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Effect of using thienothiophene spacers of phenazine based polymers
김효열,최민희,한용운,문두경 한국공업화학회 2015 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2015 No.1
Bulk-heterojunction(BHJ) organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have attracted tremendous attention due to their unique advantages including low cost, light weight, and potential uses in flexible and large-area devices. We designed and synthesized D-π-A copolymers based on BDP donor unit and phenazine (Phz) acceptor unit bridged thienothiophene. BDP, which is a very important donor unit in high-performance D-A copolymer photovoltaic materials, has a symmetric and planar conjugated structure, and hence tight and regular stacking can be expected for the conjugated polymers. Thienothiophene bridge is propitious to enhance both hole mobility and photovoltaic performance of the D-π-A copolymers. In this study, we designed and synthesized a new thieno[3,2-b] thiophene bridged D-π-A copolymer, PBDP-DttPhz. The synthesized polymer is showed physical, optical, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties.
Nasal Obstruction and Palate-Tongue Position on Sleep-Disordered Breathing
김효열,정종인,동훈종,손정협,홍상덕,김준호,장성윤,정용기,정승규 대한이비인후과학회 2013 Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology Vol.6 No.4
Objectives. We wanted to evaluate whether the presence of nasal obstruction makes a change on the association between the modified Mallampati score and the severity of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and the sleep quality. Methods. Polysomnography (PSG), the modified Mallampati score (MMS), the body-mass index, and a questionnaire about nasal obstruction were acquired from 275 suspected SDB patients. The subjects were divided into two groups according to the presence of nasal obstruction. The clinical differences between the two groups were evaluated and the associations between the MMS and PSG variables in each group were also assessed. Results. Significant correlations were found between the MMS and many PSG variables, including the apnea-hypopnea index,the arousal index and the proportion of deep sleep, for the patients with nasal obstruction, although this was not valid for the total patients or the patients without nasal obstruction. Conclusion. The severity of SDB and the quality of sleep are well correlated with the MMS, and especially for the patients with nasal obstruction. The MMS can give more valuable information about the severity of SDB when combined with simple questions about nasal obstruction.
Deep HOMO polymers comprising anthracene units for bulk heterojunction solar cells
김효열,최민희,한용운,문두경,하정림 한국공업화학회 2016 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.33 No.-
Four anthracene-based D–p–A polymers, poly[anthracene-alt-4,7-bis(thiophen-2-yl)-5,6-bis(octylox-y)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole] (P1, P3) and Poly[anthracene-alt-4,7-bis(thiophen-2-yl)-5,6-bis(octylox-y)benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole] (P2, P4), were successfully polymerized through Suzuki coupling reaction. The polymers include benzooxaediazole (BO), PAnoBO, and PAnoBO-EH exhibited the deep HOMO level( 5.39 eV or lower) because BO has a lower lying oxidation potential than Benzothiadiazole (BT). BOacceptor enhanced the electron withdrawing property of the polymers, inducing long-wavelengthabsorption and 0.05–0.1 eV reduction in the band-gap. For solar cells using a PAnoBO:PC71BM (1:4, w/w),the resulting Jsc, Voc, FF, and PCE were 3.1 mA/cm2, 0.74 V, 48.8%, and 1.2%, respectively.
세균 초항원에 의해 활성화된 대식세포에서 Toll-like receptor의 발현양상
김효열,조현철,김수기,신계철 대한감염학회 2004 Infection and Chemotherapy Vol.36 No.5
Background:Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) as a prototype superantigen is known to play a pivotal role in toxic shock syndrome and severe sepsis. However, the precise mechanism initiating the activation of innate effector cells by SEB is unclear. Recently, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the sensor of pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP), have been reported to be expressed abundantly in monocytic lineage-cells. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether TLRs are involved in the SEB-induced immune cell activation and to prove the differential TLRs expression in response to SEB and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Materials and Methods:SEB was purified by dye ligand affinity chromatography. The mRNA expression of TLR1-9 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and human monocyte- like THP-1 cell line stimulated by SEB and/or LPS was detected by RT-PCR. Results:The treatment of PBMC with SEB elicited significant changes in the expression of several TLRs. Interestingly, the mRNAs of TLR1 and TLR5 were clearly up-regulated in PBMC, whereas mRNA of TLR4 was down-regulated in the very early period of stimulation within 1-2 hours, and subsequently up-regulated 3 hours later after the stimulation. The up-regulation of mRNA of TLR4 was detected in PBMC stimulated by LPS. The up-regulation was more prominent in the cells exposed concomitantly to SEB and LPS. The mRNA expression pattern of TLR4 in THP-1 cell line stimulated by SEB or LPS was comparable to those of PBMC. Conclusion:This study indicates that SEB triggers inflammatory signals on macrophages and PBMC by engaging TLRs, particularly TLR4. The combination of LPS and SEB synergistically modulates TLR4 signaling. 목 적 : 대표적인 세균 초항원인 포도알균 창자독소 B(SEB)에 의한 면역세포 활성에 Toll-like receptor (TLR)의 관련성을 알아보고, 지질다당질(LPS)에 의한 TLR의 발현양상과 비교하여 보았다. 재료 및 방법 : 세균 초항원인 SEB를 dye ligand affinity chromatography법으로 순수분리정제한 뒤 사람 말초혈액 단핵구와 사람 대식세포주인 THP-1을 자극하여 이들 세포에서 TLR1-9의 mRNA의 발현을 역전사중합효소반응법으로 확인하였고, 또한 LPS 자극에 의한 발현 양상과 비교하여 보았다. 결 과 : SEB로 사람 말초혈액 단핵구세포를 자극하였을 때 TLR1과 TLR5 mRNA 발현의 상승이 관찰되었고, TLR4 mRNA의 발현은 SEB 처리 후 1, 2시간째는 발현이 억제되다가 3시간 이후에 상승되는 양상을 보였다. 이런 TLR4 mRNA 발현의 변화는 말초혈액 단핵구를 LPS로 자극하였을 때도 유사하게 관찰되었고, SEB와 LPS를 동시에 자극하였을 때 더 현저한 변화를 보였다. 사람 대식세포주인 THP-1을 SEB 및 LPS로 자극하였을 때 TLR2 보다는 TLR4의 mRNA 발현에 현저한 변화를 관찰할 수 있었다. 결 론:이상의 결과로 SEB에 의한 사람 말초혈액 단핵구세포와 대식세포의 활성에 TLR의 연관성을 확인할 수 있었으며, 적어도 TLR4가 SEB에 대식세포 활성에 관여되었다. 또한 SEB와 LPS는 동시에 병용하여 단핵구세포를 자극하였을 때 상승적으로 TLR4 발현을 촉진할 것으로 추정된다. 향후 SEB 자극에 의한 대식세포 활성에 TLR의 관여 여부를 더 상세히 밝히는 것이 초항원에 의해 유발되는 질환들을 해결하는 중요한 열쇠가 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.