쥐의 간 Cytosolic aldehyde Reductase 의 정제 및 특성에 관한 연구

김용덕,주충노 ( Yong Duk Kim,Chung No Joo ) 생화학분자생물학회 1993 BMB Reports Vol.26 No.6

Aldehyde reductase (ALR) isozymes of rat liver cytosol fraction were separated and the ALR having high K_m (101 μM) for p-nitrobenzaldehyde was purified by the methods of ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sephacel chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography and Blue-Sepharose CL-6B affinity chromatography. The ALR having low K_m (29 μM) for p-nitrobenzaldehyde was only partially purified because of its instability and low activity. The molecular weight of high K_m ALR was determined to be 44,000 dalton by Superose gel filtration in FPLC system. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that it was monomer having molecular weight of 42,000 dalton. The optimal pH of high K_m ALR was 6.5 and that of low K_m ALR was 5.5. The isoelecric point of high K_m ALR was 6.2. The above two isozymes were very stable at 37℃, but their activities decreased rapidly as the temperature increased to 54℃. The good substrate of the above two isozymes was found to be p-nitrobenzaldehyde, but their substrate specificity was very different from each other. For low K_m ALR, both NADH and NADPH were used as an coenzyme but high K_m ALR used only NADPH as a coenzyme. It was also realized that Cu^(2+) inhibited high K_m ALR activity but stimulated low K_m ALR activity. Barbital was shown to act as noncompetitive inhibitor of high K_m ALR and its K_i was 35 μM. Indole-3-acetate was shown to act as uncompetitive inhibitor of high K_m ALR and its K_i was 496 μM.

쥐의 간 Cytosolic Aldehyde Reductase의 정제 및 특성에 관한 연구

김용덕,주충노,Kim, Yong-Duk,Joo, Chung-No 생화학분자생물학회 1993 한국생화학회지 Vol.26 No.6

쥐의 간 시토졸 분획에서 두 가지 aldehyde reductase [ALR: EC 1.1.1.2J를 분리하였는데, 그 중 p-nitrobenzaldehyde에 대한 $K_m$값이 높은것(high $K_m$, ALR)은 황산암모늄 분별침전, DEAE-Sephacel, hydroxyapatite, blue sepharose CL-6B chromatography 방법을 이용하여 분리 정제하였고, $K_m$값이 낮은것(low $K_m$ ALR)은 활성이 적고 불안정하여 부분 정제하여 특성을 조사하였다. High $K_m$ ALR은 SDS-PAGE상에서 42,000 dalton의 단일띠로 나타났으며 superose 12 column을 이용한 FPLC gel filtration을 수행한 결과 분자량이 44,000 dalton의 monomer임이 확인되었다. High $K_m$, ALR의 최적 pH는 6.5, pI는 6.2이었고 low $K_m$ ALR의 최적 pH는 5.5이었다. 두 ALR 모두 $37^{\circ}C$ 에서 안정하였으나 $54^{\circ}C$ 이상에서는 활성이 급격히 저하되었다. High $K_m$, ALR. low $K_m$ ALR은 모두 p-nitrobenzaldehyde에 대해 좋은 반응성을 가쳤고 특히 high $K_m$ ALR은 succinic semialdehyde에 대해 높은 반응성을 나타낸 것이 특색이다. 그러나 high $K_m$ ALR과 low $K_m$, ALR의 기질 특이성에는 상당한 차이가 있었다. High $K_m$, ALR은 보조효소로 NADPH만을 이용하지만 low $K_m$, ALR은 NADH, NADPH를 모두 보조효소로 이용한다. 두 효소는 $Mg^{2+}$, $Li^+$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$에 의한 영향을 받지 않았으나, high $K_m$, ALR은 $Cu^{2+}$에 의해 활성이 억제되었는데, low $K_m$, ALR은 반대로 $Cu^{2+}$에 의해 활성이 촉진되었다. Barbital은 high $K_m$, ALR에 대해 비경쟁적 억제작용을 나타내고 $K_i$값은 $35{\mu}M$이였으며, indole-3-acetate에 의해서는 반경쟁적인 억제현상을 나타내고 $K_i$값은 $496{\mu}M$이었다. Aldehyde reductase (ALR) isozymes of rat liver cytosol fraction were separated and the ALR having high $K_m$ $(101{\mu}M)$ for p-nitrobenzaldehyde was purified by the methods of ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sephacel chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography and Blue-Sepharose CL-6B affinity chromatography. The ALR having low $K_m$ $(29{\mu}M)$ for p-nitrobenzaldehyde was only partially purified because of its instability and low activity. The molecular weight of high $K_m$ ALR was determined to be 44,000 dalton by Superose gel filtration in FPLC system. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that it was monomer having molecular weight of 42,000 dalton. The optimal pH of high $K_m$ ALR was 6.5 and that of low $K_m$ ALR was 5.5. The isoelecric point of high $K_m$ ALR was 6.2. The above two isozymes were very stable at $37^{\circ}C$, but their activities decreased rapidly as the temperature increased to $54^{\circ}C$. The good substrate of the above two isozymes was found to be p-nitrobenzaldehyde, but their substrate specificity was very different from each other. For low $K_m$ ALR, both NADH and NADPH were used as an coenzyme but high $K_m$ ALR used only NADPH as a coenzyme. It was also realized that $Cu^{2+}$ inhibited high $K_m$ ALR activity but stimulated low $K_m$ ALR activity. Barbital was shown to act as noncompetitive inhibitor of high $K_m$ ALR and its $K_i$ was $35{\mu}M$. Indole-3-acetate was shown to act as uncompetitive inhibitor of high $K_m$ ALR and its $K_i$ was $496{\mu}M$.

만족도 차이를 통한 한국 외국인투자 인센티브정책의 효율성에 대한 연구

김용덕 ( Yong Duk Kim ),윤영선 ( Yeong Seon Yoon ) 한국국제통상학회 2016 국제통상연구 Vol.21 No.3

As Korea was recovering from the financial crisis of 1997, it redirected its governmental policies to actively attracting foreign direct investment. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the FDI incentive policy in attracting foreign direct investment, through the empirical analysis of the FDI incentive policies enforced after the financial crisis. Also, this paper presents suggestions to improve FDI incentive policies. In particular, the Korean government introduced various incentives to improve the performance of FDI inducement as it decreased rapidly in 2003. This paper provides a framework for a discussion on the necessity of continuing such policies by analyzing their effectiveness in inducing investment. Therefore, this paper is expected to provide significant contributions considering only a few studies on the inducement effects of Korea’s investment incentives among many previous FDI studies, and the lack of studies analyzing the policy effects of the investment incentives introduced after 2003. Empirical analysis was conducted to identify differences in the level of satisfaction with FDI incentives for each investor group depending on the characteristics of each investor. Next, the effectiveness of investment incentives after 2003 in inducing investment and the effectiveness of discriminative operation for investment incentives were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, investment incentives introduced after 2003 were generally ineffective. Moreover, though limited, the effects of discriminative operations of investment incentives by investment locations were shown to be existent and the results showed that preferences toward incentives were different depending on investor characteristics. Furthermore, the study suggested some improvements to the investment incentive policies.

향음예고 (鄕飮禮考) - 성종대의 향약에 (鄕約) 대하여 -

김용덕 ( Yong Duk Kim ) 연세대학교 국학연구원 1985 동방학지 Vol.46-48 No.-

불교설화에서 동자(童子) 출현의 양상과 의미연구

김용덕(Kim Yong-Duk) 실천민속학회 2010 실천민속학연구 Vol.15 No.-

이 글은 불교설화 속의 童子에 대한 성격과 기능 그리고 상징적 의미를 규명하기 위해 씌어졌다. 불교설화에 출현하는 동자의 성격, 기능, 상징적 의미를 알아보기 위해 먼저 불경 속에 등장하는 동자를 분석하였다. 불교 속에 등장하는 동지는 첫째, ‘동자-童眞-보살’이라는 의미가 있다. 이때의 동자는 보살의 화현으로서 확신불이다. 둘째, ‘동자-求道-보살’로서 진리를 깨닫기 위해 보살행을 닦는 모습이다. 셋째, ‘동자-挾侍-보조자’로서 보살이나 천신 산신을 협시하고 공양하는 보조자의 기능을 수행하는 동자가 있는데 이 경우는 순수 무구한 의미로 본성의 회복을 의미한다. 동자의 유형은 재가 童子形과 출가 童僧形으로 나눌 수 있다. 동자는 대개 초라한 행색으로 등장한다. 동자의 주 기능은 主體者를 일깨워 주는 성격을 갖는데 그 과정에서 1차적으로 주인공을 속이는 Trickster의 성격을 갖는다. 동자의 성격은 신과 인간의 중간적 존재이면서 주인공을 신적 세계로 안내하는 助力者의 기능을 갖는다. 동자는 주인공과 함께 敍事構造에서 주동적 인물이며 주체의 성격을 변화시키고 주체의 목적을 실현시켜 주는 기능을 갖는다. 동자의 상징적 의미는 純粹 無垢한 本性의 回復. 菩薩의 化現으로서 부처인 진리의 當體, 條行 求道者의 상징으로 읽힌다. 동자는 천진난만한 동자로서 인간의 때가 묻지 않은 본성을 상징한다. 동자는 보살의 화현이고 보살은 부처고 부처는 진리이므로 동자는 진리 그 당체가 된다. 끝으로 동자는 수행구도자의 상징으로 나타난다. 수행 구도자가 어떻게 精進해야 하는 지의 모범을 보이는 상징으로서 제시된 인물이다. The main purpose of this article is to clarify the characteristics, function, and symbolic meaning of a young boy in the Buddhist legend. In order to do that, the first thing needed to be done is to analyze what the keyword, "young boy", means in the Buddhist scriptures. A young boy in the Buddhist scriptures can be classified into three characters. The first one is a boy monk as the embodiment of Bodhisattva. The second one is a young monk who goes through the Bodhisattva Way of Life for the purpose of realizing the truth. The last one is an attendant who worships and makes an offering to Bodhisattva, a heavenly god. and a mountain god which means the revival of the nature. There are two types of young boy; a lay believer and a young buddhist monk. A young boy in the Buddhist scriptures usually looks shabby. The main function of this young boy is to awaken the main character, during which he initially plays a role as a trickster who deceives the main character, A young boy is a mediator between God and human beings who helps guide the main character to the world of Buddha. On the epical structure the young boy is one of the leading characters along with the main character and plays an important role in changing the personality of the main character and helping him realize his goal. There are three symbolic meanings of a young boy: the revival of the pure nature, the essence of the truth, that is, Buddha. as the embodiment of Bodhisattva, and the symbol of a seeker after truth. The young boy who is innocent symbolizes the pure nature without being corrupted by human beings. He is the embodiment of Bodhisattva, Bodhisattva is Buddha, and Buddha is the truth. Therefore, he is the essence of the truth. Iastly, the young boy represents the symbol of a seeker after truth who gives a good example of how a seeker makes a right effort.

대기업 대 중소기업별 전자무역 성과에 영향을 주는 요인에 관한 실증연구

김용덕 ( Yong Duk Kim ),안철경 ( Chul Kyung Ahn ) 한국국제경영학회 2004 국제경영연구 Vol.15 No.1

관음보살신앙(觀音菩薩信仰)의 설화화양상(說話化樣相)과 의미연구(意味硏究)

김용덕 ( Yong Duk Kim ) 한국언어문화학회 2006 한국언어문화 Vol.0 No.30

鄕廳沿革考

金龍德(KIM Yong-duk) 한국사연구회 1978 한국사연구 Vol.21·22 No.-

연등회(燃燈會)의 문화재적 가치와 세계화 방안

김용덕 ( Yong Duk Kim ) 남도민속학회 2009 남도민속연구 Vol.19 No.-

이 글은 燃燈會의 文化財的 가치를 규명하고 세계화 방안이 무엇인지 모색하기 위해서 씌어졌다. 먼저 연등회의 문화재적 가치가 무엇인지 알아보기 위해 문화재의 개념과 문화재로 지정하는 기준이 무엇인지 .문화재보호법.을 통해서 알아보았다. 무형문화재로 지정되기 위해서 .문화재보호법.에서 요구하는 전통성.예술성.학술성 보호육성의 조건에 맞는지 분석하고 부족한 부분에 대해서 지적하였다. 연등회의 전통성을 알아보기 위해 1월 15일, 2월 15일, 4월 8일에 시행된 연등회를 역사적으로 고찰하고, 축제화가 진행된 최근 100년 동안의 연등회를 분석하였다. 연등회의 예술성을 알아보기 위해 燃燈莊嚴과 紙花莊嚴에 대해서 분석하였다. 그리고 연등회가 학술적으로 연구 가치가 있음을 규명하였다. 2009년에 설행된 연등회를 통해서 전통성.학술성.예술성 보호육성에 어떤 문제점이 있는지 지적하고 보완책을 제시하였다. 연등회를 세계무형문화재(Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity)로 등록하기 위해서 기준이 무엇인지 알아보고, 기준에 맞추려면 어떠한 준비를 해야 하는지 알아보았다. 세계적인 문화축제로 자리 잡기 위해서 전통성, 열린 축제, 캐릭터 개발, 홍보 전략이 어떻게 준비되어야 하는지 제시하였다. This article is written specifically for clarification of the value of Yeondeung Ceremony as an improtant cultural property and to find out the way to globalize it. To find out what is the value of Yeondeung Ceremony as an improtant cultural property, I tried to figure out the definition of cultural property and the standard of designation as a cultural property through the Cultural Properties Protection Law. After investigating if Yeondeung Ceremony satisfys four conditions to be designated as intangible cultural properties(traditionalism, artistic property, acdemic property, protection and upbringing), I pointed out what needs to be improved. To investigate the traditionalism of the ceremony, I examined three Yeondeung Ceremonies(1/15, 2/14, 4/8) with a historical perspective, analyzing other Yeondeung Ceremonies for the last 100 years for which the ceremony has been festivalized. The artistic property of the ceremony is revealed by the analysis of Decoration with Yeondeung and Decoration with the paper flower. And I clarified that Yeondeung Ceremony is worthwhile studying academically. It is indicated that there are some problems of Yeondeung Ceremony of 2009 and supplementary solution is suggested. I also contemplated what needs to be done to register Yeondeung Ceremony as Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. To be a global festival, it is proposed how to improve traditional aspect, make the ceremony open to t! he public, develop peculiar character, and succeed in the pu blicity.

鄕規硏究

金龍德(Kim Yong-Duk) 한국사연구회 1986 한국사연구 Vol.54 No.-