과학기술에 대한 일반시민의 지지도와 정치의식: 사회문제 해결형 연구를 중심으로

박희제,김명심,Bak, Hee-Je,Kim, Myungsim 기술경영경제학회 2016 Journal of Technology Innovation Vol.24 No.3

By analyzing a nationwide survey on Korean publics, this study examines the social determinants of public support for three types of scientific research-basic research aimed at pure knowledge, applied research toward industrial application, and research for social problem-solving which aims to enhance ordinary citizens' quality of life. The present study finds the differential effects of social- and political value orientations on the level of public support for respective types of research. As ones have more progressive in their subjective political orientations, they are more likely to support research for social problem-solving than other types of research, while conservatives tend to support basic research and those with neo-liberal ideology tend to support applied research. The Korean public also tends to perceive research for social problem-solving as a counter to basic research while it has been developed against the conventional emphasis on applied research in Korea. Also, the level of support for research for social problem-solving increases with the higher level of trust in scientific authority and expertise, while it has been developed against expertism and included public engagement in science as an important element. Finally, those who have lower income tend to support for research for social problem-solving than other types of research. The implications of these findings are discussed.

과학기술과 사회 연구의 현황과 과제

박희제,Bak, Hee-Je 기술경영경제학회 2017 Journal of Technology Innovation Vol.25 No.3

The goal of the present study is reviewing the literature on the scientific community and also on science, technology & society to increase interactions between innovation studies and social studies of science and technology. Up until now, various empirical studies on Korean scientists and engineers have been concentrated on researchers at universities, while they have paid inadequate attention to researchers at state-funded research institutes and private companies. In addition, these studies have tended to use concepts in Western academia to elucidate Korean cases. On the other hand, recent empirical researches on the effects of the evaluation systems in universities, PBS system, and the network of school ties suggest that these topics may reveal the unique characteristics of Korean scientific community. Empirical studies on the scientific community have also shown that Korean research institutes and researchers who are in charge of innovation in Korea have demonstrated a tendency to conform to the government's guidance due to long experiences of state-led R&D and nationalism. Research on science, technology and society has viewed the participation of citizens in science and technology as a way toward science and technology democracy, and tended to have a strong practical orientation. However, there has been a relatively small amount of research on how citizen participation influences the direction and content of technological innovation. Also, although, from the viewpoint of technological innovation, how participation of citizens in science and technology can contribute to knowledge production and innovation is a critical issue, relatively small numbers of case studies on this subject have been conducted. Therefore, as the scholars who have emphasized the democracy of science and technology have actually experimented with various ways of citizen participation, innovation researchers may have to design and implement citizen participation through which citizens' local knowledge can contribute to technological innovation.

Differences in Expert and Public Perceptions of Science Related Risk

Hee-Je Bak(박희제) 한국과학기술학회 2013 한국과학기술학회 학술대회 Vol.2013 No.5

과학기술 관련 사회갈등에 대한 이론적 이해

박희제(Bak, Hee-Je) 한국갈등학회 2023 한국갈등학회보 Vol.7 No.1

과학의 상업화와 과학자사회 규범구조의 변화

박희제(Bak Hee-Je) 한국사회학회 2006 韓國社會學 Vol.40 No.4

20세기 말부터 현대과학은 연구결과의 즉각적인 상용화라는 압력에 직면하고 있고 이에 따라 특히 상아탑이라는 우산 아래 교육과 연구를 수행해오던 과학자들의 규범구조와 조직체계가 커다란 변화를 맞고 있다. 이에 이 논문은 생물학과 물리학 전공 교수 24인에 대한 심층인터뷰를 바탕으로 과학의 상업화 경향이 우리나라 대학의 과학자사회가 갖고 있는 규범구조에 어떤 영향을 미치고 있는지를 ‘공유성’과 ‘이해관계의 초월’이라는 두 규범을 중심으로 살펴본다. 분석결과 우리나라의 대학의 일부분야에서는 지적재산권의 추구가 논문발표 이상으로 중요하게 간주되고 있었으며 연구주제의 선택에 있어서 실용성에 대한 강조도 널리 수용되고 있었다. 이러한 결과들을 바탕으로 이 논문은 우리나라의 대학에서 공유성과 이해관계의 초월이라는 전통적인 과학자사회의 규범의 통제력이 확립되지 못한 상태에서 지적재산권의 추구나 상업적 응용성의 강조와 같은 새로운 규범이 큰 저항 없이 확산되고 있음을 주장한다. 특히 국가주의적 과학관과 정부주도의 과학의 상업화라는 우리나라의 독특한 특징은 지적재산권의 추구나 실용성에 대한 강조를 개인의 이해관계 차원이 아니라 국가의 이해관계 차원에서 인식하도록 함으로써 새로운 규범을 정당화하는 데 기여하고 있었다. 그러나 동시에 국가주의적 과학관과 정부주도의 과학의 상업화는 우리나라 대학연구의 공적인 성격을 강화시킴으로써 과학의 상업화와 공공부문연구의 공적인 성격 사이의 갈등을 강화하는 측면 역시 갖고 있다. It is said that, since the late 20th century, modern science has been under the pressure to commercialize scientific outcomes as quickly as possible, which has caused significant changes in the normative structure and institutional systems of the academic scientific community. In this context, analyzing the results of in-depth interviews of 25 university faculties in physics and biology areas, this article examines the effects of commercialization of science on the normative structure of the scientific community in Korea. A particular attention is given to communality and disinterestedness. The results show that scientists in some areas weigh intellectual property over a research paper. It is also revealed that most scientists tend to consider the utilitarian treatment of science legitimate when they look for research topics. From these findings, this paper argues that new norms such as the pursuit of intellectual property and the emphasis on the applications of science have became widely spread in Korean universities where the conventional norms of the scientific community such as communality and disinterestedness were not deeply rooted yet. The distinctive features of Korean science such as the nationalist view of science and the state-guided commercialization of science have helped legitimatize the new norms by presenting them in terms of national interests rather than in terms of personal interests. At the same time, however, because they tend to strengthen the publicness of academic science in Korea, the nationalist view of science and the state-guided commercialization of science may foster the conflict between commercialization of science and the publicness of academic science.

누가 기후변화회의론자인가?

박희제(Hee-Je Bak),허주영(Ju-Young Huh) 한국환경사회학회 2012 환경사회학연구 ECO Vol.16 No.1

이 연구는 기후변화에 대한 한국인의 인식과 그 결정요인을 분석한다. 단일문항에 의존한 기존의 연구들은 한국인의 기후변화에 대한 관심과 우려정도가 세계에서 가장 높은 수준이라고 보고해왔다. 그러나 이 연구에서 보다 신뢰도가 높은 척도를 이용해 측정했을 때, 응답자의 약 25%만이 기후변화의 옹호론자였고, 약 13%는 회의론자였으며, 절대다수는 중도적인 입장으로 분류되었다. 전체적으로 한국인의 대다수는 기후변화에 대한 내용 자체를 부정하지는 않지만 기후변화 문제 해결에 낙관적이고 따라서 지나친 산업규제는 불필요하다고 생각하는 경향이 강했다. 기후변화에 대한 정보획득노력은 회의론을 감소시켰는데, 일반적으로 옹호론자들이 회의론자나 중도적 입장의 응답자에 비해 적극적으로 정보를 찾는 경향을 보여주었다. 일반적인 추측과 반대로 과학일반에 대한 신뢰정도는 회의론을 증가시키고 있었는데, 이는 과학에 대한 높은 신뢰가 과학기술을 통해 기후문제를 극복할 수 있을 것이라는 기후변화에 대한 낙관적인 태도를 낳기 때문으로 보인다. 보수적인 정치성향 역시 회의론을 증가시켰다. 이는 기후변화정책에서 논의되어 온 정부의 산업규제나 경제적 희생이 시장자유주의를 강조하는 보수적 정치성향에 반하기 때문으로 보이며, 앞으로 기후변화극복 정책이 본격화될 때 한국사회 역시 기후변화문제가 정치적 쟁점으로 확대될 수 있음을 시사한다. This study examines public perceptions of climate change and determinants of the perceptions in Korea. Relying on a single question to measure public perceptions of climate change, previous studies reported that Korean showed the highest level of concern about climate change. However, utilizing a more reliable scale, this study reveals that only about 25% of respondents are categorized as proponents of climate change while about 13% as skeptics. The majority of Korean public is in the middle. In general, Korean do not deny the scientific claims on climate change but tend to be optimistic of and prefer modest steps for overcoming the problem. Efforts to seek information decrease the skeptical view of climate change, so proponents tend to actively seek information of climate change compared to the others, including skeptics. Unlike our initial expectation, the level of confidence in science-in general tends to increase the skeptical view. This finding may reflect that the higher level of confidence in science leads people to a belief that climate change can be overcome by advance of science and technology. Conservative political orientation also tends to increase a skeptical view of climate change, because policy efforts for climate change are often perceived as the state regulation over industry and the sacrifice of economy for environment, which are against the conservative political ideology.

공중의 과학이해 연구의 두 흐름

박희제(Bak Hee-Je) 한국과학기술학회 2002 과학기술학연구 Vol.2 No.2

Without much communication, large-scale surveys of public knowledge of, and attitudes to, science (quantitative PUS) and case-study analyses of the public's understandings of science in particular (constructivist PUS) have dominated in the public understanding of science (PUS) area. Not only methodological preference but also a strong antipathy against value-orientations that each approach presumed to have and support has been barriers for quantitative PUS and constructivist PUS to benefit each other. In order to overcome such barriers, this paper demonstrates that value orientations guiding quantitative PUS have been much more diverse than what constructivist PUS researchers might think, and that quantitative PUS has indeed yielded the results consistent with and complementary to constructivist PUS. Finally this paper proposes that (1)quantitative PUS should test propositions provided by constructivist PUS, so that it can contribute much to the construction of more generalizable PUS theories and policies, and (2)constructivist PUS uses the outcome of quantitative PUS to develop more complex case studies which consider heterogeneous publics, trends of public evaluations of science, and how public attitudes to science in the abstract and public attitudes to science in particular in a specific context have effect on each other.

연구논문 : 친환경행동의 결정요인과 구조: 친환경행동의 다차원성과 환경의식의 영향을 중심으로

박희제 ( Hee Je Bak ),허주영 ( Ju Young Huh ) 한국환경정책학회 2010 환경정책 Vol.18 No.1

Using the structural equation models(SEM), this study has analyzed the structure of pro-environmental behaviors among Seoul citizens. The levels of environmental concerns turn out to have effects on both the high-burden and low-burden individual environmental behaviors. Unlike the low-cost strategy hypothesis, however, there is no difference in the effects of environmental concerns on two types of individual environmental behavior. Also, the younger generation are less likely to participate in pro-environmental behaviors. This pattern, being contradictory to the expectation of the post-materialism thesis, is consistent with not only individual environmental behaviors but also collective environmental behaviors. In addition to age, income has positive effects on collective environmental behaviors. The levels of environmental concerns, however, do not influence them. The levels of satisfaction to natural environment of residential areas are negatively associated with the levels of environmental concerns and indicate positive effects on the low-burden environmental behaviors. But they do not have effects on neither high-burden environmental behaviors nor collective environmental behaviors.

한국 과학자들의 과학자 사회 규범에 대한 인식과 평가

박희제(Bak Hee-Je) 한국과학기술학회 2007 과학기술학연구 Vol.7 No.2

By analyzing a nation-wide survey of Korean scientists, this article examines to what extent Mertonian norms of science-Universalism, Communality, Disinterestedness, Organized skepticism-work in the Korean scientific community. Respondents tend to evaluate that Universalism does not work in Korea mainly due to the effects of the prestige of universities. Women scientists also tend to point out the effect of gender against Universalism. The result of this study also shows that contradictory norms and values-Communality and Secrecy, Disinterestedness and an emphasis of industrial application and national needs in selecting research topic-mexist among Korean scientific community. The norm of Organized skepticism, denying any authority but scientific evidence in particular, is also evaluated as being often violated. The evaluation of the extent to which scientists follow Mertonian norms of science tends to depend much on research environment where each scientist works. Younger scientists who work under greater competitions, for example, tend to deny Disinterestedness in selecting research topics while they tend to emphasize Universalism and Organized skepticism.

더 나은 사회를 위한 과학을 향하여

박희제(Bak, Hee-Je),성지은(Seong, Ji Eun) 한국과학기술학회 2015 과학기술학연구 Vol.15 No.2

Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) is a concept emerging rapidly as a theoretical and methodological framework to shape science for better society, instead of merely for economic growth. While the responsibility of science usually means ethics of researchers in the process of research, RRI extends the concept of the responsibility by claiming that researchers should be responsible for the purpose and outcome of research as well. In addition, RRI proposes four interconnected concepts of anticipation, reflectivity, deliberativeness/inclusiveness, and responsibility as a methodological framework to achieve these tasks. However, RRI is not merely a theoretical concept but has been already practiced at many levels in real world. We discuss how RRI has been practiced and played important roles in reflecting on research and innovation policies in the past and guiding new policies by examining two research projects, STIR and SPICE, and three national R&D programs, EPSRC’s embracement of RRI in the Britain, MVI in the Netherlands, and R&D for social problem-solving in Korea.