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아니슈 카포(Anish Kapoor): 공과 색, 이름을 넘어서
김융희 현대미술학회 2010 현대미술학 논문집 Vol.1 No.14
This essay aims to interpret the works of Anish Kapoor by the concept of 'Emptiness' which is one of the core concept of Mahajana Buddhism. The concept of 'emptiness'had developed by Nagarjuna who was a Mahajana Buddhist scholar through the theory of middle way. Nagarjuna insisted that the 'emptiness' of the being should be explained by middle way only, why the 'emptiness' is neither object nor non-oject. The main phrase of Paramita Sutra, 'the emptiness is objectness, the objectness is emptiness' has been considered as a epigram which expresses a truthful reality of being. A series of works of Anish Kapoor which are made of mirror surface, <Cloud Gate>, <Sky Mirror>, <Vertigo> etc. can be interpreted by the Mahajana Buddhist concept of 'emptiness', the reason why they arouse a ambiguous perception, neither of objectness nor non-objectness. Actually Anish Kapoor have been a Buddhist, he had made the work in the name of <Void Field>. Hommi Bhabha insisted that a series of works of Kapoor aimed to 'making emptiness' by arousing the doubt of identity of works to the spectators. Many of Kappors works have the uncertainty and non-determinancy of identity. For exemple, in <1000 names>,spectators can't discern the identity which is made by a heap of colour powder or painted colour surface. In <Svayambh>, it is uncertain who makes the works. In <Marsyas>, it is uncertain where is inside or outside. The ambiguity of perception leads the spectator to doubt to the commonly perception, and then to the emptiness of the meaning of names, the emptiness of the commonly judgement, and the emptiness of subject of judgement. Mahajana Buddhist teaches 'there is no subject in sensation, perception, representation, action, conscience','there is no subject in Dharma(universal law).' The man who gains enlightenment have not attachment anymore and anywhere, he frees from pain of life, he lives in peace. The core guidance of Majajana Buddhism is '4 holy law', that is 'pain-attachment-elimination-nirvana', that is who can understand the truth which the pain is aroused by attachment, therefore to eliminate the attachment, he reach the nirvana(peace). The root of attachment is illusion; there is a substantial subject, there is a substantial object. The deep understanding of non-substantiality of everything leads us to peace. Some of works of Kapoor are present the emptiness of names, subjects, objects, and substances. By the way he make us to experience 'the Middle Way', the peace.
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김융희,이정호,오석환 인제대학교 1989 仁濟醫學 Vol.10 No.1
단기순환형 정동장애 환자 1례를 치험하였기에 문헌적 고찰과 함께 이를 보고한다. Rapid cycling of mood change has recently emerged as a significant diagnostic and therapeutic problem in the treatment of manic-depressive illness, especially in the lithium carbonate prophylaxis failure group. One of the distinguishing features of rapid cycling affective disorder is its tendency to remit and recur for times or more a year spontaneously or with the use of antidepressants, increasing frequency with a continuous circular course. We have experienced a case of rapid cycling affective disorder in the 23 year old female patient who has suffered from rapid cycling depressive and manic episodes for about one year. During that period, there were seven depressive episodes which alternated with six manic episodes without no intervening normal period. Tricyclic antidepressants and lithium carbonate were medicated initially, but excessive swing to the manic state and cholinergic symptoms such as hypotension, bradycardia made it impossible to use those drugs. After the cessation of antidepressants, depressive episode ensued rapidly without intervening euthymic state. Aforementioned rapid cycling was eliminated by ECT. Residual depressive state was managed successfully with imipramine and carbamazepine. Now the patient maintains the euthymic state and is placed on imipramine and carbamazepine to prevent the reintroduction of cycling.
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변액보험에 부과된 최저실적배당연금액 보증옵션에 대한 연구
김융희 ( Eyung Hee Kim ),김창기 ( Chang Ki Kim ) 보험연구원 2013 보험금융연구 Vol.24 No.2
최저실적배당연금액 보증옵션(GLWB: Guaranteed Lifetime Withdrawal Benefit)은 가입자가 종신연금을 가입하지 않아도 사망 시까지 일정 금액 이상의 연금을 받을 수 있도록 보증한다. 뿐만 아니라 GLWB는 사망 시 잔여적립금을 지급하며 중도 인출을 통해 유동성을 제공해 많은 소비자들이 변액연금 상품을 노후 대비를 위해 구입하도록 유인할 수 있다는 점에서 매우 가치가 높다. 하지만 GLWB를 제공하는 회사는 계약자 적립금이 고갈된 이후에도 연금 지급의무를 가지므로 높은 위험에 노출된다. 이러한 이유로 적합한 GLWB 가격을 산출하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 따라서 우리는 GLWB의 만기가 장기라는 점을 고려하여 Regime Switching Log Normal(RSLN)을 사용하여 주가수익률을 추정하고 높은 장수위험을 반영하여 Lee-Carter model을 이용하여 생존율을 추정하였다. 그리고 GLWB 가격 산출식을 적용하여 적합한 옵션 가격을 산출하였다. 또한 기초 변수 중 주가수익률과 생존율이 보증위험에 미치는 영향을 분석하였으며 GLWB의 높은 위험을 반영해 상품 디자인 단계에서 위험을 줄일 수 있는 방안을 제시하였다. The Guaranteed Lifetime Withdrawal Benefit (GLWB) allows minimum withdrawals from an invested amount in an annuity without having to annuitize the investment. The amount that can be withdrawn is based on a percentage of the total amount invested in the annuity. In addition, the GLWB is valuable in that it can induce consumers to purchase a variable annuity to provide for old age by providing death benefits and flexible liquidity. However, GLWB providers are exposed to high risk since they have liability to provide the annuity even after the annuity holders` reserves become exhausted. Therefore, the appropriate pricing of GLWBs is crucial. In this study, we projected stock returns using the regime switching log normal model (RSLN) in consideration of the long maturity of the GLWB and estimated the survival rate using the Lee-Carter model to reflect the high longevity risk of option providers. After setting the assumptions, we priced the GLWB option price according to the formula. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of major assumptions such as stock volatility and survival rate on the guarantee risk of GLWB providers and proposed a product design to reduce the guarantee risk.
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