전신적 스테로이드가 3-Methylindole로 손상된백서 후각상피의 재생에 미치는 영향

김효열,동헌종,이종찬,정승규 대한이비인후과학회 2007 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.50 No.2

Background and Objectives:Various chemicals can affect the function of olfaction and steroids have been used for the treatment of the olfactory dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the effect of chronic dexamethasone treatment on olfactory epithelium injured by 3-methylindole (3-MI). Materials and Method:0.75 mg/kg of dexamethasone were administered to 12 experimental rats every other day for 1- rats from each group were sacrificed every week, and olfactory epithelium were examined after H & E and imunohistochemical staining. Results:On H & E staining, the height of the olfactory epithelium and the polarity of the cells showed no difference. On protein gene product 9.5 staining, the number of imunoreactive olfactory receptor cels significantly increased in the experi-mental groups from 2 and 4 weks after 3-MI injection compared with the control group. On proliferating cell nuclear antigen eceived dexamethasone from 2 weks to 3 weks after injection compared with the control group. Conclusion:Dexamethasone shows no protective efect in early necrosis of olfactory epithelium by 3-MI and showed positive effect on the regeneration of the olfactory receptor cells of olfactory epithelium. (Korean J Otolaryngol 2007 ;50 :121-7)

소성가공 조건에 따른 레미콘 슬러지의 수화성 회복에 관한 연구

김효열,강병희 대한건축학회 2006 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.22 No.12

공내재하시험에 의한 암반의 변형계수와 Rock Quality Index Parameters의 상관관계

김효열,장보안 대한지질학회 2001 대한지질학회 학술대회 Vol.2001 No.

세균 초항원에 의해 활성화된 대식세포에서 Toll-like receptor의 발현양상

김효열,조현철,김수기,신계철 대한감염학회 2004 Infection and Chemotherapy Vol.36 No.5

Background:Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) as a prototype superantigen is known to play a pivotal role in toxic shock syndrome and severe sepsis. However, the precise mechanism initiating the activation of innate effector cells by SEB is unclear. Recently, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the sensor of pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP), have been reported to be expressed abundantly in monocytic lineage-cells. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether TLRs are involved in the SEB-induced immune cell activation and to prove the differential TLRs expression in response to SEB and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Materials and Methods:SEB was purified by dye ligand affinity chromatography. The mRNA expression of TLR1-9 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and human monocyte- like THP-1 cell line stimulated by SEB and/or LPS was detected by RT-PCR. Results:The treatment of PBMC with SEB elicited significant changes in the expression of several TLRs. Interestingly, the mRNAs of TLR1 and TLR5 were clearly up-regulated in PBMC, whereas mRNA of TLR4 was down-regulated in the very early period of stimulation within 1-2 hours, and subsequently up-regulated 3 hours later after the stimulation. The up-regulation of mRNA of TLR4 was detected in PBMC stimulated by LPS. The up-regulation was more prominent in the cells exposed concomitantly to SEB and LPS. The mRNA expression pattern of TLR4 in THP-1 cell line stimulated by SEB or LPS was comparable to those of PBMC. Conclusion:This study indicates that SEB triggers inflammatory signals on macrophages and PBMC by engaging TLRs, particularly TLR4. The combination of LPS and SEB synergistically modulates TLR4 signaling. 목 적 : 대표적인 세균 초항원인 포도알균 창자독소 B(SEB)에 의한 면역세포 활성에 Toll-like receptor (TLR)의 관련성을 알아보고, 지질다당질(LPS)에 의한 TLR의 발현양상과 비교하여 보았다. 재료 및 방법 : 세균 초항원인 SEB를 dye ligand affinity chromatography법으로 순수분리정제한 뒤 사람 말초혈액 단핵구와 사람 대식세포주인 THP-1을 자극하여 이들 세포에서 TLR1-9의 mRNA의 발현을 역전사중합효소반응법으로 확인하였고, 또한 LPS 자극에 의한 발현 양상과 비교하여 보았다. 결 과 : SEB로 사람 말초혈액 단핵구세포를 자극하였을 때 TLR1과 TLR5 mRNA 발현의 상승이 관찰되었고, TLR4 mRNA의 발현은 SEB 처리 후 1, 2시간째는 발현이 억제되다가 3시간 이후에 상승되는 양상을 보였다. 이런 TLR4 mRNA 발현의 변화는 말초혈액 단핵구를 LPS로 자극하였을 때도 유사하게 관찰되었고, SEB와 LPS를 동시에 자극하였을 때 더 현저한 변화를 보였다. 사람 대식세포주인 THP-1을 SEB 및 LPS로 자극하였을 때 TLR2 보다는 TLR4의 mRNA 발현에 현저한 변화를 관찰할 수 있었다. 결 론:이상의 결과로 SEB에 의한 사람 말초혈액 단핵구세포와 대식세포의 활성에 TLR의 연관성을 확인할 수 있었으며, 적어도 TLR4가 SEB에 대식세포 활성에 관여되었다. 또한 SEB와 LPS는 동시에 병용하여 단핵구세포를 자극하였을 때 상승적으로 TLR4 발현을 촉진할 것으로 추정된다. 향후 SEB 자극에 의한 대식세포 활성에 TLR의 관여 여부를 더 상세히 밝히는 것이 초항원에 의해 유발되는 질환들을 해결하는 중요한 열쇠가 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

2009년 전국 수술부위감염 감시체계 결과보고

김효열,김영근,김의석,어영,정선영,진혜영,조용균,김의종,이영선,오희복 대한의료관련감염관리학회 2010 의료관련감염관리 Vol.15 No.1

Background: A nationwide prospective multicenter study was performed in Korea to determine the incidence and risk factors for surgical site infections (SSI) after craniotomies (CRAN), ventricular shunt operations (VS), gastric operations (GAST), colon operations (COLO), rectal operations (RECT), hip joint replacements (HJR), and knee joint replacements (KJR). Methods: We collected data regarding demographics, clinical and operative risk factors for SSI, and antibiotics administered to the patients who underwent CRAN in 18 hospitals, VS in 19 hospitals, GAST in 19 hospitals, COLO in 19 hospitals, RECT in 19 hospitals, HJR in 24 hospitals, and KJR in 23 hospitals between January and December 2009. All the data were collected using a real-time web-based reporting system. Results: The SSI rate of CRAN, VS, GAST, COLO, RECT, HJR, and KJR was 3.68 (22/1,169), 5.96 (14/235), 4.25(75/1,763), 3.37 (22/653), 5.83 (27/463), 1.93 (23/1,190), and 2.63 (30/1,139), respectively, per 100 operations. The only significant risk factor for SSI after CRAN was postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage. The independent risk factors for SSI after GAST were multiple procedure, reoperation, infection of other sites, and transfusion. In HJR, the duration of preoperative hospital stay and operation time were longer, and the need for general anesthesia, transfusion,and steroid use and the incidence of contaminated/dirty wound, obesity, and infection of other sites were significantly increased in the infected group. In KJR, the duration of preoperative hospital stay was longer and the need for reoperation was significantly higher in the infected group, and in addition, the incidence of SSI was higher among males. Conclusion: The maintenance of surveillance on SSI is very important because surveillance provides valuable information to the surgeon and infection control personnel, which in turn helps decrease the incidence of SSI.

세균 초항원에 의해 활성화된 대식세포에서 Toll-like receptor의 발현양상

김효열,조현철,김수기,신계철 대한감염학회 2004 감염과 화학요법 Vol.36 No.5

목적 : 대표적인 세균 초항원인 포도알균 창자독소B(SEB)에 의한 면역세포 활성에 Toll-like receptor(TLR)의 관련성을 알아보고, 지질다당질(LPS)에 의한 TLR의 발현양상과 비교하여 보았다. 재료 및 방법 : 세균 초항원인 SEB를 dye ligand affinity chromatography법으로 순수분리정제한 뒤 사람 말초혈액 단핵구와 사람 대식세포주인 THP-l을 자극하여 이들 세포에서 TLR1-9의 mRNA의 발현을 역전사중합효소반응법으로 확인하였고, 또한 LPS 자극에 의한 발현양상과 비교하여 보았다. 결과 : SEB로 사람 말초혈액 단핵구세포를 자극하였을 때 TLRl과 TLR5 mRNA 발현의 상승이 관찰되었고, TLR4 mRNA의 발현은 SEB 처리 후 1, 2시간째는 발현이 억제되다가 3시간 이후에 상승되는 양상을 보였다. 이런 TLR4 mRNA 발현의 변화는 말초혈액 단핵구를 LPS로 자극하였을 때도 유사하게 관찰되었고, SEB와 LPS를 동시에 자극하였을 때 더 현저한 변화를 보였다. 사람 대식세포주인 THP-l을 SEB 및 LPS로 자극하였을 때TLR2 보다는 TLR4의 mRNA 발현에 현저한 변화를 관찰할 수 있었다. 결론 : 이상의 결과로 SEB에 의한 사람 말초혈액 단핵구세포와 대식세포의 활성에 TLR의 연관성을 확인할 수 있었으며, 적어도 TLR4가 SEB에 대식세포 활성에 관여되었다. 또한 SEB와 LPS는 동시에 병용하여 단핵구세포를 자극하였을 때 상승적으로 TLR4 발현을 촉진할 것으로 추정된다. 향후 SEB 자극에 의한 대식세포 활성에 TLR의 관여 여부를 더 상세히 밝히는 것이 초항원에 의해 유발되는 질환들을 해결하는 중요한 열쇠가 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. Background : Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) as a prototype superantigen is known to play a pivotal role in toxic shock syndrome and severe sepsis. However, the precise mechanism initiating the activation of innate effector cells by SEB is unclear. Recently, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the sensor of pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP), have been reported to be expressed abundantly in monocytic lineage-cells. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether TLRs are involved in the SEB-induced immune cell activation and to prove the differential TLRs expression in response to SEB and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Materials and Methods : SEB was purified by dye ligand affinity chromatography. The mRNA expression of TLR1-9 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and human monocyte- like THP-1 cell line stimulated by SEB and/or LPS was detected by RT-PCR. Results : The treatment of PBMC with SEB elicited significant changes in the expression of several TLRs. Interestingly, the mRNAs of TLR1 and TLR5 were clearly up-regulated in PBMC, whereas mRNA of TLR4 was down-regulated in the very early period of stimulation within 1-2 hours, and subsequently up-regulated 3 hours later after the stimulation. The up-regulation of mRNA of TLR4 was detected in PBMC stimulated by LPS. The up-regulation was more prominent in the cells exposed concomitantly to SEB and LPS. The mRNA expression pattern of TLR4 in THP-1 cell line stimulated by SEB or LPS was comparable to those of PBMC. Conclusion : This study indicates that SEB triggers inflammatory signals on macrophages and PBMC by engaging TLRs, particularly TLR4. The combination of LPS and SEB synergistically modulates TLR4 signaling.

소성후 간접냉각한 폐 벤토나이트의 포졸란 반응성에 관한 실험적 연구 ( An Experimental Study on the Pozzolan Reaction of Discarded Bentonite by Indirect Cooling after Heat Treatment )

김효열,강병희 대한건축학회 2002 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.18 No.4

Macrolide Resistance in B-Hemolytic Streptococci: Changes after the Implementation of the Separation of Prescribing and Dispensing of Medications Policy in Korea

김효열,어영 연세대학교의과대학 2004 Yonsei medical journal Vol.45 No.4

This study evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibilities and macrolide resistance mechanisms of beta-hemolytic streptococci (BHS), and an additional objective was to assess the effects of ‘the separation of prescribing and dispensing (SPD) of medications' on bacterial resistance rate and distribution of phenotypes and genotypes of erythromycin-resistant BHS by comparing the antimicrobial susceptibility data before (1990- 2000) and after the implementation of SPD at one tertiary care hospital in South Korea. Between the period of January 2001 and December 2002, the minimal inhibitory concentrations of six antimicrobials were determined for 249 clinical isolates of BHS. Resistance mechanisms of erythromycin-resistant (intermediate and resistant) isolates were studied by using the double disk test and PCR. Overall, the resistance rates to tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin were 75.5%, 32.9%, and 32.5%, respectively. Sixty-seven (81.7%) of 82 erythromycin- resistant isolates expressed constitutive resistance to macrolide- lincosamide-streptogramin B antibiotics (a constitutive MLSB phenotype); 11 isolates (13.4%) expressed an M phenotype; and four isolates (4.9%) had an inducible MLSB resistance phenotype. erm(A) was found in isolates with constitutive/ inducible MLSB phenotypes, erm(B) with the constitutive/ inducible MLSB phenotype, and mef(A) with the M phenotype. We found that resistance rates to erythromycin and clindamycin among S. agalactiae, S. pyogenes, and group C streptococci isolates were still high after the implementation of the SPD policy in Korea, and that the constitutive MLSB resistance phenotype was dominant among erythromycin- resistant BHS in this Korean hospital.

정보시스템 통합관리를 위한 정보시스템실의 업무수행 효율성 평가

김효열,한인구,신택수 한국경영정보학회 2002 Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems Vol.12 No.3

Deep HOMO polymers comprising anthracene units for bulk heterojunction solar cells

김효열,최민희,한용운,문두경,하정림 한국공업화학회 2016 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.33 No.-

Four anthracene-based D–p–A polymers, poly[anthracene-alt-4,7-bis(thiophen-2-yl)-5,6-bis(octylox-y)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole] (P1, P3) and Poly[anthracene-alt-4,7-bis(thiophen-2-yl)-5,6-bis(octylox-y)benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole] (P2, P4), were successfully polymerized through Suzuki coupling reaction. The polymers include benzooxaediazole (BO), PAnoBO, and PAnoBO-EH exhibited the deep HOMO level( 5.39 eV or lower) because BO has a lower lying oxidation potential than Benzothiadiazole (BT). BOacceptor enhanced the electron withdrawing property of the polymers, inducing long-wavelengthabsorption and 0.05–0.1 eV reduction in the band-gap. For solar cells using a PAnoBO:PC71BM (1:4, w/w),the resulting Jsc, Voc, FF, and PCE were 3.1 mA/cm2, 0.74 V, 48.8%, and 1.2%, respectively.