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노장서 부산외국어대학교 아세안연구원 2009 Suvannabhumi Vol.1 No.2
This research tries to review the history and concepts of Thai temple mural painting. According to the research results, the history of Thai mural painting dates back to the late 14th century when Wat Chedi Chet Taeo in Si Satchanalai was built. The Sinhalese elements embedded in the Sukhothai murals are also found in the Ayuthayan stupa murals made in the early 15th century. The mid 18th century's Burmese invasion into Ayuthaya destroyed most of Buddhist temples in the Kingdom of Ayuthaya and as a result, Buddhist murals of the late Ayuthayan age are hardly found except for some temple murals located outside of the capital. The late Ayuthayan murals are much different from the early Ayuthayan murals in that they are narrative in depicting Jataka and the life of Lord Buddha. This classical mural painting culminated in the age of Rama III of Bangkok Dynasty. His successor Rama IV undertook westernized reforms which influenced the area of traditional mural painting. Consequently, new western style Buddhist mural paintings were produced while themes of mural painting were enlarged to the other subjects such as historical recording of royal and social events. This trend continued in the age of Rama V but the development of Thai Buddhist mural painting discontinued after the death of Rama V due to the rapid westernization and decrease of illiteracy. The existing Buddhist murals produced on or before the reign of Rama V are deteriorating and disappearing. The reasons for this are partly because of Thailand's humid climate. However, some social backgrounds such as the lack of concern for preserving old Buddhist murals can not be disregarded. Considering the substantial value of Thai Buddhist murals as a cultural resource in Thai society, it is very urgent to establish appropriate conservation policy for them.
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노장서 명지대학교(서울캠퍼스) 중동문제연구소 2017 중동문제연구 Vol.16 No.4
Given the situation that the diversification of exports is more urgent than ever, the halal market now draws attention as a very important alternative. There is no doubt that halal certification is the first step to enter the halal market. To take this step, we need to make an environment for the local food industry to have a halal friendly system. This research is an outcome of an RDA (write out the meaning of the acronym the first time it is used) sponsored research project titled “Developing Halalization and Export Strategies for Small Sized Agricultural Products Businesses.” Under the research project, samples of a food group are evaluated to find non-conformities with halal requirements. All samples’ non-conformities are analyzed into categories. Categorization helps us to see a food group’s conformities as categorized types. Then we can come up with a standard manual which could be commonly applied to the whole group. Under the research project, a non-conformities evaluation project was conducted to the rice cake producer group in the first year and an identical project was done to a soy sauce group. The research result shows a very distinguished difference between the two food groups’ non-conformity patterns. The reason for such a difference is that each food group produces a product using different ingredients in different manufacturing processes. The discovery of the different non-conformity patterns justifies the establishment of standard HAS (Halal Assurance System) for a food group. A food group’s common HAS can accelerate halal certification.
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노장서(Noh Jang Suh) 명지대학교 중동문제연구소 2016 중동문제연구 Vol.15 No.4
According to the Korean Food Code, there are 29 kinds of food groups. This research began with a question: “Is halal certificate obtainability different among food groups?” Food groups are basically categorized on the basis of materials used and manufacturing process. Halal certification requirements generally highlight materials and manufacturing process. Therefore, it is assumed that each food group may have different degree of halal certificate obtainability. To verify this hypothesis, first, a documentary review was conducted on the requirements of Malaysian and Indonesian halal certification guidelines. Second, a questionnaire was developed to assess the halal certificate obtainability by asking 10 key questions: (1) whether to use pork ingredients ;(2) whether to use khamr; (3) whether to use animal material; (4) number of materials used; (5) whether to have established a food safety system; (6) whether to have own manufacturing facility; (7) whether to use dedicated facility for halal production; (8) whether to separate the production area from the storage area; (9) type of company; and (10) number of permanent workers. Third, the questionnaires were distributed to around 500 small size agricultural food producers nationwide in Korea, and 141 answered questionnaires were collected. After discarding some food groups of less than 20 samples, 5 food groups have finally been chosen for comparative assessment of halal certificate obtainability. The result of assessment is listed from highest to lowest certificate obtainability; (1) juice group ; (2) the rice cake group; (3) traditional confectionery group; (4) traditional sauce group; and (5) pickle group- lowest. This assessment model might be applicable when we need to make a policy such as public support program for industries with higher potentiality of halalization.
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머리카락에서 물을 짜내는 지모신 형상의 기원과 변모에 관한 연구
노장서 ( Jang Suh Noh ) 한국동남아학회 2010 동남아시아연구 Vol.20 No.3
This paper has been written to find facts about the image of earth goddess broadly found in the Southeast Asia. The research findings are as follows: Firstly, the image of earth goddess wringing her hair is phenomenally discovered in both Buddhist temple murals and independent shrines in Thailand. This phenomenon is common in other Indochinese Buddhist countries such as Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia. Secondly, the life of Buddha including the story of the victory over Mara is found in such Buddhist canons as Mahavastu, Buddhacarita, Lalitavistara, Nidanakatha and Patamasambodhi. Among the canons, the story of the victory over Mara is described in differently ways. Earth becomes personified as the goddess in later version. The main cause to expel Mara`s army also changes from sound to water. Patamasambodhi is most closely associated with the iconography of the earth goddess of Southeast Asia. Thirdly, Vessantara Jataka and Indian ancient customs tell us that a merit maker performs a rite of pouring water on the earth as an evidence for merit-making. This rite is a key to understanding the meaning of the scene where the earth goddess expels Mara`s army into the flood by wringing her hair. The earth goddess is personified from the earth upon which the merit water is poured. Water soaked in her hair is the very holy water poured by the Buddha whenever he made a merit in his former lives. The amount of water flowed from the hair of the earth goddess representing the amount of his merit making was so huge and enough to defeat the Mara`s army and for the Buddha to reach the Enlightenment. This legend explains the significance of the notion of merit in the Theravada Buddhist countries such as Thailand and Myanmar where the water pouring rites still take place and the images of the hair wringing earth goddess are commonly discovered. Fourthly, the first image of the earth goddess as the witness of merits for the Buddha appeared in some Gandharan Buddhist sculptures in the form of devotional gesture with her both hands pressed together and the upper half of her body above the ground. The appearance is in accordance with the description of her in the Lalitavistara canon. In later periods, the form changed into various types and finally the image of the earth goddess wringing her hair appeared in Southeast Asia around 11 century C.E. Some researchers argue this image form of the earth goddess shows the influence from China or India. However, the arguments are considered to be hypothetical as they have no strong evidence to prove. Finally, the modern image of earth goddess shows richer and more dynamic expression compared with its predecessors. Especially, outstanding is the standing earth goddess images found in the scene of the victory over Mara in many temple murals of central region of Thailand. The earth goddess in her voluptuous body shape is usually depicted as wringing her hair with her arms wide open in a posture of S curve. This appearance strongly reminds us of the postures of Salabhanjika and Tribhanga originated from Indian art. The adoption presumably has been made to signify her fertile and affluent characteristics.
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노장서(Noh Jang Suh) 한국태국학회 2009 한국태국학회논총 Vol.16 No.1
This research has been made on what kinds of cultural factors affected the construction of ancient Bangkok including the Grand Palace (Phra Borom Maha Ratcha Wang). The methodology of research includes the investigation of related literature and site visits. The area covered by this research includes the Grand Palace and various architectural heritage located in Ko Rattanakosin of Bangkok. The research result shows Bangkok is not a naturally formed city but a elaborately planned city in the aspects of the shape and layout of city, the layout of royal palace and the architectural forms of individual building. The cultural factors upon which the elaborate planning and construction of ancient Bangkok and the grand palace is based are summarized as follows: 표 삽입 In addition, the research reveals some cultural symbols affecting the royal capital planning. Among them, more emphasis should be given to the symbols of conch shell and mount Meru. Conch shell is more than the symbol for an auspicious city. It can be a key to understanding the water-based culture of Thailand. Meanwhile, roof spire and stupa are among the most popular symbols for mount Meru in Thailand as well as in the neighboring countries. This kind of symbols is believed to have wider meaning, a link to a cultural archetype of this region. This belief needs to be tested by a future research.
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수직증축 리모델링 시 말뚝지지 조건에 따른 말뚝기초 거동 분석
노유진,박종전,오경석,장서용,고준영 대한토목학회 2024 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.44 No.2
In this study, three-dimensional finite element analysis was used to analyze the behavior of existing and reinforcing piles according to the pile support conditions for vertical extension remodeling. Cap support conditions (group pile, piled raft foundation) and pile tip conditions (rock, soil embedment) were considered as factors influencing existing and reinforcing piles behavior. For the quantitative analysis of existing and reinforcing piles, the displacement, load distribution ratio, and axial force by depth according to the analysis stage were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that the largest settlement occurred in the reinforcing pile due to the pre-loading method. In particular, a large amount of settlement occurred in group piles regardless of the embedment conditions. In the piled raft foundation, it was confirmed that the displacement and load distribution ratio of existing piles and reinforcing piles were reduced due to the influence of the raft. The axial force by depth showed a difference between group pile and piled raft foundation, which appears to be a major factor affecting displacement and load distribution ratio. Based on the numerical analysis results, it was confirmed that cap support conditions and pile tip embedment conditions should be considered in the design of pile foundations for vertical extension remodeling.
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