한반도 자생생물 조사·발굴 연구사업 고찰(2006~2020)

배연재,조기종,민기식,김병직,현진오,이진환,이향범,윤정훈,황정미,염진화,Bae, Yeon Jae,Cho, Kijong,Min, Gi-Sik,Kim, Byung-Jik,Hyun, Jin-Oh,Lee, Jin Hwan,Lee, Hyang Burm,Yoon, Jung-Hoon,Hwang, Jeong Mi,Yum, Jin Hwa 한국환경생물학회 2021 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.39 No.1

Korea has stepped up efforts to investigate and catalog its flora and fauna to conserve the biodiversity of the Korean Peninsula and secure biological resources since the ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992 and the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits (ABS) in 2010. Thus, after its establishment in 2007, the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR) of the Ministry of Environment of Korea initiated a project called the Korean Indigenous Species Investigation Project to investigate indigenous species on the Korean Peninsula. For 15 years since its beginning in 2006, this project has been carried out in five phases, Phase 1 from 2006-2008, Phase 2 from 2009-2011, Phase 3 from 2012-2014, Phase 4 from 2015-2017, and Phase 5 from 2018-2020. Before this project, in 2006, the number of indigenous species surveyed was 29,916. The figure was cumulatively aggregated at the end of each phase as 33,253 species for Phase 1 (2008), 38,011 species for Phase 2 (2011), 42,756 species for Phase 3 (2014), 49,027 species for Phase 4 (2017), and 54,428 species for Phase 5(2020). The number of indigenous species surveyed grew rapidly, showing an approximately 1.8-fold increase as the project progressed. These statistics showed an annual average of 2,320 newly recorded species during the project period. Among the recorded species, a total of 5,242 new species were reported in scientific publications, a great scientific achievement. During this project period, newly recorded species on the Korean Peninsula were identified using the recent taxonomic classifications as follows: 4,440 insect species (including 988 new species), 4,333 invertebrate species except for insects (including 1,492 new species), 98 vertebrate species (fish) (including nine new species), 309 plant species (including 176 vascular plant species, 133 bryophyte species, and 39 new species), 1,916 algae species (including 178 new species), 1,716 fungi and lichen species(including 309 new species), and 4,812 prokaryotic species (including 2,226 new species). The number of collected biological specimens in each phase was aggregated as follows: 247,226 for Phase 1 (2008), 207,827 for Phase 2 (2011), 287,133 for Phase 3 (2014), 244,920 for Phase 4(2017), and 144,333 for Phase 5(2020). A total of 1,131,439 specimens were obtained with an annual average of 75,429. More specifically, 281,054 insect specimens, 194,667 invertebrate specimens (except for insects), 40,100 fish specimens, 378,251 plant specimens, 140,490 algae specimens, 61,695 fungi specimens, and 35,182 prokaryotic specimens were collected. The cumulative number of researchers, which were nearly all professional taxonomists and graduate students majoring in taxonomy across the country, involved in this project was around 5,000, with an annual average of 395. The number of researchers/assistant researchers or mainly graduate students participating in Phase 1 was 597/268; 522/191 in Phase 2; 939/292 in Phase 3; 575/852 in Phase 4; and 601/1,097 in Phase 5. During this project period, 3,488 papers were published in major scientific journals. Of these, 2,320 papers were published in domestic journals and 1,168 papers were published in Science Citation Index(SCI) journals. During the project period, a total of 83.3 billion won (annual average of 5.5 billion won) or approximately US $75 million (annual average of US $5 million) was invested in investigating indigenous species and collecting specimens. This project was a large-scale research study led by the Korean government. It is considered to be a successful example of Korea's compressed development as it attracted almost all of the taxonomists in Korea and made remarkable achievements with a massive budget in a short time. The results from this project led to the National List of Species of Korea, where all species were organized by taxonomic classification. Information regarding the 생물다양성협약(1992년)과 나고야의정서(2010년)의 체결 이후 우리나라는 한반도의 생물다양성 보전과 생물자원 확보를 위한 자생생물의 조사·발굴 연구에 박차를 가하였다. 이러한 계기로 2007년에 설립된 환경부 소속 국립생물자원관의 주도로 "한반도 자생생물 조사·발굴 연구사업"이 진행되었다. 본 사업은 2006년 이후 현재까지 15년 동안 5단계(1단계 2006~2008년, 2단계 2009~2011년, 3단계 2012~2014년, 4단계 2015~2017년, 5단계 2018~2020년)로 나누어 진행되었다. 연구의 결과, 본 사업의 이전에 29,916종(2006년)이던 한반도 자생생물이 본 사업의 각 단계가 마무리되는 시점에서 누계로 집계하여 볼 때, 1단계 33,253종(2008년), 2단계 38,011종(2011년), 3단계 42,756종(2014년), 4단계 49,027종(2017년), 그리고 5단계 54,428종(2020년)으로 급속히 증가하여 본 사업 기간 동안 한반도 자생생물 기록종이 약 1.8배 증가하였다. 이 통계자료는 이 기간 동안 연평균 2,320종의 한반도 미기록종이 새로이 기록된 것을 보여준다. 또한 전체 발굴종 중에서 총 5,242종의 신종을 기록하는 학술적 큰 성과를 거두었다. 분류군 별로는 총 연구 기간 동안 곤충 4,440종(신종 988종 포함), 무척추동물(곤충 제외) 4,333종(신종 1,492종 포함), 척추동물(어류) 98종(신종 9종 포함), 식물(관속식물과 선태식물) 309종(관속식물 176종, 선태식물 133종, 신종 39종 포함), 조류(algae) 1,916종(신종 178종 포함), 균류와 지의류 1,716종(신종 309종 포함), 그리고 원핵생물 4,812종(신종 2,226종 포함)이 한반도에서 새로이 기록되었다. 생물표본은 각 단계별로 집계하여 볼 때 1단계 247,226점(2008년), 2단계 207,827점(2011년), 3단계 287,133점(2014년), 4단계 244,920점(2017년), 그리고 5단계 144,333점(2020년)이 수집되어 연평균 75,429점, 총 1,131,439점의 생물표본이 채집되었다. 그중에서 곤충 281,054점, 곤충 이외의 무척추동물 194,667점, 척추동물(어류) 40,100점, 식물 378,251점, 조류(algae) 140,490점, 균류 61,695점, 그리고 원핵생물 35,182점이 채집되었다. 본 사업에 참여한 각 단계별 연구원/보조연구원(주로 대학원생)의 수는 1단계 597/268명, 2단계 522/191명, 3단계 939/292명, 4단계 575/852명, 그리고 5단계 601/1,097명으로 전체년도의 참여연구자는 연평균 395명, 총 연인원 약 5,000명이 참여하여 전국의 거의 모든 분류학자와 분류학 전공의 대학원생이 참여하였다. 본 사업 기간 동안 전문학술지 논문 3,488편(국내학술지 논문 2,320편, SCI급 국제학술지 논문 1,168편 포함)이 출판되었다. 본 사업 기간 중 자생생물 조사·발굴 사업 및 생물표본 확보 사업에 투입된 예산은 총 833억원(연평균 55억원)이다. 본 사업은 국가 주도의 대형 연구 프로젝트로서 전국의 거의 모든 분류학자가 참여하고 대규모 예산이 투입되어 단기간에 이루어 낸 한국식 압축성장의 한 성공 사례로 볼 수 있다. 본 사업의 종발굴 성과는 최근의 생물분류 체계로 분류되어 국가생물종목록으로 만들어졌으며, 전문가와 학생 및 일반 시민에게 제공되고 있다(https://species.nibr.go.kr/index.do). 본 사업에서 파생된 기재문, DNA 염기 서열, 서식처, 분포, 생태, 이미지, 멀티미디어 등 각 종의 정보는 디지털화되어 생물의 계통, 진화 연구 등 학문적 발전에 기여하였고, 기후변화에 따른 지표종의 변화 같은 생물분포 모니터링 사업과 바이오산업의 생물소재를 탐색하는 기반이 되었다. 본 사업을 통하여 젊은 분류인력(주로 대학원생)의 양성을 지원할 수 있었던 것

왕숙천 준설구간의 저서성 대형무척추동물 군집변동

배연재,박선영,윤일병,박재흥,배경석 ( Yeon Jae Bae,Sun Young Park,Il Byong Yoon,Jae Heung Park,Kyung Seok Bae ) 한국하천호수학회 1996 생태와 환경 Vol.29 No.4

Most of streams In Korea have been suffered from various anthrophogenic environmental changes such as frequent stream management projects, dredging for building materials, etc. The effects of stream bed dredging on the benthic macroinvertebrate community in a typical urban stream in Korea were studied. Study site was chosen in the mid-reach of the Wangsuk Creek (1 km section between Changhyon and Naegak) near Seoul which was completely dredged in December 1994. Reference sites were chosen at 2km upper and down stream. respectively. Quantitative and qualitative samplings, observations of habitat change, measurements of water quality and other environmental factors were conducted in January, April, August, and October 1995. As a result, benthic habitats were seriously destroyed and benthic algae, e.g., blue-greens, were bloomed since dredging. Fewer benthic macroinvertebrates occurred at the dredged area(mean species # 9.8; dominance 0.843: diversity 1.290), as compared with the upper stream (mean species # 24.3; dominance 0.448; diversity 3.266) or down stream (mean species # 17.5: dominance 0.701; diversity 2.041) ; only very tolerant species, e.g., oligochaete worms and blood worms, occurred in the dredged area. After flooding in July, water quality was somewhat improved and benthic algae were decreased; a few other benthic macroinvertebrates were introduced in Autumn. Based on the present study, we postulate that the dredging of urban streams caused sudden changes of water quality due to disturbance of benthic babitat and lack of self-purification: and subsequently introduced tolerant algae prevented from survival of other benthic macroinvertebrates, esp. hyporheos, by covering the stream bed. For the comparisons of the colonization pattern of benthic macroinvertebrates, long-term studies in preserved streams as well as in urban streams are needed.

OECD 다국적기업 가이드라인의 이의제기 절차와 국내연락사무소의 역할

배연재 ( Yeon Jae Bae ) 안암법학회 2015 안암 법학 Vol.0 No.47

The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises(hereinafter ‘OECD Guidelines’), especially through the 2011 revision, is positively assessed as having contributed to the development of international regulation of corporate activities. The Guidelines provide a set of recommendations addressed to multinational enterprises operating in or from adhering countries covering issues on general policies, disclosure, human rights, employment and industrial relations, environment, combating bribery, consumer interests, science and technology, competition, and taxation. Judging from the perspective of multinational enterprises, the Guidelines remain as voluntary and non-binding principles and standards which cannot be legally enforced. However, what differentiates the OECD Guidelines from other international norms on responsible business conduct is that the Guidelines are the only government-backed international instrument with a built-in grievance mechanism. Adhering countries are obliged to establish a National Contact Point(hereinafter ‘NCP’), and interested parties can lodge a complaint with the NCPs against multinational enterprises suspected of breaching the OECD Guidelines. Such grievance mechanism was introduced in 2000 and is operating to date. There have been, however, continuous criticisms on the impartiality, transparency, and expertise regarding the organization and operation of individual NCPs, and on the effectiveness of the complaint mechanism. These critiques are valid to a significant extent. Despite these drawbacks, the OECD Guidelines and the NCP system are considered to have positively contributed to the international efforts to enhance responsible business conduct. NCPs primarily provide a mediation and conciliation platform as a means of dispute settlement based on consensual agreement of the parties, and on top of this, conduct evaluative functions through fact finding, recommendations, and follow-up and monitoring. In other words, NCPs are assuming a role of a problem solver beyond a settlement facilitator. They clearly act as a starting point for unraveling the problems between multinational enterprises and local communities affected by corporate activities. NCPs provide the forum for interested parties to discuss all matters relating to the Guidelines, offer interpretations on substantive provisions, and make recommendations on the implementation of the Guidelines when appropriate. Moreover, through periodic roundtables and forums, peer reviews and peer learning, and continuous cooperation with various stakeholders, NCPs work towards to effectively improve the functions of NCPs. These efforts do not remain as mere attempts, but are strengthened in the OECD system. Over recent years, the Korean NCP has come under considerable criticisms due to its organization and operation, and passive manner towards specific instances involving Korean companies. As international monitoring of corporate conduct is ever more reinforcing globally, it will be hard for Korean companies to escape from the rules of the OECD Guidelines. Hence, it is necessary to reconsider the perceptions of the Korean companies, and to search for ways to improve the operation of the Korean NCP.

WTO 수산보조금협정에 관한 소고

배연재(Yeonjae Bae) 국제법평론회 2024 국제법평론 Vol.- No.67

Negotiations on the norms regulating fisheries subsidies were launched within the WTO framework as part of the Doha Development Agenda in 2001, and have been ongoing for over 20 years. The Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies was finalized at the 12th Ministerial Conference in June 2022. The Agreement is a significant outcome of more than two decades of negotiations on fisheries subsidies. It is the first multilateral agreement to recognize that certain trade policies, such as subsidies, can have harmful impacts on the world’s marine environment, and to address the environmental issue of marine sustainability in the WTO framework by building a harmonized and interrelated relationship among trade, environment, and development. This is significant because multilateral norms on subsidies are not limited to marine resource sustainability. The WTO Members are currently exploring the appropriate role and function of subsidies in the design of policies to effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions from domestic industries, especially as they face the challenge of combating climate change. This is because climate change response policies using subsidies may fall within the scope of the WTO Subsidies Agreement and be subject to countervailing measures, whereas fuel subsidies that are harmful to the environment may not be regulated as they do not meet the specificity requirement. Under these circumstances, the Agreement shows that it is possible for the Members to agree on trade norms for sustainable development in response to the negative spillover effects of subsidies. However, the Agreement is limited by its incomplete form, which had to leave out norms relating to subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, and special treatment for developing countries. In addition, the Agreement will be ineffective unless comprehensive norms on fisheries subsidies are agreed upon within four years of its entry into force, unless otherwise agreed upon by the Members. However, given that the current Agreement covers significant portion of dangerous situations in which subsidies can harm the marine environment, and that negotiations are currently underway to seek a comprehensive norm, it is possible that a comprehensive agreement could emerge that would encompass the outcomes of more than two decades of fisheries subsidy negotiations.

국제통상법의 최근 쟁점 ; 한국의 GATT/WTO체제 경험과 국제경제법학의 발전

배연재 ( Yeon Jae Bae ),박노형 ( No Hvoung Park ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2014 고려법학 Vol.0 No.73

한국은 세계 10위권 내의 통상국가이다. 한국이 통상국가로 발전할 수 있었던 주된 이유는 국제경제법의 관점에서 무엇보다도 한국의 GATT가입이라고 볼 수 있다. 한국이 1967년 GATT에 가입한 이후 무역 특히 수출을 기반으로 경제성장을 이룩할 수 있었기 때문이다. 한국이 GATT에 가입할 당시부터 20년 가까운 기간에 걸쳐 한국은 개발도상국으로서GATT에 규정된 의무를 사실상 이행하지 않아도 되었고, 다른 국가들이 이러한 한국의 상황에 큰 신경을 쓰지도 않았다. 그러나 한국이 1980년대에 들어서면서 무역규모가 급속하게 성장하고 무역수지의 흑자를 기록하면서, 한국은 GATT의무를 준수하도록, 특히 국제수지를 이유로 하는 수입제한조치를 취할 수 있는 GATT 제XVIII조 B절로부터 졸업하도록 강하게 압박을 받는다. 결국 1989년 한국은 GATT 제XVIII조 B절을 졸업하게 되어 GATT의무를 정상적으로 이행하게 되었다. 이로써 한국은GATT의 정상적인 체약국이 되었고, 이후 우루과이라운드 협상을 거쳐1995년부터 WTO체제의 원회원국으로 참여하고 있다. 이렇게 국제무역체제가 GATT체제에서 WTO체제로 성장하는 과정에서 한국에서는 국제경제법이 학문으로서 일반적으로 교육되고 연구되었다. 한국의 무역규모의 발전과 대외의존도의 심화에도 불구하고 한국의GATT 가입 이후 30년 가까운 기간 동안 국제경제법은 학문으로서 크게 발전하지 못하였다. 이 기간의 대부분은 한국이 개발도상국으로서 특히GATT 제XVIII조 B절에 따라 수량제한조치를 취할 수 있는 등 GATT의무를 준수할 필요가 없었던 만큼 국내적으로 GATT의 정치한 국제규범을 연구할 필요성이 적었다. 그러나 우루과이라운드에서 쌀시장 개방을 수용할 수밖에 없게 된 한국은 협상과 함께 국제경제법 전문성의 필요를 실감하게 되었고, 이후 국제경제법의 교육과 연구의 중요성이 인정되었다. 그러나 법학전문대학원이 출범한 이후 변호사시험 합격에 대한 학생들과 학교의 부담으로 적어도 현시점에 있어서 한국에서 법학과목으로서 국제경제법의 발전은 어려운 처지에 놓여 있다. 그럼에도 통상국가인 한국이 지속적으로 경제성장과 발전을 이룩하기 위해서는 국제경제관계를 규율하는 국제규범인 국제경제법의 올바른 이해가 필요하기 때문에 한국에서 국제경제법과 국제경제법학이 동시에 발전하기를 기대한다. Korea has been among the top 10 trading countries since 2009.The main reason for its economic development can be traced back to Korea’s accession to the GATT from the perspective of international economic law. Korea was able to achieve rapid economic growth based on trade, especially exports, since its accession in 1967. Over a span of about 20 years since 1967, Korea was not expected to perform its full obligations under the GATT as a developing country, and this was not much of a concern to other contracting parties. However, as Korea’s trade volumes rose rapidly during the 1980s and recorded trade surplus, Korea was pressed not to use trade restrictions for balance-of payment purposes under GATT Article XVIII:B, and to conform with full GATT obligations. Korea eventually agreed to disinvoke Article XVIII:B in 1989. Since then, Korea has been one of active participants of the GATT, and the WTO from its beginning in 1995. As the multilateral trade system transformed from the GATT to the WTO, international economic law was educated and studied as a branch of law in Korea. In spite of Korea’s trade growth and the deepening of foreign dependency, international economic law did not receive much attention for almost 30 years since GATT accession. As Korea was not obliged to fully follow the GATT obligations, in particular GATT Article XVIII:B, as a developing country, there was not much of a need domestically to study an elaborate set of international norms. However, after the Uruguay Round and Korea’s inevitable position to open up the rice market, the necessity of expertise in international economic law together with negotiations has gained wider recognition. The importance of education and research in international economic law has been accepted generally. With the new establishment of law schools, however, students and faculty members are pressured by the fact that their schools have to produce high pass rate on the bar examination, and international economic law as an optional subject is neglected at least at this point in time. Nevertheless, in order for Korea to continually grow and develop as one of leading trading countries, understanding of international economic law, a body of international norms regulating international economic relations, is unavoidable. A simultaneous development of Korea’s international trade and international economic law is necessary.

낙동강 상류 폐탄광의 산성광산배수가 저서성 대형무척추동물 군집에 미치는 영향

배연재 ( Yeon Jae Bae ) 한국하천호수학회 2012 생태와 환경 Vol.45 No.1

We investigated the effects of acid mine drainage (AMD) from abandoned coal mines on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the upper reaches of the Nakdong River from May to October in 2009. Qualitative and quantitative sampling (Surber sampler: 50×50 cm; mesh size, 0.2 mm) was conducted at 7 study sites and 3 control sites in the study area. We thus sampled 117 species belonging to 53 families, 15 orders, 6 classes, and 5 phyla; the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera group (EPTgroup) represented the majority of the benthic macroinvertebrate community (71 species; 64.5%). In the quantitative sampling, a total of 11,575 individuals belonging to 58 species of benthic maroinvertebrates were sampled from the study sites (Sites 1--7), whereas 2,844 individuals belonging to 79 species were sampled from the control sites (Sites A--C). Tolerant species such as oligochaetes, Epeorus pellucidus, Baetis fuscatus, Hydropsychidae species, and Chironomidae species were predominant in the study sites. The community indices for the study sites, such as MacNaughton`s dominance index (DI) (mean±SD, 0.52±0.21; range, 0.33--0.85) and the Shannon diversity index (H′) (2.06±0.60; 1.06--2.57), were different from those for the control sites (DI: 0.29±0.07, 0.22--0.35; H′: 3.13±0.14; 3.03--3.30). In the study sites, shredders and scrapers were scarce, whereas gathering-collectors (mainly Chironomidae species) were relatively abundant, as were clingers and burrowers. The detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and similarity analyses showed that benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the study sites were clearly separated from those of the control sites, with the greatest dissimilarity being noted at the uppermost study site (Site 1), which is located close to an abandoned coal mine. The Korean saprobic index (KSI) and the ecological score using benthic macroinvertebrates (ESB) showed that the uppermost study site (Site 1) was α-mesosaprobic or heavily polluted, whereas other study sites were in a fair or relatively good condition.

미국의 반덤핑 및 상계관세 판정에서의 ‘불리한 이용가능한 사실’의 적용에 관한 연구

배연재(Bae, Yeon Jae) 한국국제경제법학회 2016 국제경제법연구 Vol.14 No.3

최근 보호무역주의의 지속적인 확산과 함께 미국의 수입규제도 확대되고 있다. 이번 미국무역집행효율법에 따른 반덤핑 및 상계관세법 개정도 이러한 기조에서 이루어진 것으로서 특히 ‘불리한 이용가능한 사실’의 적용과 관련한 미국 조사당국의 재량권을 확대 및 강화하고 있다. 이에 따라 반덤핑 및 상계관세 조사와 재심 과정에서 대상기업들은 강화된 부담 하에 대응을 하고, 결과 측면에서도 보다 불리한 고율의 관세를 부과 받을 가능성이 높아졌다. 실제 우리나라의 철강 관련 사건에서 연속적으로 고율의 반덤핑 및 상계관세가 부과되었다. 이에 따라 ‘불리한 이용가능한 사실’과 관련한 개정법의 내용을 충분히 이해하고 이에 따른 법 적용의 변화를 지속적으로 주시하며, 조사당국의 자료 요청에 협조하여 신뢰와 협력관계를 유지하고, 관련 기업과 산업 및 정부가 전방위적으로 공동 대응하는 것이 필요하다. With the recent rise of trade protectionism, the U.S. has expanded its practice of import regulation. The amendments to the anti-dumping and countervailing duty laws, introduced by the Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015, are also in line with such trend, and in particular, the discretion of the U.S. Department of Commerce is broadened and strengthened. Accordingly, companies subject to investigation or review are required to respond with heavier burdens, and highly likely to be imposed with high dumping margins or subsidy rates. In fact, the U.S. consecutively imposed high rates of anti-dumping and countervailing duties on Korean companies in recent steel related cases. Hence, it is necessary to fully understand the amendments and continually monitor the changes to the application of such amendments, and maintain collaborative relationship with the Department of Commerce by amicably cooperating with its information requests. Moreover, it is important for the companies concerned, the industry and the government to collectively and proactively respond in full range.

한국의 기체결 FTA의 노동조항 및 한-EU FTA에 따른 노동분쟁의 국제법적 고찰

배연재(Yeonjae Bae) 한국국제경제법학회 2021 국제경제법연구 Vol.19 No.2

우리나라는 기체결하거나 서명/타결한 21개 FTA 중 10개 FTA에 당사국을 규율하는 노동기준 관련 조항을 포함하고 있다. 이들 10개 FTA는 대체로 유사한 형태 및 내용의 노동조항을 포함하고 있으나, 세부적으로 대상의무의 범위와 구속력 정도, 분쟁해결절차의 방식, ILO 핵심협약 비준 노력 등 사항에 있어 차이가 있는 것으로 파악된다. 그리고 개별협정별로 세부 내용에 있어 차이가 있으나, 미국과 EU가 채택한 노동장 모델로부터 상당한 영향을 받은 것으로 파악된다. 이러한 점들을 고려해 볼 때, 우리나라의 기체결 FTA는 무역 관련 노동기준에 관한 일관된 법·정책적 기준을 기초로 개별 FTA의 무역 관련 노동기준을 설정한다고 보기는 어려우며, 개별 FTA의 상대국, 그리고 그 상대국과의 협상 방향에 따라 좌우되는 측면이 보다 강한 것으로 판단된다. 2021년 1월 공개된 한-EU FTA 제13장(무역과 지속가능한 발전)에 기초한 우리나라와 EU 간 노동분쟁의 전문가 패널은 양 당사국이 제13.4.3조 제1문에 따라 결사의 자유 및 단체교섭권의 효과적 인정을 포함하는 기본 권리에 대한 원칙을 존중, 증진 및 실현할 구속력 있는 법적 의무를 부담하고, 제13.4.3조 제3문에 따라 ILO 핵심협약의 비준을 위한 계속적이고 지속적인 노력을 할 구속력 있는 법적 의무를 부담한다고 판단했다. 한-EU FTA 노동분쟁의 전문가 패널 결정이 한-EU FTA 모델을 따르는 다른 FTA의 해석에 최소한 고려의 대상이 될 수 있다는 점에서 우리나라가 기체결한 FTA의 노동조항의 문언을 구체적으로 검토하여 해당 문언의 법적 구속력이 모호한 경우를 확인하고, 추가적인 노동 관련 통상분쟁 발생 가능성에 사전적으로 대비하는 노력이 필요하다. 또한, 노동권 보호를 위한 규범이 통상 정책의 주요 의제로 부상함에 따라 이와 관련한 우리나라의 입장을 정립해 나아가는 것이 요청된다. Among the 21 FTAs that Korea has already concluded or signed/agreed, 10 FTAs include labor standards related provisions regulating the FTA parties. Although these 10 FTAs contain labor provisions of similar form and contents in general, there are specific differences in the scope and degree of binding obligations, dispute resolution procedures, efforts to ratify the core conventions of the ILO, and etc. Moreover, although there are differences in the details of each agreement, it seems that trade-related labor standards in Korea’s FTA were not established under a single legal policy, and that they were more strongly influenced by the counterparty of each agreement and the resulting negotiating process. The Report of the Panel of Experts established under Chapter 13 of the Korea-EU FTA (Trade and Sustainable Development), released in January 2021, concluded that the phrase in Article 13.4.3 ‘commit to respecting, promoting, and realising’ creates a legally binding obligation on the Parties to respect, promote and realise the principles of the fundamental rights including freedom of association, and that the last sentence of Article 13.4.3 imposes a legally binding obligation on the Parties to make ‘continued and sustained efforts towards ratification of the core ILO Conventions. In that the decision of the Panel may at least be considered in the interpretation of other FTAs that follow the Korea-EU FTA model, the text of the labor provisions of Korea’s FTA should be reviewed in detail. It is necessary to identify cases in which the legally binding force of the treaty language is ambiguous and to prepare in advance for the possibility of future labor-related trade disputes. In addition, as norms for the protection of labor rights emerge as the main agenda of trade policy, there is a need to establish a consistent position of Korea with regard to trade-related labor standards.

우포습지의 저서성 대형무척추동물 다양성과 군집 특성

배연재 ( Yeon Jae Bae ),조신일 ( Shin Il Jo ),황득휘 ( Duc Huy Hoang ),이황구 ( Hwang Goo Lee ),나국본 ( Kuk Bon Na ) 한국환경생태학회 2004 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.18 No.1

FTA를 통한 노동권 보호

배연재(Yeonjae Bae) 법무부 국제법무정책과 2014 통상법률 Vol.- No.117

The discussion on the linkage of international trade and labor rights has been around for some time, and labor issues have continued to unfold through different channels. Recent empirical researches have found that bilateral and regional free trade agreements(FTAs) are increasingly including labor provisions in substantial proportion, and this trend expects to be expanding. The U.S. is one of the countries taking active role in incorporating labor issues in the context of trade. The agreements reiterate the commitments included in the 1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-Up, especially the freedom of association, the rights to collective bargaining, the elimination of forced labor, the abolition of child labor and the elimination of discrimination in employment. Since the inclusion of labor provisions in NAFTA, the U.S. has regulated the obligation to enforce its national labor laws as well as international labor standards, and to subject these obligations to consultations, public communications, and dispute settlement which can lead to monetary assessments and trade sanctions. There are, however, examinations, showing that these labor provisions in FTAs have weaknesses in terms of enticing strong enforcement process. Furthermore, in light of the current practices of the U.S. with respect to labor disputes, the impact on labor reforms in partner countries has been insignificant. Indeed, mere quantitative increase of labor provisions in FTAs does not guarantee their effective implementation. Nonetheless, it should be noted that these observations employ sanction-based standards as a benchmark for assessing the effectiveness of labor provisions. These provisions consist of both conditional and promotional provisions which may or may not be enforced through hard enforcement procedures, and also the enforcement mechanism is diversly composed of cooperation arrangements, public communications as well as dispute settlement procedures. It is, therefore, restrictive to conclude on their effectiveness on the basis of sanction-based enforcement. The practice of the U.S. also shows that signatories prefer resolving their labor disputes through consultation and cooperation, rather than arbitration panels provided in the dispute settlement procedures. In order to continue the discussion of the linkage between international trade and labor, it is important to acknowledge the appropriate choice of norms and institutional arrangements for promoting the overall objective of protecting labor rights.