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김일기(Kim, Il-Gi),이수석(Lee, Su-Suk) 북한학회 2013 북한학보 Vol.38 No.2
이 글은 김정은 시대 북한 정치의 특징을 분석하고 향후 변화를 전망하고 있다. 북한 정치의 특정은 권력구조와 리더십 그리고 통치이념을 중심으로 분석하였다. 먼저, 북한의 권력구조는 수령체제라는 북한 정치체제의 특성에 주목하여 유일영도체계와 함께 권력엘리트의 재편에 초점을 두었다. 김정은 시대 유일영도체계는 김정일 시기에 비해 약해지고 있으며, 권력엘리트들은 당-정-군 모두에서 세대교체가 가속화되고 있다. 둘째, 김정은의 정치적 리더십은 인격적 리더십과 제도적 리더십을 통해 분석하였다. 김정은은 김정일 사망 직후 최고지도자의 지위에 기반한 제도적 리더십을 갖춘 이후, 현재까지 인격적 리더십 확립에 매진하고 있다. 셋째, 북한의 통치이념은 주체사상에서 김일성-김정일주의로 변경되었다. 그리고 북한은 김정은 시대의 실천담론으로서 김정일 애국주의를 확산시키고 있다. 결론적으로, 북한은 김정은 시대의 새로운 비전과 목표를 제시할 것이며, 이를 통해 김정일과의 차별성 및 변화를 모색할 가능성이 높다. This paper analyzes the characteristics of North Korean politics and predicts future changes under Kim Jong-Un era. It is analyzed power structure, political leadership and ruling ideology as the characteristics of North Korean politics. First, The power structure is consist of 'uilyongdochege (monolithic leadership)' and change of power elite. The 'uilyongdochege' has weakened and the replacement of power elite has accelerated compared to Kim Jong-Il era. Second, there were analyzed personal leadership and positional leadership as Kim Jong-un's political leadership. Kim Jong-Un established institutional leadership based on position of supreme leader soon after the death of Kim Jong-Il and has been trying to establish personal leadership. Third, The ruling ideology of North Korea changed from 'Juche Ideology' to 'Kimilsung-Kimjongilism'. And The 'KimJongil Patriotism' is spreading to the entire society as the discourse for practice 'Kimilsung-Kimjongilism'. Finally, North Korea will present a new vision and goals and try to differentiate Kim Jong-Un era from Kim Jong-Il era.
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김일기 ( Il Gi Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 글로벌정치연구소 2012 글로벌정치연구 Vol.5 No.1
북한은 작년 김정일 사망 이후 권력승계의 속도를 빠르게 진행하여 올해 4월의 제4차 당대표자회와 제12기 제5차 최고인민회의를 통해 김정은 체제를 공식적으로 출범시켰다. 현재 김정은 체제의 대내외 정책 방향은 김정일의 유훈에 따라 진행되고 있으나, 구체적 내용들은 아직 공개되지 않고 있다. 이 연구는 이러한 점에 주목하여 김정은 체제의 대남정책 방향과 남북관계를 전망하였다. 김정은 체제는 북한의 전통적 대남전략 목표인 ``한반도 공산화``를 계승함과 동시에 강온 양면의 이중적 대남정책을 전개할 것이다. 북한의 대남 유화정책은 경제난 해결과 미북 관계 개선 및 6자회담 재개를 위해 전개될 가능성이 높다. 반면, 대남 강경정책은 미북 관계와 북핵 협상 미진, 체제위기 탈피, 남북관계 주도권 확보 차원에서 추진될 가능성이 높다. 김정은 시대의 남북관계는 북한의 이중적 대남정책에 따라 경색과 회복의 국면을 반복할 것이다. 북한의 대남정책에서 새로운 변화가 없는 한 당분간 남북관계는 경색국면을 벗어나기 어렵다. 그러나 장기적 측면에서 보면 남북관계는 김정은 체제의 안정화 속에서 제한적이지만 점진적으로 개선되는 방향으로 나아갈 가능성이 높다. 아마도 남북관계와 한국, 미국, 중국의 권력교체가 완료되고 새로운 정부가 출범하는 2013년 이후에 새로운 변화의 가능성을 기대할 것으로 예상된다. Kim Jong-un regime has been officially launched from the fourth Conference of the Workers` Party of North Korea, and the fifth session of the 12th Supreme People`s Assembly was held on April 2012. The policy of Kim Jong-un regime has been followed by the teachings left by Kim Jong-il, but the details of it have not been known. So, this article analyzes not only the North Korea`s Policy against South Korea, but also inter-Korea relations which could be expected in the Kim Jong-un Regime. While it maintains the past policy objective, "the communization of the entire Korean peninsula", North Korea will be continued to purse the dual strategy of hardline and moderate toward South Korea. Inter-Korea relations of Kim Jong-un Era will be swung back and forth such as pendulum in the wall clock. If there is no change in strict policy toward South Korea, inter-Korea relations will become progressively worse. Taking the long-term perspective, however, inter-Korea relations will be improved gradually.
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한국인 전반적 급진성 치주염 환자에서 IL-6 유전자 다변성에 관한 연구
방선정,김일신,김옥수,김영준,정현주,Bang, Sun-Jung,Kim, Il-Shin,Kim, Ok-Su,Kim, Young-Jun,Chung, Hyun-Ju 대한치주과학회 2008 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.38 No.4
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of generalized aggressive periodontitis with IL-6 promoter gene single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP). Material and Methods: The study population consisted of 52 generalized aggressive periodontitis patients(GAP) and 30 periodontally healthy control subjects, who were systemically healthy non-smokers. Genomic DNA was obtained from buccal swab. The IL-6 promotor SNP at the positions of -597, -572, and -174 were genotyped by amplifying the polymorphic region using polymerase chain reaction(PCR), restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis. Result: The genotype distributions for G/G, G/A and A/A genotypes of IL-6 -597 were 30.8%, 40.4%, and 28.8% in the GAP group and 53.3%, 40%, and 6.7% in the control group and were statistically different between 2 groups(p<0.05). Allele 2 frequency of IL-6 -597 were significantly higher in the GAP group than the control group(p<0.01). At the position of IL-6 -572, the distribution for C/C, C/G and G/G genotypes were 23.1%, 55.8% and 21.2% in the GAP group and 20%, 33.3%, and 46.7% in the control group. In female subjects, the genotype distribution were significantly different between 2 groups(p<0.01). In male subjects, allele 2 frequency of IL-6-572 was significantly lower in the GAP group than the control group(p<0.05). The genotype distribution of IL-6 -174 in the GAP group were 96.2%, 3.8% for G/G, G/C genotypes whereas only the G/G genotype was detected in the control group. Conclusion: In conclusion, significant associations were found in IL-6 gene promoter(-597, -572) polymorphisms and generalized aggressive periodontitis. Further cohort study will be necessary in larger population.
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괴화 추출물이 대식세포에서의 nitric oxide와 interleukin-6의 생성에 미치는 영향
이지은,이주연,최점일,김종관,김성조,Lee, Ji-Eun,Lee, Ju-Youn,Choi, Jeom-Il,Kim, Chong-Kwan,Kim, Sung-Jo 대한치주과학회 2005 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.35 No.1
Both nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been thought to have a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease as it does in other inflammatory diseases, and the inhibitors of NO and IL-6 production have been considered as potential anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, we evaluated methanol extract of Sophorae Flos for inhibition of NO and IL-6 production in Prevotella intermedia LPS-induced mouse macrophages RAW264.7 cells. Dried Sopharae Flos was sliced, and extracted with 100% methanol. LPS from p. intermedia ATCC 25611 was prepared by the standard hot phenol-water method. NO production was assayed by measuring the accumulation of nitrite in culture supematants and IL-6 was measured using mouse IL-6 ELISA kit. Western blot analysis of iNOS and analysis of reverse transcription (RT)-PCR products were carried out. The methanol extract of Sophorae Flos concentration-dependently reduced the production of NO and the expression of iNOS protein and mRNA in RAw264.7 cells treated with P. intermedia LPS. Sophorae Flos also suppressed IL-6 production and the expression of IL-6 mRNA in RAw264.7 cells stimulated by P. intermedia LPS. The inhibition of NO and IL-6 production by Sophorae Flos may be useful in the therapy of inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis. This hypothesis, however, remains to be tested.
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주조직적합항원이 불일치하는 마우스 동종 조혈모세포이식에서 IL-2로 유도된 CD4+CD25+ T세포를 이용한 이식편대숙주병의 억제
현재호,정대철,정낙균,박수정,민우성,김태규,최병옥,김원일,한치화,김학기,Hyun, Jae Ho,Jeong, Dae Chul,Chung, Nak Gyun,Park, Soo Jeong,Min, Woo Sung,Kim, Tai Gyu,Choi, Byung Ock,Kim, Won Il,Han, Chi Wha,Kim, Hack Ki 대한면역학회 2003 Immune Network Vol.3 No.4
Background: In kidney transplantation, donor specific transfusion may induce tolerance as a result of some immune regulatory cells against the graft. In organ transplantation, the immune state arises from a relationship between the immunocompromised graft and the immunocompetent host. However, a reverse immunological situation exists between the graft and the host in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In addition, early IL-2 injections after an allogeneic murine HSCT have been shown to prevent lethal graft versus host disease (GVHD) due to CD4+ cells. We investigated the induction of the regulatory CD4+CD25+ cells after a transfusion of irradiated recipient cells with IL-2 into a donor. Methods: The splenocytes (SP) were obtained from 6 week-old BALB/c mice ($H-2^d$) and irradiated as a single cell suspension. The donor mice (C3H/He, $H-2^k$) received $5{\times}10^6$ irradiated SP, and 5,000 IU IL-2 injected intraperitoneally on the day prior to HSCT. The CD4+CD25+ cell populations in SP treated C3H/He were analyzed. In order to determine the in vivo effect of CD4+CD25+ cells, the lethally irradiated BALB/c were transplanted with $1{\times}10^7$ donor BM and $5{\times}10^6$ CD4+CD25+ cells. The other recipient mice received either $1{\times}10^7$ donor BM with $5{\times}10^6$ CD4+ CD25- cells or the untreated SP. The survival and GVHD was assessed daily by a clinical scoring system. Results: In the MLR assay, BALB/c SP was used as a stimulator with C3H/He SP, as a responder, with or without treatment. The inhibition of proliferation was $30.0{\pm}13%$ compared to the control. In addition, the MLR with either the CD4+CD25+ or CD4+CD25- cells, which were isolated by MidiMacs, from the C3H/He SP treated with the recipient SP and IL-2 was evaluated. The donor SP treated with the recipient cells and IL-2 contained more CD4+CD25+ cells ($5.4{\pm}1.5%$) than the untreated mice SP ($1.4{\pm}0.3%$)(P<0.01). There was a profound inhibition in the CD4+CD25+ cells ($61.1{\pm}6.1%$), but a marked proliferation in the CD4+CD25- cells ($129.8{\pm}65.2%$). Mice in the CD4+CD25+ group showed low GVHD scores and a slow progression from the post-HSCT day 4 to day 9, but those in the control and CD4+CD25- groups had a high score and rapid progression (P<0.001). The probability of survival was 83.3% in the CD4+CD25+ group until post-HSC day 35 and all mice in the control and CD4+CD25- groups died on post-HSCT day 8 or 9 (P=0.0105). Conclusion: Donor graft engineering with irradiated recipient SP and IL-2 (recipient specific transfusion) can induce abundant regulatory CD4+CD25+ cells to prevent GVHD.
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김명일(Myong Il Kim) 고신대학교 개혁주의학술원 2021 갱신과 부흥 Vol.27 No.-
NPP (바울에 관한 새관점) 학자들의 영향으로 개혁주의의 신학이 오해되는 경향이 있다. 톰 라이트는 종교개혁가들이 칭의에서 법정적인 측면만 강조한다고 이해한다. 라이트의 견해에 따르면, 로마서 1:5의 ‘믿음’은 하나님의 언약적인 신실하심에 반응하는 인간의 신실성이다. 로마서 1:5의 ‘믿음의 순종’은 동격을 나타내는 속격이기 때문에, 순종은 언약적인 신실성을 의미한다. 믿음은 예수 그리스도를 믿는 믿음이 아니라 하나님의 백성의 경계를 다시 그린다. 바울의 믿음은 유대인의 우월성과 다른 언약적인 공동체에 소속되는 것을 이끈다고 이해한다. 그러나 종교개혁가들은 믿음과 행위를 날카롭게 구분한다고 주장한다. 그러나 종교개혁가들은 법정적인 칭의만을 강조할 뿐만 아니라 칭의에서 언약적인 측면을 강조하고 있다. 톰 라이트는 로마서 1:5와 16:26에 등장하는 “믿음의 순종”의 개념에서 동격적인 속격 구조로 믿음은 인간의 신실성이며 순종은 의로운 행위로 이해한다. 즉 그의 이해는 언약적이지만 행위를 포함하는 성격이다. 루터의 믿음과 순종의 이해는 중세의 신학자인 아퀴나스와 반대되는 주장으로 믿음과 행위의 날카로운 구분을 짓는다. 이에 반해 칼빈은 행위로 얻어지는 칭의는 거부하지만 “믿음의 순종”에서 톰 라이트의 주장과는 다르게 믿음이 언약적임을 제시한다. 칼빈은 믿음과 행위를 날카롭게 대조시키지만 순종을 믿음으로 제시한다. 이 대조의 해결을 성령으로 제시하면서 성령을 통한 순종을 강조한다. The New Perspective on Paul has distorted the understanding of Reformed Theology in current New Testament scholarship. N. T. Wright argues that the Reformers concentrate only on the forensic idea of faith. In Wright’s view, ‘faith’ in Romans 1:5 is human faithfulness that answers to God’s covenantal faithfulness. Because ‘the obedience of faith’ in Romans 1:5 is a genitive of apposition, obedience denotes covenantal faithfulness. The faith redraws the boundaries which marked out the people of God rather than faith in Jesus Christ. Paul’s understanding of faith then leads to remaking the covenant community apart from Jewish superiority. As a result, he sees a sharp Reformational antithesis between ‘faith’ and ‘works.’ However, the Reformers did not concentrate only on the forensic characteristics of justification but also on its covenantal characteristics. Wright understands the obedience of faith in Romans 1:5 and 16:26 as an appositional genitive. He argues this faith refers to human faithfulness and understands obedience as righteous conduct or works. He argues that while it is covenantal, the faithfulness does include the concept of works. Luther, however, insisted on an antithesis between ‘faith’ and ‘works’ in opposition to Aquinas’ idea of faith. However, although Calvin similarly rejected justification by works, he did present faith as covenantal, in contrast with Wright’s argument. While, crucially, Calvin shows the contrast between faith and works for justification, he contradictorily presents the obedience as faith. While Calvin presents the Spirit as the solution to this inconsistency, he emphasizes the obedience through the Spirit.
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