해상보험서류의 국제표준은행관행에 관한 연구

박석재 한국해법학회 2005 韓國海法學會誌 Vol.27 No.1

국제 상거래에서 화물의 운송 도중 멸실 위험에 대비하여 해상적하보험에 부보하고 그 증서로서 수령하는 해상보험서류는 거래 당사자에게 매우 중요한 서류이다. 즉, 만일 운송중의 화물이 멸실 또는 손상되는 경우에는 보험회사로부터 보상을 받아야 하기 때문에 국제 상거래에서 필수 불가결한 서류이다. 이와 같이 국제 상거래시 중요한 서류로 간주되는 해상보험서류와 관련하여 현행의 신용장통일규칙(UCP 500)은 제34조, 제35조 및 제36의 3개 조항에 걸쳐 규정하고 있다. 그렇지만 이 3개 조항으로는 적하보험 및 해상보험서류의 해석과 관련한 명확한 지침을 제공하여 주지 못하였다. 따라서 이를 보완하기 위하여 국제상업회의소(ICC)에서는 국제표준은행관행(ISBP)을 제정하여 2003년 1월 1일부터 활용하고 있다. ISBP에는 해상보험서류와 관련하여 183항목으로부터 195항목까지 13개 항복에 걸쳐 수리요건을 명확히 규정하고 있다. 13개 항복 중 일부는 UCP 500의 조항들을 보다 명확한 표현으로 재진술하고 있으며, 또한 일부는 UCP 500에 규정되지 않은 새로운 규정을 도입하고 있다. 본고에서는 적하보험 및 해상보험서류와 관련한 국제표준은행관행을 UCP 500 수리요건의 구체화와 국제표준은행관행의 신 규정으로 대별하여 수리요건을 고찰하고자 한다. If the goods are damaged or short-delivered in transportation. the importers have torecover from the insurance company. The ability of the importer to recover from the insurance company will depend on whether or not the damage arises from a cause or circumstance excluded from coverage under the insurance policy. So, the insurance policy is an essential document. Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits(UCP 500) has three articles regarding marine insurance documents, i.e. article 34(insurance documents). article 35(type of insurance cover), article 3G(all risks insurance cover). But these articles have incurred many confusions in interpretation of marine insurance documents. To resolver these difficulties, International Chamber of Commerce published International Standard Banking Practice for the Examination of Documents under Documentary Credits(ISBP). It explains how the practices articulated in the UCP are to be applied by documentary practitioners. This paper researches three articles of UCP 500 and thirteen paragraphs of ISBP for the interpretation of marine insurance documents.

블랙홀의 열역학, 전기역학과 'H-R도'

박석재,PARK SEOK JAE 한국천문학회 2001 天文學論叢 Vol.16 No.1

In this review article we introduce the 'H-R diagram' of black holes. Some fundamental concepts of black hole thermodynamics and electrodynamics are also summarized in detail.

한계상태방정식에 따른 평면응력요소의 신뢰성해석

박석재,최외호,김요숙,신영수,Park, Seok Jae,Choi, Wae Ho,Kim, Yo Suk,Shin, Yeong-Soo 한국강구조학회 2001 韓國鋼構造學會 論文集 Vol.13 No.5

구조해석에 사용되는 확률변수들의 통계적 특성들을 고려하기 위해 기존의 접근방법은 경험에 근거한 안전계수를 사용하여 구조물의 안전성을 평가하여왔다. 또한 실제 구조물들은 하중 재료적 특성 및 부재 치수들의 불확실량을 포함한 형태로 해석되어져 왔다. 그러나 구조 해석을 정확히 하기 위해서는 불확실량이 체계적으로 고려되어야 한다. 기존의 구조 설계 개념에 의한 방법으로는 구조물의 안전성을 정확히 파악할 수 없기 때문에 최근에는 확률이론에 근거한 신뢰성이론을 적용하여 구조물의 안전성을 판단하는 시도가 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기존의 유한요소방법에 확률이론을 도입한 확률 유한요소법을 개발하였다. 이 연구에서는 3개의 한계상태방정식 즉 Von-Mises, Tresca, Mohr-Coulomb의 파괴조건 식들을 이용하여 개선된 1계2차모멘트방법에 의해 평면응력 구조물의 신뢰성을 평가하였다. 본 연구 결과의 검증은 Von-Mises의 항복기준으로 Monte Carlo Simulation 방법을 사용하였으며, 본 연구 결과의 파괴확률과는 1.2% 차이가 있었다. 본 연구의 장점은 Monte Carlo Simulation 방법에서 사용된 16만번의 반복계산을 PFEM은 3번으로 줄여 해석시간이 대단히 짧아진 것과 설계변수가 파괴확률에 미치는 영향을 알 수 있다는 것이다. 셀계변수가 파괴확률에 미치는 영향을 분석해 본 결과 가장 민감한 변수는 부재두께와 하중순이었다. In order to consider statistical properties of probability variables used in the structural analysis the conventional approach using the safety factor based on past experience usually estimated the safety of a structure Also the real structures could only be analyzed with the error in estimation of loads material characters and the dimensions of the members. But the errors should be considered systematically in the structural analysis Safety of structure could not precisely be appraised by the traditional structural design concept Recently new aproach based on the probability concept has been applied to the assessment of structural safety using the reliability concept Thus the computer program by the Probabilitstic FEM is developed by incorporating the probabilistic concept into the conventional FEM method. This paper estimated for the reliability of a plane stress structure by Advanced First-Order Second Moment method using von Mises, Tresca and Mohr-Coulomb failure criterions. Verification of the reliability index and failure probability of attained by the Monte Carlo Simulation method with the von Mises criterion were same as PFEM, but the Monte Carlo Simulation were very time-consuming. The variance of member thickness and load could influence the reliability and failure probability most sensitively among the design variables from the results of the parameter analysis. The proper failure criterion according to characteristic of materials must be used for safe design.

AC PDP에서 2차원 수치해석을 이용한 Ramp Reset 구동파형에 따른 방전 특성 분석

박석재,최훈영,서정현,이석현 대한전기학회 2004 전기학회논문지C Vol.53 No.12-C

The discharge characteristics of a ramp reset waveform in the alternating current plasma display panel(ac PDP) were studied using a 2-dimensional numerical simulaion. We analyzed the wall charge variation during the reset discharge, address discharge and sustain discharge adopting a ramp reset waveform. Then we investigated the principal parameters for a successful discharge. In this paper, we suggest a new parameter, priming particles' density and its effects on the stability of the ramp discharge. The maximum current flows of the three electrodes during the ramp reset period were decreased with the increase in the priming particles's density which was explained with the wall charge characteristics and the current flow characteristics obtained by a 2-D simulation.

인사말

박석재 한국무역학회 2023 한국무역학회 국제학술대회 Vol.2023 No.7

새로운 무역 대금 결제방식(TSU/BPO)의 등장에 따른 결제방식의 선택에 관한 연구

박석재,전홍철 한국무역보험학회 2017 무역금융보험연구 Vol.18 No.4

This work intends to study the selection of payment methods in compliance with the advent of new payment method(TSU/BPO). T/T and L/C have been widely used as traditional payment methods in international trade. TSU/BPO has appeared as a new payment method recently. It has been introduced as a new alternative payment method based on a technology and data-driven mechanism aimed at facilitating an electronic trading in international trade transactions. TSU/BPO is an irrevocable undertaking given by an obligor bank acting on behalf of a buyer to a recipient bank acting on behalf of a seller to pay a specific amount under the condition of a successful electronic matching of data. It enables the participating banks to provide sellers and buyers with enhanced financing services. It replaces the manual document checking process with the electronic matching of data. So, both exporters and importers will benefit from increased accuracy and objectivity. TSU/BPO will lower costs, speed up transaction process and strengthen key customer relationships. Sellers and buyers have three payment options such as T/T, L/C and TSU/BPO. They can choose an appropriate payment method for their trade transactions. Since TSU/BPO has many aforesaid advantages compared to T/T and L/C, it will be widely used in international trade in the near future. 국제 무역거래에서 결제방식으로는 송금방식, 신용장방식, 추심방식이 주로 사용되고 있다. 과거에는 신용장방식의 비중이 가장 높았으나 최근에는 송금방식의 비중이 약 70%에 달할 정도로 절대적인 비중을 차지하고 있다. 그런데 송금방식은 결제시기에 따라서 한 당사자는 유리하지만 다른 당사자는 불리하다는 문제점이 있다. 이러한 송금방식의 문제점 때문에 2007년 전자무역 결제 서비스(TSU), 2009년 은행지급확약(BPO)이 새롭게 등장하여 새로운 결제수단으로서 최근 그 사용이 증가하고 있다. TSU/BPO 방식은 수출상 측면에서는 무역대금의 조기 회수, 선적서류 작성 부담의 경감, 불일치 대응 부담으로부터의 해방, 수입상의 취소ㆍ조건변경의 감소라는 장점이 있다. 또한 수입상 측면에서는 결제의 조기화에 따르는 외상매입대금 관리 부담 경감, 신속한 거래의 실현, 수출기업에 대한 유리한 거래교섭, 무역 전문인재 채용부담의 경감이라는 장점이 있다. 이에 본고는 최근 이용이 증가하고 있는 TSU/BPO 이용의 거래 당사자별 장점을 설명하고, 향후 결제방식의 선택에 있어서 송금방식, 신용장방식, TSU/BPO 방식의 선택적 사용을 제안한다.

브렉시트가 중국에 미치는 영향 및 중국의 대응방안에 관한 연구

박석재,장연 한국무역경영학회 2021 한국무역경영연구 Vol.- No.22

Sino British relations are one of the most important bilateral relations in today's international relations. Both China and the UK are permanent members of the UN Security Council and important members of the G20 and other international political and economic organizations, and both have significant influence in the international community. On June 23, 2016, Britain held a referendum on brexit, and the brexit camp won with 51.9% of the votes. The impact of the Brexit event on China and Britain is multi-dimensional and multi-field. Due to the transitivity and continuity of brexit, brexit will affect the trade relations between China and Britain for a long time. Moreover, the UK is an important channel for China to open the EU market, so the event of the UK leaving the EU is bound to have an inevitable impact on China's economy, investment and even its influence in Europe. Therefore, this paper does not elaborate the reasons for the UK's withdrawal from the EU too much. It mainly describes the trade situation between China and the EU as well as the UK in the past 10 years from the data, so as to speculate the impact of the UK's complete withdrawal from the EU on China in the future. The impact is mainly described from two aspects: positive and negative. After that, we will look for solutions to the impacts mentioned above, so as to actively deal with the changes in trade regulations and tariffs brought to China by Brexit. The purpose is that in the short term, the trade between China and Britain will not be affected in a large scale and amount.

우리나라 근대 천체망원경의 역사 - 우리나라 천문학의 새 지평 열다

박석재,Park, Seok-Jae 한국과학기술단체총연합회 2010 과학과 기술 Vol.497 No.-

MACDONALD-THORNE 자기권의 GRAD-SHAFRANOV 방정식

박석재,PARK SEOK JAE 한국천문학회 1999 天文學論叢 Vol.14 No.2

We derive the Grad-Shafranov equation in the Macdonald-Thorne magnetosphere of the super-massive black hole in an active galactic nucleus. Our major assumption is that the plasma velocity is not only toroidal but also poloidal. As a result, we get the correction terms which are related to the poloidal motion of plasma like electrodynamic jets.

자가면역성 뇌척수염 흰쥐의 활성화된 신경아교세포에서 증가된 osteopontin의 발현

박석재,황인선,김규범,신태균,지영흔,Park, Suk-jae,Hwang, In-sun,Kim, Gyu-beom,Shin, Tae-kyun,Jee, Young-heun 대한수의학회 2006 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.46 No.3

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a disease model of multiple sclerosis (MS) that is characterized by remittance and relapse of the disease and autoimmune and demyelinating lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). Autoimmune inflammation is maintained by secretion of a large number of protein. Previous studies have suggested that transcripts encoding osteopontin (OPN) are frequently detected in the mRNA population of MS plaques. To elucidate the functional role of OPN in initiation and development of EAE, we examined the expression and localization of OPN in the spinal cord during acute EAE. We demonstrated that OPN significantly increased at the early stage of EAE and slightly declined thereafter by western blot analysis. An immunohistochemical study revealed that OPN was constitutively expressed in some glial cells (microglia, astrocytes) of white matter and neurons in the CNS of control rats. OPN expression was shown to be increased in the same cells at the early and peak stage of EAE. To identity cells expressing OPN by double-immunofluorescence labeling, we labeled rat spinal cord sections for OPN with a monoclonal OPN antibody and with mAbs for astrocyte (GFAP), microglia/macrophage (OX42)-specific markers. The major cell types of OPN-expressing cells were activated astrocytes and microglia in the adjacent inflammatory lesions. Interestingly, OPN was mainly expressed in the end feet of astrocytes around vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expressing endothelial cells of CNS blood vessel. These findings suggest that increased levels of OPN in activated glial cell may play an important role in the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the CNS parenchyma during EAE.