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김승종 서울시립대학교 서울시립대학교 법학연구소 2009 서울법학 Vol.16 No.2
In the present paper we shall see what regulatory taking is and how it works. Takings is an evolving area of constitutional jurisprudence that does not present precise standards or clear analytical approaches. Today it operates not only as a defense against government confiscation of property, but also as a check on the use of police power to regulate the use and enjoyment of property. Back in the Pennsylvania case, 1922, Supreme Court Justice Homes, for the first time in history, acknowledged ‘regulatory taking,’ in his remark, “if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking.” For the past 80 years, the U.S. Supreme Court has been forming the theory of judicial precedents, regulatory taking, at the crossroads of the public and private interests in a number of cases. Thus, regulatory taking is based upon constitutional grounds for protecting property rights from being infringed by state regulations. However, the regulatory takings doctrine has developed disorderly developed, as Justice Stevens point out that even the wisest lawyers would have to acknowledge great uncertainty about the scope of this Court’s takings jurisprudence in the Nollan case, 1987. This paper does an analysis of the criteria for regulatory taking from 1922 to 2005 provide that the Supreme Court has employed a categorical review and Ad hoc review. The former considers whether the action falls within some category for which compensation is always required no matter how minute the intrusion, and no matter how weighty the public purpose behind it in deciding whether challenged government action constitutes a taking. In engaging in the latter, ad hoc and factual inquiries, the Court's decisions have identified several factors that have particular significance. The economic impact of the regulation on the claimant and, particularly, the extent to which the regulation has interfered with distinct investment-backed expectations are, of course, relevant considerations. So, too, is the character of the governmental action. At the very least, it is to be hoped that this paper is able to provide an impetus for studying the regulatory taking.
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미국의 토지이용규제에 관한 연구― 용도지역제도와 토지이용허가제도를 중심으로 ―
김승종 서울시립대학교 서울시립대학교 법학연구소 2014 서울법학 Vol.22 No.1
미국 토지이용규제는 용도지역제도에 토대를 두고 있다는 점에서 우리나라의 토지이용규제와 유사한 측면이 있다. 그러나 미국의 용도지역제도는 지구단위계획 수준으로 개별 필지의 토지이용을 상세하게 규제하고 있으면서도 경직적 토지이용의 문제를 해소하기 위해 토지이용허가는 유연적으로 운용하고 있다. 반면, 우리나라의 경우 용도지역은 느슨하게 규제하면서 토지이용허가는 경직적으로 운영되는 특징이 있다. 이 논문은 미국의 토지이용제도를 검토하여 우리나라의 토지이용제도와의 차이점을 도출하고, 우리나라의 용도지역제도와 토지이용허가제도의 향후 운영방향을 도출하는 데에 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 이 논문은 미국의 용도지역제도의 도입배경과 위헌성 논란을 살펴보고, 경직적 토지이용의 문제를 해소하기 위해 도입된 새로운 용도지역의 내용을 검토하였다. 또한 미국의 용도지역제도와 토지이용허가제도를 소개하고, 미국의 토지이용규제제도가 우리나라에 주는 시사점을 제시하였다. 미국의 토지이용규제제도를 우리나라에 직접 적용하는 데에는 한계가 있을 것이다. 그러나 미국식 용도지역제도와 토지이용허가제도를 통해 현재 우리나라의 토지이용규제제도에서 나타난 문제에 대한 대안을 모색할 수 있을 것이다. 이와 관련하여 이 논문은 첫째 지구단위계획의 적용범위 확대와 농촌형 지구단위계획의 도입, 둘째 도시계획위원회의 갈등관리 기능 추가, 셋째 개발행위허가제도의 유연성 강화를 제안하였다. There is an affinity in land use regulation between Korea and the U.S. in that land use control is based on the zoning system. However, the zoning of the U.S., has controlled all the parcel of land in urban up to the level of district unit planning and made full use of flexible zoning permits to solve the problem from a rigid land use control. Compared to the U.S., Korea has the characteristics such as a slack zoning system and a stereotyped land use permit. The aim of this paper is to find out differences of the land use regulation between Korea and the U.S. and suggest implications for the zoning system and land use permits in Korea. This paper reviewed the background and constitutional issues of zoning system and introduced efforts to solve the problems of rigid zoning in the U.S. In addition, it explained the process of zoning designation and permits and suggested the implications of American zoning system to Korea. Even though it might be limited to directly apply American zoning system to Korea, it is possible to find an alternative to solve problems of land use in Korea through the experiences of them in the U.S. Accordingly, the implications to Korea in this paper are as follows: firstly, to expand an applicable scope of district unit planning and to develop a rural model of it; secondly, to add a function of conflict management to urban planning committee; thirdly, to make land use permit system flexible.
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Book Remodeling Analysis of Femur Using Hybrid Beam Theory
김승종,정재연,하성규,Kim, Seung-Jong,Jeong, Jae-Yeon,Ha, Seong-Gyu The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers 2000 大韓機械學會論文集A Vol.24 No.2
An investigation has been performed to develop an analysis tool based on a nonlinear beam theory, which can be used to predict the long-term behavior of an artificial hip joint. The nonlinear behav ior of the femur arise from the coupled dependence of the bone density and the mechanical properties on each other. The beam theory together with its numerical algorithm is developed to take into account the nonlinear bone remodeling process of the femur that is long enough to be assumed as a beam. A piecewise linear curve for the bone remodeling rate is used in the bone remodeling theory and the surface area density of bone is modeled as the third order polynomial function of bone density. At each section of the beam, a constant curvature is assumed and the longitudinal strains are also assumed to vary linearly across the section. The Newton-Rhapson iteration method is used to solve the nonlinear equations for each cross section of the bone and a backward method is used to march along the time. The density and the remodeling signal ar, calculated along with time for the various time steps, and the developed beam theory has been verified by comparing with the results of finite element analysis of a remodeling bone with an artificial hip joint of titanium prosthesis subjected to uni-axial loads and pure bending moment. It is concluded that the developed beam theory can be used to predict the long-term behavior of the femur and thus to design the artificial hip prosthesis.
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