 들여다보기: 베트남인들의 삶에 대한 가치 이해

백용훈(Beak, Yong Hun) 한국아시아학회 2019 아시아연구 Vol.22 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 베트남 생명보험 시장에서 발견되는 사회문화적 특수성, 특히 베트남인들의 삶에 대한 가치를 이해하기 위한 것이다. 연구의 주요 대상과 자료는 두 가지로 구분된다. 하나는 베트남에서 영업 중인 주요 생명보험사들(Top 5)의 홈페이지에 게시되어 있는 주요 상품들 총 77개이다. 상품명과 홍보에 사용되는 용어, 그리고 정책 및 약관 내용 등을 주요 자료로 활용하였고, 자료 검색 기간은 2018년 12월부터 2019년 2월까지이다. 다른 하나는 이들 기업에 근무하고 있는 임직원들, 보험모집인들 그리고 구매자들이다. 본 연구자는 2017년 7월, 2018년 1월과 7월, 총 세 차례에 걸쳐서 베트남 북부 하노이와 남부 호찌민시를 방문하였고, 주요 거래 행위자들과 접촉 후 면담을 진행하였다. 정보제공자는 총 16명(임직원 2명, 보험모집인 9명, 고객 5명)이다. 보험모집인들은 생명보험에 대하여 “알레르기(Dị Ứng)”적 반응을 일으키는 고객을 설득하기 위하여 평소 베트남인들이 중요하게 생각하는 가치와 규범적 요소, 즉 긍정적이고 낙관적인 메시지로 보험 상품을 소개하고 설명하는 방식을 택하고 있었다. 구매자들은 부모나 자신의 건강보다는 자녀들의 미래와 직접적으로 관련이 있는 교육 상품에 주목하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 질적연구방법, 즉 인터뷰 조사를 통해 미시적인 수준에서 시장 내 주요 행위자들의 인식과 행위를 설명했다는 점에서 연구방법론상 일정한 함의가 있다. This study is to understand the value of Vietnamese lifestyle found in the life insurance market using qualitative research methods. This study focuses on 77 products posted on the website of major life insurers(Top 5) and the voices of agents including managerial staffs, sales agents, and clients who are working at the life insurance companies. The researcher visited Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City in July 2017, January and July 2018, that is three times in total, and conducted interviews with them. A total of 16 respondents were interviewed. The sales agents had to explain the insurance products using positive and optimistic messages in order to persuade customers who have an “allergic” response to life insurance. The customers are interested in educational products directly related to the future their children rather than parents or their own health. This study has a certain implications in research methodology. It explains the perceptions and behaviors of major actors in the market at the microscopic level through qualitative research methods.

베트남 생명보험산업의 자유화와 보험업법 개혁

백용훈 ( Yonghun Beak ) 인문사회 21 2020 인문사회 21 Vol.11 No.2

The liberalization of the Vietnamese insurance market did not start with the aim of improving quality. It was initiated by the policy of liberalizing the financial market with Doi Moi in 1986. In the case of the insurance industry, deregulation and institutional improvements to create a competitive market were supported by the first decree in 1993, the law on Insurance Business in 2000 and the revision and supplementation in 2010. As a result, the number and growth rate of life insurers increased, and the positive result was the quantitative increase of insurance products and the expansion of sales channels. However, the provisions on the accounting system have not been systematically reformed. Vietnam does not follow international standards and still uses its own independent insurance accounting standards (VASs).

사회자본과 비공식 공동체 복지: 북부 홍강델타와 남부 메콩강델타 농촌 마을의 사례

백용훈 ( Yong-hun Beak ) 한국동남아학회 2015 동남아시아연구 Vol.25 No.3

This study explores the reality of the informal community welfare, in particular, private income transfers and voluntary rotating credit systemsamong village residents through qualitative interviews in two rural areas of the northern Hong River Delta and southern Mekong River Delta. To fully understand the informal welfare mechanism in a society, this research focuses on reciprocity and social network that are components of social capital. The field research data was collected mainly in January-February 2014 and its interpretations indicate specific aspects of mutual assistance and informal welfare that is being exchanged among family members and residents within each commune (xa) as well as how it is related with the traditional and cultural context. The subjects exchanging mutually informal welfare resources in rural villages of the north are family, relatives, and neighbours. It is an important role that solidarity formed through a closed ties among them within their living space based on đinh, a very strong sense of village collectivity. On the other hands, the south showed a different aspect comparing to the north. The concept of regional spatial extent of a village unit to the southern residents. They were more open to other villagers andexchanging welfare resources through voluntary associations(h0i) that people have joined individually, that is to say weak ties. But families still play an important role in the south. This study shows that traditional and cultural characteristics of different societies of northern and southern Vietnam support the value and exchange of informal welfare resources. It can be called ``protective arrangements`` that are the products of the ``traditions`` and the ``culture`` of each society concerned. The protective arrangements of the North are strong families, a cohesive village community(đinh), and closed network. And those of the South are strong families, loose neighbours, voluntary associations(h0i), and open network.