동원선생 기증 화엄경 사경변상도의 도상분석 및 편년고찰 :  

배영일 국립중앙박물관·한국고고미술연구소 2010 동원학술논문집 Vol.11 No.-

변상도란 불교의 교리를 쉽게 설명하기 위해 그림으로 표현한 종교화이다. 즉 진리의 내용을 변화하여 나타낸 것이므로 변상이라 하며, 도상적 성격을 지니므로 변상도라 한다. 우리나라의 변상도는 불교전래와 함께 제작되었을 것으로 추정되지만, 현존하는 가장 오래된 작품은 삼성미술관 리움 소장의 통일신라시대 『대방광불화엄경』 변상도이다. 고려시대에는 국가적으로 사경원, 금자원, 은자원을 설치하여 운영할 만큼 사경이 성행하였다. 그러나 조선시대에는 억불숭유 정책으로 불교미술이 전반적으로 쇠퇴하였으며 특히 사경변상도는 15세기까지 소극적으로 조성되지만 16세기 이후에는 판경화가 그 역할을 대신하게 된다. 현재 국내외에 남아 있는 사경변상도는 약 85점 정도이다. 그 중, 화엄경 사경변상도는 약 19점이 남아 있어 많은 양을 차지하고 있다. 이 글에서는 사경변상도의 조성배경과 고려시대 사경변상도의 양식적 변천을 살펴보고 동원선생이 기증한 <『대방광불화엄경』 권제 27> 변상도의 편년을 설정하였다. 동원선생 기증품은 발원문과 사성연대가 기록되어 있지 않아 편년 설정에 어려움이 있다. 따라서 동원선생 기증품의 미술사적 의의를 논하기 위해 양식적 특징과 대강의 편년을 설정하였다. Illuminated sutra is a religious painting which was made to transmit the teachings of the Buddha. Production of illuminated sutra is thought to have begun with the introduction of Buddhism into Korea. But the earliest dated example is the illuminated manuscript of the Flower Garland Sutra, dating to the Unified Silla period, in the collection of Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art. Although its iconography is not clearly visible due to oxidation of the illustration, it is without doubt a valuable work of art that gives insight into the illuminated sutras of the Unified Silla period. In the Goryeo period, the copying of Buddhist sutras was widely popular and Goryeo monarchs established Sagyeongwon (Royal Scriptorium) and Eunjawon (Scriptorium of Silver Letters). As the printing technology developed, the act of transcribing sutras was recognized as a way to earn merit. Sutras were copied on the finest paper such as indigo blue or white paper and were decorated with gold or silver. The frontispiece to a sutra is a pictorial representation of the text that follows. The Joseon dynasty adopted Neo-Confucianism as the official ideology, which replaced Buddhism of the preceding Goryeo dynasty. The transcribing of Buddhist sutras gradually lost its popularity and by the 16th century, block printing gained favor. The absence of colophons causes a problem in establishing a production date of the illuminated sutra donated by Dongwon. This paper thus attempts to examine its stylistic characteristics and tentative date of production in order to discuss the art-historical value of the donated artifact.

황산으로 개질된 TiO₂ 촉매의 특성

배영일,박만영,이준희,손종락,Pae, Young-Il,Park, Man-Young,Lee, Joon-Hee,Sohn, Jong-Rack 한국공업화학회 1992 공업화학 Vol.3 No.1

$TiCl_4-HCl$ 혼합용액으로부터 침전법으로 $TiO_2$를 만들고 이를 황산으로 개질하여 $TiO_2/SO_4{^{2-}}$ 촉매를 제조하였으며 제조된 촉매의 특성을 IR, XPS, XRD 및 DT-TGA로 조사하였다. 개질된 촉매의 산의 세기는 적어도 $H_0{\leq}-14.52$로 초강산 성질을 나타내었으며 이 성질은 $TiO_2$와 황산이온에 의하여 형성된 착물의 S=O 결합성질에 기인하였다. $TiO_2/SO_4{^{2-}}$의 IR spectra를 조사한 결과 황산이온은 $TiO_2$ 표면에 2자리 ligand로 배위하였다. $TiO_2/SO_4{^{2-}}$는 황산으로 개질하지 아니한 순수한 $TiO_2$에 비하여 표면적이 상당히 컸으며 또한 무정형에서 anatase상으로 되는 전이온도도 높았다. $TiO_2/SO_4{^{2-}}$ was prepared by precipitation from the mixed solution of titanium chloride and hydrochloric acid followed by modification with sulfuric acid. The characterization of prepared catalyst was performed by using IR, XPS, XRD and DT-TGA. Infrared spectra of $TiO_2/SO_4{^{2-}}$ showed bidentate sulfate ion coordinated to the surface of $TiO_2$. The acid strength of modified catalyst was at least $H_0{\leq}-14.52$, showing the superacidic properties which are attributed to the double bond nature of S=O of the complex formed by the interaction of $TiO_2$ with sulfate ion. For $TiO_2/SO_4{^{2-}}$, the specific surface area increased and the transition from the amorphous to anatase phase occurred at a higher temperature, as compared with pure $TiO_2$.

興天寺 소장 歸眞寺刊 『大方廣佛華嚴經疏』 變相圖

배영일 한국불교미술사학회 2022 강좌미술사 Vol.59 No.-

This dissertation is about the study on the Annotation of Avatamasaka Sutra, an Illustration of Sutra referred to as Deabanggwangbul hwaeongyeongso, which was initially created at Gwijin-sa Temple and is now housed at Heungcheon-sa Temple. The Annotation of Avatamsaka Sutra of Heuncheon-sa Temple is significant that it shows the origin style of the Illustration of Sutra that was introduced during the Joseon era with a number of distinctive features. First, it can be inferred from the Volume No. 6(June, 1556), No. 10(July 1557), No. 14(July, 1557), No. 38(July, 1560), No. 47(July, 1561), No. 50(August, 1561), No. 85(May, 1561), No. 96(July, 1562), No. 120(Spring, 1564) of the Annotation of Avatamsaka Sutra created at Gwijin-sa Temple in Seoheung, Hwanghaedo province that the production the Annotation of Avatamsaka Sutra took eight years to complete from June 1556 to spring of 1564 and that it was produced in order from Volume No.1 to No. 120 except No. 85. Second, the publication of the Annotation of Avatamsaka Sutra of Gwijin-sa Temple was led by Bowoo, the chief of Seon Buddhism who was the head monk of Bongeun-sa Temple and Cheonchik, the chief of Gyo Buddhism who was the head monk of Bongseon-sa Temple. The records about the publications tell the names of the offerers of prayers and numerous carvers who engraved the sutra script including Gak-in, Neunghye, Daeui, Doseong, Byeok-am, Suyeon, Seungwoon, Shinyeon, Shinhye, Shinhee, Uitong, Ilseom, Il-am, Iljin, Jeonghwan, Joyeon, Joyun, Jiyeon, Jiwoo, Cheonwoong, Chukryeong, Hakryeong, Hyeneung, Hyeyeon, Hyejeong Heeshin. Unfortunately, the initial version and the names of the carvers who produced the Illustration of Sutra were not recorded, making it unable to assume the original version of the Illustration of Avatamsaka Sutra. Third, after the eighty-year-long creation of the Annotation of Avatamsaka Sutra at Gwijin-sa Temple, Byeok-am Gakseong reproduced the Annotation of Avatamsaka Sutra as a prayer over two years from February 1634, following the Gwijin-sa version. The script consists of six lines and fifteen letters, it stayed true to the style of the Gwijin-sa version. However, the slight differences in the detailed expression of the sutra plaque and the light of Buddha, cloud patterns, the pedestal of Virocana, the Bodhi tree and the light of Buddha as well as the plaque with the letters of prayers engraved. It is perceived that the individual styles of the carvers and the trends in the manner of expression at that time were manifested based on the full understanding of the Gwijin-sa version. Last, this dissertation attempts to consider the iconography of Kegon Kaie Shoshoju Mandara(Deities of the Flower Omament Ocean Assembly), an early work of Kamakura period, which is now housed in Kozan-ji Temple in Gyoto, Japan and the Illustration of Sutra Sejumyoeumpum as the original version for the Illustration of Sutra of the Annotation of Avatamsaka Sutra produced at Gwijin-sa Temple. However, the differences in materials used and the compositions make it difficult to determine the two as the original versions for the Gwijin-sa version. Hence, whether the Gwijin-sa version was newly created based on the two works or took other works as its original script to follow is unidentifiable. Though, the Illustration of Sutra in the Annotation of Avatamsaka Sutra produced at Gwijin-sa Temple is significant in Art history aspect as its iconography is a newly introduced style in the 16th century.

온톨로지를 이용한 전문가지식 표현 메커니즘 설계 및 의사결정성과에 관한 실증연구 -구매 전문가 지식 사례를 중심으로-

배영일 한국경영정보학회 2008 한국경영정보학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2008 No.-

비파 부위별 용매추출물의 항균 및 항산화 활성

배영일,정영철,심기환 한국식품저장유통학회(구 한국농산물저장유통학회) 2002 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.9 No.1

비파 부위별 추출물의 항균성과 항산화 활성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 과피 및 종자의 추출수율은 부탄올 분획물에서 각각 4.95%와 4.42%로 높게 나타난 반면, 잎, 씨를 제거한 과실과 과육은 물분획물에서 각각 5.10%, 23.60% 및 21.10%로 높게 나타났다. 항균활성은 잎과 씨를 제거한 과실의 경우 clear zone이 각각 Staphylococcus aureus에서 19 ㎜, 15 ㎜, Escherichia coli에서 15 ㎜, 16 ㎜로 에칠 아세테이트 분획물에서 항균활성이 높게 나타났다. 비파의 메탄올 추출물을 극성과 비극성 용매로 순차별로 분획한 수소공여능은 잎에서 82%, 씨를 제거한 과실 74%, 종자 68%, 과피 52% 및 과육 30%로 에칠 아세테이트 분획물에서 가장 높았다. Antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of various solvent extracts from different parts of the loquat were investigated to process it as the functional food. The extraction yield showed higher in batanol fraction of 4.95% in peel and 4.42% in seed than others, but water fraction showed high extraction yield of 3.89% in leaf, 23.6% in the seedless fruit and 21.1% in fresh. In the antimicrobial activity test, ethyl acetate fraction that leaf and fruit excluded seed inhibited higher 19, 15 ㎜ and 16, 15 ㎜ in clear zone for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in eaxh. Ethyl acetate fraction that extracted from a series of polar and nonpolar solvent fractionation of methanol extracts showed better results in the hydrogen donating activity of 82% in leaf, 74% in seedless fruit, 68% in seed, 52% in peel and 30% in fresh.

비파 부위별 용매추출물의 아질산염 소거 및 항돌연변이 효과

배영일,정창호,심기환 한국식품저장유통학회(구 한국농산물저장유통학회) 2002 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.9 No.1

비파 부위별 추출물의 아질산염 소거능 및 항돌연변이 효과를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 추출용매 중 활성이 높게 나타난 메탄올 추출물을 비극성∼극성 용매별로 계통분획산 에칠아세테이트 분획물에서 잎은 80%, 씨를 제거한 과실 81%, 과피 73% 및 종자 63%로 아질산염 소거 효과가 가장 높게 나타났다. 메탄올 추출물의 분획하여 Salmonella typhimurium TA 100에 대한 항돌연변이 효과를 측정한 결과, 잎과 씨를 제거한 과실의 에칠아세테이트 분획물을 농도별로 첨가하여 항돌연변이 효과를 확인한 결과, 잎과 씨를 제거한 과실의 경우 에칠아세테이트 분획물 2.5 ㎎과 5.0 ㎎ 첨가시 각각 65.5%, 71.2%와 63.4%, 69.2%로 분획물의 농도가 높을수록 항돌연변이 효과가 높게 나타났다. The nitrite-scavenging and antimutagenic effects of various solvent extracts from different parts of the loquat were lnvestigated to develope as source of functional food. The nitrite-scavenging and antimutagenic effects of fractions obtained from methanol extreact were most highest in ethyl acetate fraction. Ethyl acetate fraction showed better results in the nitrite scavenging activity of 80% in leaf, 81% in seedless fruit, 73% in peel and 63% in seed. The antimutagenic effects showed strong ethyl acetate fraction of 53.1%, 48.3% in leaf and seedless fruit. The antimutagenic effect increased with increasing concentration of ethyl acetate fraction against mutagenicity induced by direct mutagen of IQ in Salmonella typhimurium TA 100. Addition of 2.5 ㎎ and 5 ㎎ of ethyl acetate fraction showed inhibitory effect of 65.5%, 71.2% in leaf and 63.4%, 69.2% in seedless fruit, respectively.

n - Hexane 반응에 대한 Zirconia 에 담지된 산화크롬의 촉매성질

배영일,손종락,류삼곤 한국화학공학회 1993 NICE Vol.11 No.1

V2O5 - TiO2 및 황산으로 개질된 V2O5 - TiO2 의 특성

배영일,도임자,박은희,손종락 ( Young Il Pae,Im Ja Doh,Eun Hee Park,Jong Rack Sohn ) 한국공업화학회 1995 공업화학 Vol.6 No.5

Ti(OH)₄ 분말을 NH₄VO₃ 수용액에 함침시킨 후 공기중에 소성하여 V₂O_5-TiO₂ 촉매를 제조하였으며 또한 NH₄VO₃로 함침된 Ti(OH)₄ 분말을 황산으로 개질한 후 소성하여 V₂O_5-TiO₂/SO₄^(2-) 촉매를 제조하였다. 제조된 촉매의 특성을 FTIR, DSC-TGA, XRD 및 표면적 측정에 의하여 연구하였다. V₂O_5-TiO₂표면에 결합된 황산기는 V₂O_5함량이 많을수록 낮은 온도에서 분해되었다. 그리고 V₂O_5함량이 8∼10㏖%까지는 V₂O_5가 TiO₂ 표면에 잘 분산되어 900℃의 소성온도에서도 V₂O_5의 결정이 XRD pattern상에 나타나지 아니하였으나 V₂O_5함량이 10㏖% 및 그 이상에서는 400℃의 소성온도부터 V₂O_5 결정이 나타났다. IR과 XRD의 결과를 근거로 하면 V₂O_5표면을 monolayer로 완전히 입히는 데 필요한 V₂O_5의 함량은 8∼10㏖%임을 추측할 수 있다. V₂O_5-TiO₂ catalysts were prepared by dry impregnation of powdered Ti(OH)₄ with an aqueous solution of NH₄VO₃ followed by calcining in air, and V₂O_5-TiO₂/SO₄^(2-) catalysts were prepared by modifying impregnated Ti(OH)₄ with H₂SO₄ followed by calcining in air. The characterization of prepared catalysts was performed by using FTIR, DSC-TGA, and XRD, and by the measurement of surface area. The higher the content of V₂O_5 the lower the decomposition temperature of sulate bonded to the TiO₂-V₂O_5 surface. Since V₂O_5 was dispersed on the surface of TiO₂ up to 8㏖% of V₂O_5, any crystal phase of V₂O_5 even at the calcination temperature of 900℃ was not observed on the XRD patterns. However, in the case of sample containing 10㏖% and more than 10㏖% of V₂O_5, V₂O_5 crystal phase appeared on XRD pattern from the calcination temperature of 400℃. On the basis of results of IR and XRD, it is guessed that the content of V₂O_5 monolayer covering most of the available TiO₂ is 8∼10㏖%.

황산으로 개질된 TiO2 촉매의 특성

배영일,박만영,이준희,손종락 ( Young Il Pae,Man Young Park,Joon Hee Lee,Jong Rack Sohn ) 한국공업화학회 1992 공업화학 Vol.3 No.1

TiCl_4,-HCI 혼합용액으로부터 침전법으로 TiO_2를 만들고 이를 황산으로 개질하여 TiO_2/SO_4^(2-) 촉매를 제조하였으며 제조된 촉매의 특성을 IR, XPS, XRD 및 DT-TGA로 조사하였다. 개질된 촉매의 산의 세기는 적어도 H_0≤-14.52로 초강산 성질을 나타내었으며 이 성질은 TiO_2와 황산이온에 의하여 형성된 착물의 S=O 결합성질에 기인하였다. TiO_2/SO_4^(2-)의 IR spectra를 조사한 결과 황산이온은 TiO_2 표면에 2자리 ligand 로 배위하였다. TiO_2/SO_4^(2-)는 황산으로 개질하지 아니한 순수한 TiO_2에 비하여 표면적이 상당히 컸으며 또한 무정형에서 anatase상으로 되는 전이온도도 높았다. TiO_2/SO_4^(2-) was prepared by precipitation from the mixed solution of titanium chloride and hydrochloric acid followed by modification with sulfuric acid. The characterization of prepared catalyst was performed by using IR, XPS, XRD and DT-TGA. Infrared spectra of TiO_2/SO_4^(2-) showed bidentate sulfate ion coordinated to the surface of TiO_2. The acid strength of modified catalyst was at least H_0≤ -14.52, showing the superacidic properties which are attributed to the double bond nature of S =O of the complex formed by the interaction of TiO_2 with sulfate ion. For TiO_2/SO_4^(2-), the specific surface area increased and the transition from the amorphous to anatase phase occured at a higher temperature, as compared with pure TiO_2.

Titania 에 담지된 NiO 의 촉매특성과 촉매성질에 관한 연구

배영일,도임자,손종락 ( Young Il Pae,Im Ja Doh,Jong Rack Sohn ) 한국공업화학회 1995 공업화학 Vol.6 No.6

일련의 NiO-TiO₂ 촉매를 NiCl₂와 TiCl₄ 혼합 용액을 공침전시켜 제조하였으며 이중에서 일부의 촉매는 H₂SO₄로 처리하여 촉매 표면을 개질하였다. 제조된 촉매의 특성을 FTIR, DSC-TGA, XRD 및 표면적 측정에 의하여 연구하였다. TiO₂에 NiO를 첨가 할수록 표면적 및 산의 양이 중가하였으며 NiO함량이 25㏖%에서 최대의 값을 나타내었다. 그리고 NiO의 함량이 25㏖%에서 propene의 부분산화반응과 1-butene의 이성화반응의 촉매활성도 최대를 보여 주었다. H₂SO₄로 개질된 NiO-TiO₂/SO₄^(2-)촉매는 미개질된 NiO-TiO₂촉매에 비하여 1-butene의 이성화반응에서 월등히 향상된 촉매활성을 나타내었다. NiO 함량이 많을 수록 anatase가 rutile로 전이되는 온도가 NiO와 TiO₂의 상호작용으로 높게 나타났으며 600℃ 이상의 소성온도에서 NiO와 TiO₂가 결합하여 rhombohedral구조를 갖는 NiTiO₃화합물이 생성되었다. A series of NiO-TiO₂ catalysts were prepared by coprecipitation from the mixed solution of nickel chloride and titanium tetrachloride. Some of the samples were modified by treatment with H₂SO₄. The characterization of prepared catalysts was performed by using FTIR, DSC-TGA, and XRD, and by the measurment of surface area. The addition of NiO to TiO₂ caused the increase of surface area and acidity, showing a maximum at 25㏖% of NiO. Catalytic activites for prepene partial oxidation and 1-butene isomerization reactions also exhibited a maximum at 25㏖% of NiO. NiO-TiO₂/SO₄^(2-) modified whth H₂SO₄ exhibited remarkably enhanced catalytic activity for 1-butene isomerization compared with unmodified NiO-TiO₂. The addition of NiO to TiO₂ shifted the phase transition of TiO₂ from anatase to rutile towards higher temperatures due to the interaction between NiO and TiO₂. NiTiO₃ compound from NiO and TiO₂ was formed at calcination temperature above 600℃.