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사격장 납 오염토양 복원을 위한 토양세척시 HCl과 EDTA의 영향 연구
김효식,최상일,Kim, Hyo-Sik,Choi, Sang-Il 한국지하수토양환경학회 2008 지하수토양환경 Vol.13 No.1
본 연구에서는 실제 납 탄알로 오염된 사격장 토양에 대해 토양세척기법을 적용하기위한 lab-scale 실험을 수행하였으며 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 토양오염공정시험법과 EPA Method 3050B 분석결과 각각 4,803.5 mg/kg, 9,443 mg/kg으로 나타났다. 회분식 토양세척 실험에서 HCl을 세척제로 사용한 경우 농도증가에 따른 제거율은 로그적인(logarithmic) 경향을 나타내었고 0.1M에서 약 90% 정도 제거되었으며, EDTA는 농도에 비례하여 제거율도 증가하여 0.1 M에서 약 98%의 제거율을 보였다. 교반강도에 따른 시간별 세척효율을 분석한 결과, HCl과 EDTA를 사용한 경우 모두 교반강도의 증가와 비례하여 토양내 제거율이 증가하였으나 200 rpm과 300 rpm에서의 제거율은 유사한 것으로 나타났으며, 반응 초기 10분 이내에 대부분의 용출이 이뤄지고 60분 경과 후에는 제거율 증가가 둔화되었다. Laboratory soil washing experiments with HCl or EDTA were conducted to remediate lead-contaminated soil in a firing range. After lead bullets were removed by standard sieve #18 (1.0 mM), Pb concentrations were measured by EPA Method 3050B (9,443 mg/kg) and Korea Standard Test (4,803.5 mg/kg). The results of the batch test showed that the removal efficiency curve was logarithmic and approximately 90% of lead in soil was removed, when HCl was used. In case of EDTA, the removal efficiency increased proportionally to the concentration of EDTA, up to 98% lead removal with 0.1M EDTA. High mixing strength resulted in increase of removal efficiency and kinetics showed that the most lead was extracted in 10 min.
톨루엔의 스팀 및 자열개질을 위한 Ni계 촉매의 특성 평가
김효식(Hyo Sik Kim),김진호(Jin-Ho Kim),류재홍(Jae-Hong Ryu),홍범의(Bumui Hong),강석환(Suk-Hwan Kang),박노국(No-Kuk park),우광재(Kwang-Jae Woo) 한국에너지기후변화학회 2018 에너지기후변화학회지 Vol.13 No.2
VOCs (volatile organic compounds) are the most common pollutants emitted from chemical plants and cause photochemical reactions in the atmosphere to produce ozone and photochemical oxidants that cause smog. In our project, there were carried out the syngas production by the reforming reaction using catalysts after adsorption and condensation steps to energize VOCs. In generally, the steam reforming reaction is an endothermic reaction, and so the heat source must be supplied from the outside. However, in order to reduce the amount of the external heat source, the reforming reaction can be performed by adding air or oxygen to the reactor similar to auto-thermal reforming reaction. Therefore, in this study, the steam reforming of liquid hydrocarbons such as toluene was carried out by using nickel-based catalysts in order to use the produced syngas as fuel for a gas engine. Additionally, the effect of oxygen supply on the efficiency of the reformer and the composition of syngas is examined.
초단거리 레이스페이스 훈련(USRPT)의 수영거리 설정이 회복력과 수영기록에 미치는 영향
김효식 ( Hyo-sik Kim ),어수주 ( Su-ju Eo ) 한국체육대학교 체육과학연구소 2023 스포츠사이언스 Vol.41 No.3
This study was conducted to examine the impact of swimming distance settings on recovery and swimming records in ultra-short distance race space training(USRPT) and to verify effective USRPT methods. The subjects who participated in this study were 14 elite athletes (age: 19.9±1.1 years, weight: 76.2±7.3 kg, height: 177.5±4.9 cm) belonging to K University. First, the swimming distance is set by completing the 50m distance at 1/4 of the 200m maximum speed and then repeating 20 times with a 20-second rest period (Long Course; LC). Second, the 50m distance is run 20 times in 25mX2 times at a speed of 1/4 of the 200m best record with a racespace of -4 seconds (Short course; SC). The analysis factors are blood lactic acid concentration, game record, heart rate, and perceived exertion. There was no interaction effect between groups (LC, SC) and period (1 to 20 times) according to swimming distance settings in the factors of blood lactic acid concentration, swimming record, and perceived exercise. On the other hand, the heart rate factor showed a significant decrease in the SC group compared to the LC group. As a result of this study, it was found that dividing 50m USRPT into short distances (25mX2 times) was positive for recovery. It was found to be an effective detailed training method among USRPTg methods in improving athletic performance.
엘리트 수영 선수의 경기력 판단지표로서 혈중 젖산의 고찰
김효식 ( Hyo-sik Kim ),김태경 ( Tae-kyung Kim ) 한국체육대학교 체육과학연구소 2021 스포츠사이언스 Vol.39 No.3
In swimming, the training method changes according to various distances and times. As an evaluation index of aerobic and anaerobic exercise metabolism, blood lactate is an important component, so a specific approach is required to ensure reliability and reproducibility of lactate test results. Therefore, it is necessary to set an appropriate training goal by analyzing and monitoring various variables that can affect blood lactate concentration by exercise type. Swimming is not only a representative aerobic and anaerobic exercise that mobilizes all muscles in the human body, but also an exercise sport with few additional factors to evaluate physiological metabolic processes and the resulting energy system response. In swimming, blood lactate testing is an indication of an athlete's metabolic ability and can be applied to stroke (freestyle, backstroke, butterfly, breaststroke) and distance (50, 100 , 200, 400, 800, 1500m, etc.) by monitoring metabolic adaptation by the rate of lactate production and elimination with training intensity and duration. In particular, the versatility of testing methods for distance, intensity and reps is essential for elite swimming training. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the limitations of exercise ability by learning the effect of lactic acid, the final substance of metabolic processes, on the contribution of lactate and anaerobic energy in elite swimming events that aim to shorten the record quickly by mobilizing whole-body muscles. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide a rationale for whether blood lactate in elite swimmers is a key judgmental indicator for performance improvement that establishes an appropriate training program.
우수 중거리 경영선수들의 200m 전력 수영과 회복기 동안 생리학적 변인들의 변화
김효식(Hyo Sik Kim) 한국사회체육학회 2004 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.21
To determine whether the concentration of fatigue-associated metabolites will be determinant of degree of the fatigue in middle distance swimmers during maximal swimming exercise conditions, we measured heart rate (HR), and lactic acid(LA), ammonia(AM), phosphorus(PHs), uric acid(UA), pH and glucose(Glu) in blood. For this study we recruited elite male middle distance swimmers(n=6) who have been participated about 30 hrs/wk for their routine training programs, and all subjects performed 200M time-trial swimming at similar pace with their ever best records. The resting HR was 54.00±1.84 beat/min, and the HR increased immediately(PostEx-0) after 200M swimming (122.83±1.80/sec) and gradually decreased during 30 min recovery(PostEx-30). The LA was also increased at cessation of exercise, but it was reached a peak value(8.01±0.48mM) after 3-5 min exercise finished. It was not the same pattern shown between HR and plasma LA during recovery period. Blood pH, measured both in plasma and whole, was significantly decreased immediately after swimming, and somewhat(but not completely) recovered with 10 min recovery. Plasma AM was elevated with 200M maximal effort swimming, and significantly decreased(but not completely recovered) after 10min recovery. The pattern of changes in blood pH and plasma AM concentration were similar immediately after swimming and during 10 recovery(p<.05). Unlike plasma AM and blood pH responses, UA was not notably changed following exercise, but it was increased at PostEx-10(9.57±1.14㎎/㎗). Plasma Glu was significantly increased(p<.001) at the cessation of maximal effort of swimming but it was returned to resting values with 10 minutes recovery. The results of this study indicated that physiological profiles could be an efficient marker for monitoring the impact of training and competition performance in 200m elite swimmer.
김효식(Hyo-Sik Kim),김진호(Jin-Ho Kim),류재홍(Jae-Hong Ryu),강석환(Suk-Hwan Kang),김태훈(Tae-Hoon Kim),박노국(No-Kuk Park),우광재(Kwang-Jae Woo) 한국에너지기후변화학회 2017 에너지기후변화학회지 Vol.12 No.1
SOx generated in the combustion process of sulfur-containing fuel was regulated globally along with NOx, CO, fine dust, etc. Currently, processes for SOx removal in flue gas were mainly used the wet methods in a variety of industries. On the other hand, the dry methods has not yet been developed with commercial technology, although it has the advantage of removing SOx in flue gas through physical or chemical adsorption over a wide temperature range. In this paper, the operation or regeneration temperature of the sorbents (such as single oxides, oxides supported on carbonaceous materials, oxides supported on zeolites and mesoporous materials) in the dry methods for removing SOx and the future research direction of this field are summarized.