식민지시기 "인천대신궁"의 공간 변용과 재인천 일본인: 유락과 기념의 장소에서 식민지배의 동원장으로

박진한 ( Jin Han Park ) 연세대학교 국학연구원 2013 동방학지 Vol.162 No.-

이 글에서는 개항기 재인천 일본인들이 건립한 인천대신궁을 소재로 한일병합 이후 신사/공원이 점차 식민통치의 공식적인 기구로 편입되는 과정에 대해 살펴보았다. 그 내용을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대신궁 건립 사업은 국가주의 성향의 에나미를 비롯한 지역 유지와 새로운 의례를 창출해지역사회의 주도권을 장악하고자 했던지역 경제인들이 주도했다. 이들은 단순히 종교적인 신심이나 자국 풍의 (종교적) 문화 환경을 제공하기 위해서라기보다 메이지 정부가 추진한 국가신도화 작업과 공명하는 가운데 경제적 이해관계를 공고히 하고자 대신궁 건립사업을 추진했던 것으로 보인다. 둘째, 인천대신궁의 경내는 공원의 지목을 단 공원지로 등록되었다. 이는 일본 전관 조계의 면적이 협소해 공공시설 용지가 충분하지 못한 상황에서 "정원과 휴식의 장소"를 확보하는 동시에 조선정부가 부과하는 토지세를 면제받기 위해서였다. 이처럼 공원 부지 안에 일본식 전통 신사 건물이 병존하는 일본공원에는 요정 같은 위락시설이 들어서 "썰렁하고 적적한" 대신궁 경내와 "시끄럽게 북적대는" 요리점이 묘한 대조를 이루는 이른바 성속이 혼재한 유흥지로 기능했다. 하지만 청일, 러일전쟁 이후 제국주의 침략과 승전을 기념하는 행사가 개최되면서 대신궁은 재인천 일본인의 국민적 일체감과 민족적 우월감을 과시하는 식민통치의 이데올로기 장치로 활용되었다. 셋째, 한일병합 이후 인천부는 다이쇼천황의 즉위식을 기념하기위한 대전행사의 일환으로 신사 건물 개축을 계획하고 이에 소요되는 비용을 일반에 전가시키고자 신자조직인 우지코(氏子) 결성을 지시했다. 그리고 대신궁은 부제 및 신사사원 규칙 같은 각종제도와 법률을 통해 ``인천신사``로 이름을 바꾸고 식민통치의 공식적인 기구로 편입되었다. 더욱이 인천신사는 만주사변 이후 총력전체제 하에서 황민화 정책을 교육하는 한편 인천시내 소학교와 중학교 학생들의 노동을 동원하는 현장으로 이용되었다. In this paper, we examined how the Grand Shinto Shrine of Incheon built by the Japanese settler turn into colonial official institution during colonial era. To summarize its content is as follows: First, the Grand Shinto Shrines of Incheon was planned by the local leader to take control on Japanese community and the local businessman to strengthen economic hegemony. They seem to be taken the lead in construction on the Grand Shinto Shrines to make their economic interests more solidified rather than to provide religious facility similar to hometown. Second, the grounds of the Grand Shinto Shrine were registered as park zone. It was to ensure "gardens and resting places" in situations that the land for public facilities such as parks, etc was insufficient because the area of Japan Chamberlain Concession was narrow and to be exempt from land tax the Choseon government imposed. However, entertainment facilities like high-class restaurants and restaurants came out so the grounds of the Incheon Grand Shrine could be resort destinations to contrast "chilly and lonely parks" with "loudly adult entertainment districts" fumingly. but Grand Shrine became to be the ideological device of colonial rule to show national unity and ethnic superiority, as there was been used as a event site to celebrate a victory of Russo-Japanese war. Third, Incheonbu(an administrative agency of Incheon district during colonial period) planed to reconstruct a Grand Shinto Shrine to commemorate a coronation of Emperor Taish? and organized local residents worshiping the Grand Shrine to shift a economic burden. Also Grand Shrine changed the name to Incheon Shrine through Shrine-Temple rules(1915) and was to be an official instrument on colonial rule.

공급자 개발에서 공급자의 학습역량은 기술혁신에 어떠한 역할을 하는가?

박진한,김진한,Park, Jinhan,Kim, Jin-Han 기술경영경제학회 2015 Journal of Technology Innovation Vol.23 No.3

본 연구는 구매자-공급자 간 협력에 기반을 둔 기술혁신 성과창출에서 공급자 조직 학습역량의 역할에 초점을 두고 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 국내 제조업에 종사하고 있는 중소기업 221개사를 이용하여 매개효과분석을 수행하였다. 실증검증 결과, 공급자의 기술혁신 성과에 대한 구매자의 직접지원(기술인력 지원, 기계도구 및 검사장비 지원, 설비사용 교육)은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았지만, 구매자의 간접지원(지식, 노하우, 가치, 정보 공유)은 긍정적이며 유의한 효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 매개효과분석을 위한 추가 검증 결과, 공급자의 학습역량과 구매자의 간접지원 사이에 부분 매개효과가 존재한 반면에 구매자의 직접지원과 공급자의 학습역량 간에는 완전 매개효과가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구결과는 구매자의 간접지원이 공급자의 기술혁신 성과를 향상시키는데 더욱 중요한 역할을 할 수 있음을 제시한다. This study focuses on the role of supplier's organizational learning capacity in creating the outcomes of technological innovation based on buyer-supplier collaboration. In doing so, the study is carried out through mediating effect analysis using 221 small and medium enterprises among Korean manufacturers. As a result of empirical tests, buyer's indirect supports(knowledge, know-how, value, information sharing) have significant and positive effects on the outcomes of technological innovation, whereas direct supports(technical staff support, machine tools and test equipments support, education for facility utilization) show no statistical significance. In addition, a further test for mediation effects reveals that a full mediation exists between supplier learning capacity and buyer's direct support, while there is a partial medication effect for buyer's indirect support. The findings suggest that buyer's indirect support can take on more important role to enhance the outcomes of supplier's technological innovation.

게임을 읽는 머리, 스포츠지능을 측정하기 위한 컴퓨터 기반 스포츠 인지검사 프로그램 개발

박진한,우민정,Park, Jin-Han,Woo, Min-Jung 한국융합학회 2021 한국융합학회논문지 Vol.12 No.7

우수한 선수들은 게임을 읽는 머리, 스포츠형 두뇌를 가진다. 그러나 스포츠 두뇌를 종합적으로 측정하는 인지 검사도구는 개발된 바 없다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 스포츠 인지기능을 측정하기 위한 컴퓨터 기반 프로그램을 개발하는 것이다. 스포츠 인지기능 문헌고찰을 바탕으로 정보처리속도, 실행기능(인지유연성, 억제능력), 공간능력을 스포츠 인지기능으로 선정하였다. 정보처리속도 측정을 위해 단순 및 선택반응시간 검사, 실행기능 측정을 위해 기호잇기검사, 자극수반과제, 공간능력 측정을 위해 심적회전과제가 선택되었고, 이들을 컴퓨터 기반 측정 프로그램으로 개발하였다. 검사를 실행하면, 각 검사에 대한 설명과 함께 연습시행이 주어진 뒤, 본 과제가 시작되며, 과제 종료와 동시에 주요 변인들이 통계처리되어 txt 파일형태로 자동저장된다. 스포츠 인지검사도구는 추후 타당도와 신뢰도 평가를 거쳐, 스포츠 영재발굴과 선수선발에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다. High-performing athletes possess the ability to read the game, known as the "sports brain". However, a cognitive battery to measure such sports brain has not been developed yet. The purpose of the study, thus, is to develop a computerized cognitive test battery to measure athletes' cognitive function. Based on a systematic review, information processing speed, execution function, and spatial ability were selected as sports-related cognitive functions. Simple and choice response times test, trail-making test, Flanker test, and mental rotation task were developed. After providing manual and practice trials, main tests were executed and all primary variables were statistically processed and automatically saved. The test battery is expected to aid in the discovery and recruitment of athletes in the future after verifying the validity and reliability of this battery.

근세성곽의 근대적 변용과 성터 공원의 장소기억 : 일본 시코쿠(四国)의 사례를 중심으로

박진한(Park, Jin-Han) 일본사학회 2021 일본역사연구 Vol.54 No.-

Due to the spatial characteristic as a combat facility to get prepared for emergency, the modern castles of Japan were decided to be preserved and utilized in the close relation with the foundation process of Meiji army. The Meiji new government that paid attention to the value of castle ruins as a military post decided the utilization and disuse by researching the castles in the whole nation in the process of reorganizing the army military system. According to the ’Ordinance for Keeping and Disposal of Castles’ of 1873, the places that were decided as military post(Marugame, Tokushima, Uwajima, Takamatsu) of Garrison were under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Army while other castles were transferred to the Ministry of Treasury and then disposed(Matsuyama, Ozu) to the private sector. However, the Kochi Castle in old Tosa Han that was omitted from the ‘Ordinance for Keeping and Disposal of Castles’ was actually treated as an abolished castle, and then, it was successfully changed into a castle ruins park in April 1873 based on the ‘Proclamation of Park Establishment’ issued in the same period. This change of Kochi Castle into a castle ruins park had influences on its neighboring prefectures. Ehime Prefecture that was newly established by integrating old Matsuyama Prefecture and Uwajima Prefecture in February 1873 rediscovered the value of Matsuyama Castle that was originally decided to be abolished, and then designated it as a castle ruins park just like Kochi Castle in February of next year. Except for Marugame Castle that was continuously used as a military post, the rest three castles under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Army were sold to old lords through the castle disposal measures in 1890. Just as examined earlier, such old lord families played an important role in the process of changing modern castles to castle ruins parks in downtown through the transfer of castle ruins ownership and provision of donation. Those old lord families that lost the status of feudal lord after the Meiji Restoration, became newly-rising men of wealth by investing the government bond received through the suspension of payment into major state-run enterprises including the 15th National Bank. The Ministry of Army chose those old lords as preferential buyers of castles because of the assets they had. However, the proposal to buy a castle to the old lord family that moved to Tokyo after the abolition of the han system, must be recognized as an opportunity to recover ties between old domain and tenants. Under the interests of both parties, the ownership of modern castles was transferred to the Ministry of Army after the Ordinance for Keeping and Disposal of Castles, and then it was transferred again to old lord families. However, based on their special status such as economic men of wealth, representatives of Imperial Diet, and noblemen, it must be improper for them to sell or develop the castle ruins only for immediate gains. Even though there were differences according to conditions of individual city and ordinary citizens’ needs, eventually, the old castles purchased by old lords were all changed into castle ruins parks after being sold or transferred to the city government. By establishing a monument, statue, or shrine worshiping the progenitor or family of old lord who was the old owner of castle, they became a place of memories to recollect the past and history of old domain before the Meiji Restoration. As a result, the modern castles that were changed from a residential space for old lord to parks “enjoyed by everyone” after the Meiji Restoration, played important roles as a symbol that gave the (local) identity to the physical spatial unit of ‘prefecture’ newly established by abolition of the han system, and also formed a sense of belonging in residents.

Intuitionistic Fuzzy Metric Spaces

박진한(Jin Han Park),권영철(Young Chul Kwun),박종서(Jong Seo Park) 한국지능시스템학회 2004 한국지능시스템학회 학술발표 논문집 Vol.14 No.1

Using the idea of intuitionistic fuzzy set due to Atanassov, we define the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces as a natural generalization of fuzzy metric spaces due to George and Veeramani and prove some known results of metric spaces including Baire's theorem and the Uniform limit theorem for intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces.

On Generalized Intuitionistic Soft Equality

Jin Han Park(박진한),Young Chel Kwun(권영철) 한국지능시스템학회 2014 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.24 No.5

Park et al. (2011) introduced the concept of generalized intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets, which can be seen as an effective mathematical tool to deal with uncertainties. In this paper, the concept of generalized intuitionistic fuzzy soft equality is introduced and some related properties are derived. It is proved that generalized intuitionistic fuzzy soft equality is congruence relation with respect to some operations and the generalized intuitionistic fuzzy soft quotient algebra is established.

Distances between Interval-valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets

Jin Han Park(박진한),Ki Moon Lim(임기문),Bu Young Lee(이부영),Mi Jung Son(손미정) 한국지능시스템학회 2007 한국지능시스템학회 학술발표 논문집 Vol.17 No.1

We give a geometrical interpretation of the interval-valued fuzzy set. So, based on the geometrical background, we propose new distance measures between interval-valued fuzzy sets and compare these measures with distance measures proposed by Burillo and Bustince and Grzegorzewski, respectively. Furthermore, we extend three methods for measuring distances between interval-valued fuzzy sets to interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets.

다목적 실용위성 2호 고전력 소산 전장품의 열부하 완화에 관한 연구

박진한(Jin-Han Park),장영근(Young-Keun Chang) 한국항공우주학회 2002 韓國航空宇宙學會誌 Vol.30 No.3

조감도를 통해 살펴본 1920∼30년대 인천의 심상지리와 시가지 계획

박진한(Park, Jin han) 도시사학회 2017 도시연구 Vol.- No.17

이 글에서는 1920년대 후반부터 1930년대 후반까지 발행된 세 점의 조감도를 소재로 1930년대 인천에 관한 심상지리와 인천부(仁川府)의 시가지 계획을 살펴보았다. 세 점의 조감도는 피사체에 대한 사실적인 묘사보다 어느 특정부분을 강조하거나 변형시켜 표현하는 데포르메 기법을 사용해 도시 경관을 재현함으로써 실제 모습과 비교해 적지 않은 ‘변형’과 ‘왜곡’을 낳았다. 그런데 이 같은 왜곡이야말로 1930년을 전후해 본격적으로 논의되기 시작한 ‘대인천’ 건설에 관한 인천부와 관련 주체의 이해관계를 보여준다는 점에서 세밀하게 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 먼저 1929년 조선박람회 개최 당시 인천협찬회에서 발행한 「인천명소도회」는 조선인 거주지를 의도적으로 축소하거나 배제하는 대신 옛 개항장 일대의 일본식 시가지를 중심에 놓고 재현함으로써 경성을 방문할 내지의 일본인 관람객에게 인천을 일본인에 의해 개발된 도시로 선전하는 효과를 유발했다. 이에 반해 1935년 인천부에서 발행한 「관광의 인천항」은 나가이 인천부윤 취임이후 ‘상업 인천’, ‘관광 인천’과 함께 ‘공업 인천’이라는 장래의 시정방향을 가시적으로 보여주기 위해 제작된 것이었다. 조감도는 인천부 내외의 각종 공업시설물과 함께 공사 중이거나 계획 중인 공공건축물을 담아 대인천 건설을 위한 ‘공업 인천’의 부시를 가시화했다. 한편 1937년에 발간된 「경승의 인천」은 1936년에 실시된 인천부 행정구역 개편 및 시가지계획을 일반에 적극적으로 소개하고자 작성된 것이었다. 인천부는 부역 확장에 따라 새롭게 편입된 문학권 일대의 지역 개발을 추동해나갈 송도유원지사업을 일반에 홍보하기 위해 문학산 일대의 산업도로와 송도유원지를 상세히 조감도에 묘사했다. This article examined the urban planning of Incheon-bu(仁川府) and Incheon’s imaginative geography in the 1930s, based on three types of bird"s eye views published during the 1920s to 1930s. These types contained urban landscapes by using a deformer technique where a certain part is emphasized or deformed rather than being realistically depicted, which leads to distortion which, however, must be examined in detail, because it reveals the interest of constructing Incheon-bu and “Great Incheon”(大仁川), which started to be discussed around the 1930s. When the Chosun Expo was held in 1929, the “Illustrated Guide Book for Incheon” published by Incheon Hyup-Chan-Hoi intentionally reduced or excluded areas where Koreans lived and - instead - produced an effect of advertising Incheon as a city developed by Japanese for Japanese visitors who would visit Gyeongseong from Japan"s mainland. The region was recreated as a Japanese-style urban district with the former open port at the center. In contrast, “Incheon Port of Tourism”, published by Incheon-bu in 1935 was created to show the future municipal administration’s direction called “commercial city”, “resort city”, and “industrial city” after the Nagai mayor of Incheon-bu took office. The bird"s eye view visualized “industrial city” conceived great Incheon by including public buildings under construction or on the drawing board together with various types of industrial facilities inside and outside Incheon-bu. On the other hand, “Incheon of Picturesque Scenery” published in 1937 was prepared to actively introduce the general public to the Incheon-bu local government boundaries reformed in 1936. Incheon-bu advertised the industrial road around mount Moonhak which was newly included to the Incheon-bu area and the Songdo amusement park to the general public in detail.

근대도시 오사카의 상징물과 기억공간의 형성

박진한(Park, Jin-han) 인천대학교 인천학연구원 2009 인천학연구 Vol.11 No.-

This paper discusses the formation of osaka's city identity through the Tenshukaku reconstruction project of Osaka Castle. Osaka rapidly grew after the second expand project, and Mayor Seki championed public welfare programs in this Dai-Osaka by opening public park in part of Osaka Castle, as well as building Tenshukaku. The goal of the reconstruction of Tenshukaku included: restoration of memory of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the founder of Osaka, and solidification of city identity by enhancing Osakan's devotion to hometown. Despite the resolute purpose of city government, people of Osaka responded to the project in diverse ways. Some used the Tenshukaku plan as a propaganda method to find a way out of depression. Others saw this as an opportunity for political or ideological struggle. Therefore, in spite of the city government's effort to make Tenshukaku as a representation of "allegiance to country and love to city(忠君愛市)", it could not oppress citizen's various demands. However, the meaning of Tenshukaku evolved still again after the break of Manchu Incident in 1931. Since the Showa Tenno's visit that year, Osaka Tenshukaku was no longer a place of remembrance and veneration for Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Rather, it became a memorial for Tenno coronation and served as a storage of bonds between imperial family and Osaka.