문제해결 과제수행에서 나타나는 지적장애아동의 반복행동 특성

박찬웅 ( Chang Woong Park ) 한국지적장애교육학회 2009 지적장애연구 Vol.11 No.4

LC-MS/MS와 GC-MS/MS를 이용한 농산물 중 잔류농약 510종 모니터링

박찬웅 ( Chan Woong Park ),김효인 ( Hyo In Kim ),이선화 ( Seon Hwa Lee ),이창희 ( Chang Hee Lee ),김우성 ( Woo Seong Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2022 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2022 No.-

The remaining pesticides and their metabolites are great concern to society as they are harmful to human health. Therefore maximum residual limits (MRLs) are established and managed in many countries. In Republic of Korea, positive list system (PLS) for all of the agricultural products was also introduced for the safe management of residual pesticides and analysis methods have been developed to support it. Therefore, in this study, the residues of 510 pesticides were monitored for 77 domestically distributed agricultural products in Korea by the newly developed multi pesticide residue analysis method. Samples were extracted by the QuEchERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Monitoring result showed 32.5 % of frequency of occurrence (25/77) with the total of 44 pesticides determination. The amount of each pesticides detected are as follows; carbendazim (0.01∼0.41 mg/kg), dinotefuran (0.01∼0.13 mg/kg), pyraclostrobin (0.03∼0.10 mg/kg), tebuconazole (0.01∼0.04 mg/kg). Residual pesticides were detected with considerable high frequency in apples and mandarins. The amount of pesticides detected in all samples was lower than MRLs.

쭈쭈가무시병 218 예의 임상적 고찰

박창현(Chang Hyun Park),박찬웅(Chan Woong Park),심승식(Seung Sig Sim),정만(Mann Jung),이영미(Young Mi Lee),류형선(Hyung Sun Ryeu),김지운(Ji Woon Kim) 대한내과학회 1993 대한내과학회지 Vol.45 No.4

Background: Tsutsugamushi disease is a common febrile illness. For the better understanding it, we need more studies on its clinical and epidemiological characteristics. Methods: We analyzed clinically and epidemiological-ly 218 cases of tsutsugamushi disease which were diagnosed at St. Columban Hospital in 1990 and 1991. Results: Of the 218 cases, the age distribution ranged from teen-agers to the nineties: the 50's, 31.7%: the 60's, 23.4%. and the 40's, 22.5%. Among them. 104 cases were males and 114 cases were females. The ratio of male and female was 1:l.l. The monthly incidence rates were November, 67.4%: October, 24.3%: December, 7.8%: and September, 0.5%. The frequent symptoms and their rates were as follows: fever and chills, 97%: myalgia, 96%: headache, 95%. and fatigue, 83%. Rash, eschar, and lymphadenopathy were observed at the rate of 96%, 85.6%. and 39.4%, respectively. The laboratory findings showed such percentages as elevation of AST, 91.7%: ALT, 68.8%: and alkaline phosphatase, 57.2%. The positive indirect immunofluor-escent antibody test and cross serologic reaction rate of Hantavirus and Tsutsugamushi were observed at the rates of 62.4%, 11.5%, respectively. Increased interstitial markings of the chest X-ray were also observed in 59 cases (27.1%). There were good responses to the treatment of dox-ycycline and chloramphenicol, but no responses to the other antibiotics such as ampicillin and cephapirin. Conclusion: Tsutsugamushi disease is an acute febrile illness which is characterized by fever and chills, head- ache, mylagia, resh, and eachar during autumn and early winter, therefore we make every efforts for the early diagnosis and treatment before serologic examination.

Synthesis of Higenamine and its Cardiovascular Effects in Rabbit: Evidence for ${\beta}-Adrenoceptor$ agonist

장기철,임정규,박찬웅,Chang, Ki-Churl,Lim, Jung-Kyoo,Park, Chan-Woong The Korean Society of Pharmacology 1986 대한약리학잡지 Vol.22 No.2

최근에 미나라아제비과 (Ranunculaceae)에 속하는 부자(Aconiti tuber)로부터 강심작용을 나타내는 성분을 분리하여 Higenamine이라 명명하였고 그 작용기전을 밝히려는 시도가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그러나 생약제로 부터 얻을 수 있는 Higenamine은 극히 미량이고 그 과정 또한 복잡하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 유효성분을 대량 얻기 위한 방법으로서 전합성(total Synthesis)을 시도하였으며 IR, UV, NMR 및 elemental 분석등을 통하여 합성된 물질을 확인하였으며 가토에 대하여 in vivo에서 혈압, 심박동수, 호흡 및 말초저항에 미치는 영향과 아울러 in vitro에서 심근수축 증강작용(positive inotropic action) 및 심박속도 증강작용(positivechronotropic action)을 관찰 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) Higenamine은 $1-10\;{\mu}g/kg/min$ 정맥주사시 수축기 및 이완기혈압 모두를 용량 의존적으로 하강시켰고 후자가 전자보다 더욱 현저하였으며 호흡은 촉진되었고 말초 혈류량은 증가되었으나 심박동수는 영향이 없었다. 2) 혈압에 대한 Higenamine의 작용은 propranolol 전처치에 의하여 억제되었다. 3) Higenamine의 catechol핵과 커다란 아미노기는 베타 수용체기 대하여 전자는 활성을 후자는 친화력과 관계있을 것으로 추정하였다. 이상의 결과 Higenamine은 adrenergic ${\beta}$-수용체에 작용하여 그 작용을 발휘하는 것으로 사료 되었다. Higenamine, dl-1-( 4-hydroxybenzyl)-6, 7-dihydroxy-1 ,2, 3 ,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline has been synthesized and evaluated for hemodynamic actions using rabbits under pentobarbital anesthesia. Concentration-related fall of mean blood pressure was observed, where diastolic blood presure was significantly lowered at 10 ug/kg/min or above (p<.05), while the systolic blood pressure was slightly increased or unaffected, thereby, causing increment of pulse pressure. No significant change was occured in heart rate, however, carotid artery blood flow was significantly (p<.05) increased. These actions were inhibited with pretreatment of 0.3 mg/kg of propranolol, beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, 5 minutes before infusion of higenamine indicating that higenamine compete with propranolol for the so-called beta adrenergic receptor. As comparison, the same procedure was applied to isoproterenol as well, where typical antagonism of propranolol against isoproterenol was shown. From these findings the vasodilating and diastolic blood pressure lowing effects could be explained in terms of cardiac beta stimulating action, however, dopamine receptor activation could not be excluded because no significant changes observed in chronotropism.

Higenamine의 합성 및 가토의 심혈관계에 미치는 영향 : 베타-아드레날린성 효능 약물

장기철(Ki-Churl Chang),임정규(Jung-Kyoo Lim),박찬웅(Chan-Woong Park) 대한약리학회 1986 대한약리학잡지 Vol.22 No.2

최근에 미나라아제비과 (Ranunculaceae)에 속하는 부자(Aconiti tuber)로부터 강심작용을 나타내는 성분을 분리하여 Higenamine이라 명명하였고 그 작용기전을 밝히려는 시도가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그러나 생약제로 부터 얻을 수 있는 Higenamine은 극히 미량이고 그 과정 또한 복잡하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 유효성분을 대량 얻기 위한 방법으로서 전합성(total Synthesis)을 시도하였으며 IR, UV, NMR 및 elemental 분석등을 통하여 합성된 물질을 확인하였으며 가토에 대하여 in vivo에서 혈압, 심박동수, 호흡 및 말초저항에 미치는 영향과 아울러 in vitro에서 심근수축 증강작용(positive inotropic action) 및 심박속도 증강작용(positivechronotropic action)을 관찰 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) Higenamine은 1-10μg/kg/min 정맥주사시 수축기 및 이완기혈압 모두를 용량 의존적으로 하강시켰고 후자가 전자보다 더욱 현저하였으며 호흡은 촉진되었고 말초 혈류량은 증가되었으나 심박동수는 영향이 없었다. 2) 혈압에 대한 Higenamine의 작용은 propranolol 전처치에 의하여 억제되었다. 3) Higenamine의 catechol핵과 커다란 아미노기는 베타 수용체기 대하여 전자는 활성을 후자는 친화력과 관계있을 것으로 추정하였다. 이상의 결과 Higenamine은 adrenergic β-수용체에 작용하여 그 작용을 발휘하는 것으로 사료 되었다. Higenamine, dl-1-( 4-hydroxybenzyl)-6, 7-dihydroxy-1 ,2, 3 ,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline has been synthesized and evaluated for hemodynamic actions using rabbits under pentobarbital anesthesia. Concentration-related fall of mean blood pressure was observed, where diastolic blood presure was significantly lowered at 10 ug/kg/min or above (p<.05), while the systolic blood pressure was slightly increased or unaffected, thereby, causing increment of pulse pressure. No significant change was occured in heart rate, however, carotid artery blood flow was significantly (p<.05) increased. These actions were inhibited with pretreatment of 0.3 mg/kg of propranolol, beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, 5 minutes before infusion of higenamine indicating that higenamine compete with propranolol for the so-called beta adrenergic receptor. As comparison, the same procedure was applied to isoproterenol as well, where typical antagonism of propranolol against isoproterenol was shown. From these findings the vasodilating and diastolic blood pressure lowing effects could be explained in terms of cardiac beta stimulating action, however, dopamine receptor activation could not be excluded because no significant changes observed in chronotropism.

Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on the Oxygen Free Radical Production in the Post-ischemic Reperfused Heart

박종완,김영훈,엄창섭,배재문,박찬웅,김명석,Park, Jong-Wan,Kim, Young-Hoon,Uhm, Chang-Sub,Bae, Jae-Moon,Park, Chan-Woong,Kim, Myung-Suk The Korean Society of Pharmacology 1994 대한약리학잡지 Vol.30 No.3

허혈전처치(ischemic preconditioning)의 재관류심근손상 보호작용과 그 기전을 규명하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 허혈전처치가 심근세포의 산소라디칼 생성능력에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 흰쥐 적출심장의 Langendorff 관류표본에서 실험적인 허혈(30분)-재관류(20분)손상을 유도하였고, 허혈전처치는 재관류손상 유도전에 5분 허혈-5분 재관류를 3회 반복하여 시행하였다. 허혈심근 재관류손상의 지표로 심수축기능, 세포질효소 유출, 칼슘 유입 및 미세형태학적 변화를, 그리고 심근세포의 산소라디칼 생성기전으로 xanthine oxidase system의 변동을 허혈전처치와 비전처치 재관류 심장들에서 비교검토하였다. 연구 성적은 다음과 같다. 1. 허혈전처치는 허혈-재관류 심장의 관상혈류량, 심박수, 좌심실압 등 심기능의 저하를 현저히 회복시켰다(회복률; 91%) 2. 허혈-재관류 심장에서 lactate dehydrogenase 유출증가는 허혈전처치에 의해 현저히 저하되었다. 3. 허혈-재관류 심근세포의 전자현미경상 미세구조는 허혈전처치시 비교적 잘 보존되었으며, 특히 myofibril 구조의 보존이 매우 뚜렷하였다. 4. 허혈-재관류시 산화성 조직손상 척도의 하나인 malondialdehyde 생성이 허혈전처치에 의하여 현저히 감소되었다. 5. 허혈전처치 심장에서 xanthine oxidase(D,O 및 D/O형)활성은 변화되지 않았으나 그 기질인 hypoxanthine의 조직함량은 현저히 감소되었다. 이상의 결과들로 부터 허혈전처치는 세포수준에서 허혈심근의 재관류손상을 방지하며, 허혈전처치에 따른 산소라디칼 생성 감소가 재관류손상 방지에 일부 기여할 수 있으리라 사료된다.an을 2주간 처치한 경우에도 영향을 받지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 아마도 losartan의 내피세포에 대한 작용은 constitutive NO 생성을 증가시키나 inducible NO 생성에는 영향을 미치지 않을 것으로 여겨진다.cium ion이 상당히 중요한 역할을 하는데, 특히 소뇌에서의 NO생성의 감소는 이들 약물들의 치명적 부작용인 tardive dyskinesia와 매우 깊은 관련을 추측할 수 있다. 그러나, 더 많은 약물들의 검색으로 일관적인 기본 결과가 필요 되고 또 각개 약물의 특정적 기전이 연구되기 위하여 현재 실험중이다.(신칭(新稱), Cystostereum subabruptum), 털융단버섯(신칭(新稱), Tomentella pilosa), 노란소나무무늬버섯(신칭(新稱), Asterostroma laxum), 붉은소나무비늘버섯(신칭(新稱), Hymenochaete cruenta), 가루소나무비늘버섯(신칭(新稱), Hymenochaete fuliginosa), 소나무비늘버섯(신칭(新稱), Hymenochaete tabacina), 갈색시루삔버섯(신칭(新稱), Inonotus radiatus), 벚나무진흙버섯(신칭(新稱), Phellinus pomaceus), 회주름구멍버섯(신칭(新稱), Antrodia crassa), 층주름구멍버섯(신칭(新稱), Antrodia serialis), 흰그물구멍버섯(신칭(新稱), Ceriporia reticulata), 겹친손등버섯(신칭(新稱), Oligoporus balsameus), 점박이손등버섯(신칭(新稱), Oligoporus guttulatus), 무른흰살버섯(신칭(新稱), Oxyporus cuneatus), 각목버섯(신칭(新稱), The protective effect of 'ischemic preconditioning (PC)' on ischemia-reperfusion injury of heart has been reported in various animal species, but without known mechanisms in detail. In an attempt to investigate the cardioprotective mechanism of PC, we examined the effects of PC on the myocardial oxidative injuries and the oxygen free radical production in the ischemia-reperfusion model of isolated Langendorff preparations of rat hearts. PC was performed with three episodes of 5 min ischemia and 5 min reperfusion before the induction of prolonged ischemia (30 min)-reperfusion(20 min). PC prevented the depression of cardiac function (left ventricular pressure x heart rate) observed in the ischemic-reperfused heart, and reduced the release of lactate dehydrogenase during the reperfusion period. On electron microscopic pictures, myocardial ultrastructures were relatively well preserved in PC hearts as compared with non-PC ischemic-reperfused hearts. In PC hearts, lipid peroxidation of myocardial tissue as estimated from malondialdehyde production was markedly reduced. PC did not affect the activity of xanthine oxidase which is a major source of oxygen radicals in the ischemic rat hearts, but the myocardial content of hypoxanthine (a substrate for xanthine oxidase) was much lower in PC hearts. It is suggested from these results that PC brings about significant myocardial protection in ischemic-reperfused heart and this effect may be related to the suppression of oxygen free radical reactions.

Higenamine의 강심작용기전(强心作用機轉)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) -Ca⁺⁺과의 상호작용(相互作用)-

장기철(Ki Chul Chang),임정규(Jung Kyoo Lim),박찬웅(Chan Woong Park),김명석(Myung Suk Kim) 대한약리학회 1981 대한약리학잡지 Vol.17 No.2

심근 수축기전에 있어서 중심적인 역할을 하는 칼슘 이온과 Hienamine과의 상호작용을 비교 검토하였고 아울러 이 강심효과에 대하여 칼슘길항제인 란타눔과 verapamil을 사용하여 이에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. Higenamine은 적출 가토좌심방근에 대해 심근의 칼슘과 상호보완적인 상승 및 상가작용을 나타내었고 Higenamine 10^-7g/ml은 0.058mM의 칼슘과 동등한 심근 수축증강효과를 나타내었으며 부자부타놀 분획물과 비교할 때 약 1,000배 정도 강력한 강심작용을 나타내었다. 또한 심근세포막의 칼슘유입을 억제한 조건인 란타눔과 verapamil처치시에도 Higenamine은 용량의존적으로 저하된 심근 수축력을 회복시킴으로 미루어 볼 때 Higenamine외 강심작용기전의 일부는 세포막을 통한 칼슘의 유입을 촉진시키는 것일 것으로 추측하였다. Higenamine (Ca₂₆H₁₇No₃. HCI, d1-1- (4-hydroxybenzyl) -6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroiso-quinoline hydrochloride), which has recently teen isolated from the Aconite root, was known to the cardiotonic component of the Aconite root. The positive inotropic effect of Higenamine was observed in the isolated electrically driven left atrium from rabbits with respect to the influences of extracellular calcium and of calcium antagonists, e.g. La⁺⁺⁺ and verapamil. A synergistic relation in the positive inotropic effect could be demonstrated between Higenamine and extra cellular calcium. The inotropic potency of 10^-7 g/ml Higenamine was equivalant to that of 0.058 mM of calcium in the medium. In the preparation, of which contractility had been reduced by the treatment of La⁺⁺⁺(10^-5-10^-4M) and verapamil(2 ×10^-7-10^-6M), Higenamine was able to restore the contractility. These results indicated that one of the possible mechanism of positive inotropism of Higenamine was to accelerate the influx of calcium from the extracellular space through the sarcolemma.

Procainamide와 그 대사산물(N-acetylprocainamide)의 약동학적 분석에 관한 연구

장인진(In-Jin Chang),신재국(Jae-Gook Shin),신상구(Sang-Goo Shin),박찬웅(Chan-Woong Park),임정규(Jung-Kyoo Lim) 대한약리학회 1989 대한약리학잡지 Vol.25 No.1

To evaluate disposition characteristics of procainamide and its active metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA), cross-over study for procainamide and NAPA was performed in 5 male adult dogs. After single administration of 10 mg/kg procainamide over 15 minutes, the range of measured plasma NAPA concentrations during experimental period were 0.03 to 0.124 ug/ml and early dip phenomenon was distinct on NAPA concentration to time curve in all 5 dogs. Volume of distribution (Vss) and central compartment volume (Vc) of procainamide were 1.20 ± 0.27 L/kg of body weight and 0.36 ± 0.08 L/kg, respectively. Vss and Vc of NAPA were 1.21 ± 0.21 L/kg and 0.26 ± 0.07 L/kg, respectively. Intercompartmental clearance (Clint) of procainamide was 3.44 L/kg/hr and that of NAPA was 1.62 L/kg/hr. Total body clearance (Cl) of procainamide and NAPA were 0.47 ± 0.08 and 0.35 ± 0.08 L/kg/hr. The half-life (t_1/2β) of procainamide and NAPA were 2.85 hrs and 2.77 hrs, respectively. Metabolic clearance (Clm)of procainamide by N-acetylation was 18.24 ± 6.22 ml/kg/hr, which corresponded to 3.9% of total procainamide clearance. Procainamide를 투여후 이 약물 및 활성형 대사산물인 N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA)의 약동학적 성상을 알아보기 위해 숫컷 성견 5마리에 procainamide 및 NAPA를 교차 투여하여 얻은 혈장농도 data를 2-compartmental model에 의해 약동학적 분석을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 10mg/kg의 procainamide를 1회 15분간 정주후 혈장 procainamide 농도변화는 명백한 분포기와 소실기를 보였으며 생성된 NAPA의 혈장농도는 시간경과에 따라 최고혈장농도는 0.124μg/ml 이하이었으며 정주 직후 조직분포에 따른 혈장농도의 일시적으로 감소 후 증가하는 초기 dip 현상을 보였다. 2. Procainamide의 steady-state 분포용적(Vss) 및 central compartment volume (Vc)은 각각 1.20 ± 0.27 L/kg 및 0.36 ± 0.08 L/kg 이였으며 NAPA의 Vss및 Vd는 1.21 ± 0.21 L/kg 및 0.26 ± 0.07 L/kg이었다. 3. Procainamide 및 NAPA의 청소율(Cl)은 각 0.47 ± 0.08 L/kg/hr와 0.35 ± 0.08 L/kg/hr 이었으며 혈장 반감기(t_1/2β)는 각각 2.85 및 2.77 시간이었다. 4. N-acetylation에 의한 Procainamide의 대사청소율은 18.24 ± 6.22 ml/kg/hr로 이는 전체 procainamide 청소율의 3.9%를 차지하였다.

Pharmacokinetics of Procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide

장인진,신재국,신상구,박찬웅,임정규,Chang, In-Jin,Shin, Jae-Gook,Shin, Sang-Goo,Park, Chan-Woong,Lim, Jung-Kyoo The Korean Society of Pharmacology 1989 대한약리학잡지 Vol.25 No.1

Procainamide를 투여후 이 약물 및 활성형 대사산물인 N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA)의 약동학적 성상을 알아보기 위해 숫컷 성견 5마리에 procainamide 및 NAPA를 교차 투여하여 얻은 혈장농도 data를 2-compartmental model에 의해 약동학적 분석을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 10mg/kg의 procainamide를 1회 15분간 정주후 혈장 procainamide 농도변화는 명백한 분포기와 소실기를 보였으며 생성된 NAPA의 혈장농도는 시간경과에 따라 최고혈장농도는 $0.124{\mu}g/ml$ 이하이었으며 정주 직후 조직분포에 따른 혈장농도의 일시적으로 감소 후 증가하는 초기 dip 현상을 보였다. 2. Procainamide의 steady-state 분포용적(Vss) 및 central compartment volume (Vc)은 각각 $1.20{\pm}0.27\;L/kg$ 및 $0.36{\pm}0.08\;L/kg$ 이였으며 NAPA의 Vss및 Vd는 $1.21{\pm}0.21\;L/kg$ 및 $0.26{\pm}0.07\;L/kg$이었다. 3. Procainamide 및 NAPA의 청소율(Cl)은 각 $0.47{\pm}0.08\;L/kg/hr$와 $0.35{\pm}0.08\;L/kg/hr$ 이었으며 혈장 반감기$(t_{1/2{\beta}})$는 각각 2.85 및 2.77 시간이었다. 4. N-acetylation에 의한 Procainamide의 대사청소율은 $18.24{\pm}6.22\;ml/kg/hr$로 이는 전체 procainamide 청소율의 3.9%를 차지하였다. To evaluate disposition characteristics of procainamide and its active metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA), cross-over study for procainamide and NAPA was performed in 5 male adult dogs. After single administration of 10 mg/kg procainamide over 15 minutes, the range of measured plasma NAPA concentrations during experimental period were 0.03 to 0.124 ug/ml and early 'dip' phenomenon was distinct on NAPA concentration to time curve in all 5 dogs. Volume of distribution (Vss) and central compartment volume (Vc) of procainamide were $1.20{\pm}0.27\;L/kg$ of body weight and $0.36{\pm}0.08\;L/kg$, respectively. Vss and Vc of NAPA were $1.21{\pm}0.21\;L/kg$ and $0.26{\pm}0.07\;L/kg$, respectively. Intercompartmental clearance (Clint) of procainamide was 3.44 L/kg/hr and that of NAPA was 1.62 L/kg/hr. Total body clearance (Cl) of procainamide and NAPA were $0.47{\pm}0.08$ and $0.35{\pm}0.08\;L/kg/hr$. The half-life $(t_{1/2{\beta}})$ of procainamide and NAPA were 2.85 hrs and 2.77 hrs, respectively. Metabolic clearance (Clm)of procainamide by N-acetylation was $18.24{\pm}6.22\;ml/kg/hr$, which corresponded to 3.9% of total procainamide clearance.

파킨슨씨병 모델 흰쥐에서 줄무늬체 도파민 수용체의 발현에 대한 연구

오창완,한대희,정천기,조사선,박경한,김용식,박찬웅,Oh, Chang-Wan,Han, Dae Hee,Chung, Chun Kee,Cho, Sa-Sun,Park, Kyeong-Han,Kim, Yong-Sik,Park, Chan-Woong 대한신경외과학회 2000 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.29 No.2

This study was designed to investigate the underlying mechanisms for the temporal changes of the striatal dopamine D2 receptors in the rat model of parkinsonism. After injection of the 6-hydroxydopamine into the substantia nigra of adult rats, we measured the receptor binding capacity(Bmax), mRNA and protein of the D2 receptor at 2, 4 and 8 weeks. Following the lesion, mRNA and protein were elevated simultaneously on both sides of the striata. They showed more increase on the normal side at 2 and 4 weeks, and then they were almost equally abundant on both sides at 8 weeks. We also observed their increased production in the diffuse cortical and subcortical regions. The Bmax value also increased bilaterally in both striata, and was higher on the normal side at 2 weeks and then on the lesioned side at 4 and 8 weeks. These findings suggest that production of the striatal D2 receptor is regulated at the transcriptional level in this animal model. They also imply that this control may be mediated through a pathway which can have influence on the whole brain, rather than the local control of the dopamine content alone. The measured functional activity(Bmax) of the D2 receptor was not proportional to the amount of the receptor mRNA and proteins produced. This difference may be explained by the post-translational modification of the receptor proteins, which may be controlled by such factor as the local concentration of dopamine.