1920년대 통영지역 청년운동과 ‘김기정 징토운동’

김상환(Kim, Sang-Hwan) 부산경남사학회 2014 역사와 경계 Vol.91 No.-

본 논문은 3.1운동 이후 통영청년단을 비롯한 청년운동의 발전과정을 살펴보고, 그 과정에서 나타난 ‘김기정 징토운동’이 통영지역에서 항일운동으로까지 전화되어가는 과정을 검토해보았다. 1919년 7월 창립된 통영청년단은 지역사회운동과 항일운동의 중심이었다. 통영청년단의 멤버들은 다수의 다른 청년단체에 복수의 멤버십으로 가담하기도 했으며, 시대의 조류와 중앙의 청년단체들의 변화에 부응하면서 발전해 갔다. 즉 1925년에는 통영지역에도 ‘정의단’, ‘거화동맹’, ‘안우회’, ‘사과실탄티’ 같은 사상단체도 만들어 지고, 청년조직들도 청년동맹으로 변화되어 가기도 했던 것이다. 김기정 사건에서도 이들은 함께 ‘민정회’를 출범시켜 한시적인 임무수행을 위해 ‘특별위원회’의 위상을 부여하였다. 각 청년조직들이 이렇게 별도의 조직을 만들어가면서 개별단체들이 한계를 극복해 나갔다. 김기정 징토운동은 경상남도 도 평의회에서의 김기정의 발언이 단초가 되었고, 통영 사상단체의 효시인 ‘정의단’에서 활동한 김원석의 징토문 살포로 촉발되었다. 게다가 경찰 출신자들의 모임이자 친일 단체인 ‘삼구회’라는 친일조직에 대한 통영민들의 반감으로 항일의식은 더욱 고취되었다. 김원석의 전격구속에 이은 3월 25일의 보고대회가 진행되어 김기정에 대한 징토운동운동이 확산되어가는 시점에 김기정이 관선 도 평의원으로 재임 된다든지, 5월 9일 앞의 보고대회 집행위원 11인을 추가 구속함으로써 사건은 증폭되었다. 3월 15일부터 시작된 이 운동은 동년 5월 15일까지 두 차례에 걸쳐 도합 33인이 구속되고 김기정이 공직에서 사퇴함으로 마무리 되었다. 이 운동을 주도한 것은 ‘통영청년단’을 비롯한 지역의 청년조직이었다. 이 운동이 두 달 동안 지속되어 목적을 달성할 수 있었던 것은 전적으로 통영지역민의 일치단결된 항일의식과 민족반역자에 대한 분노였다. 통영지역의 김기정 징토운동은 지역을 넘어 전국으로, 해외로까지 알려져 일제의 식민지 지배정책 가운데 내선일체에 대한 허구를 공격하고, 부일협력자에 대한 경종을 울려주었다. This thesis examines Tongyeong Youth Union as well as the youth’s movement after the 3·1 Independence Movement. Also, the thesis has identified the process in which the ‘Punish-Movement Ki-jeong Kim’ has evolved into an anti-Japanese movement. The Tongyeong Youth Union which was established in July 1919, was the center of the regional society movement and the anti-Japanese movement. The members of Tongyeong Youth Union participated simultaneously in other numerous youth associations and continued developing after adapting to and fulfilling the changes which the central youth organizations underwent with the tides of the times. In other words, an organization advocating a particular system of ideology emerged in Tongyeong 1925, such as ‘Jeongeuidan’, ‘Geohwa-alliance’, ‘Ahnwoohwae’, ‘Sagwasiltanti’ and other organizations. Moreover, youth organizations transformed into youth alliances. Also in the ‘Ki-jeong Kim Incident’, the youths established the ‘Minjeonghwae’ and for carrying out temporary duties, they also appointed the status of special commission. Each and every youth organization established these separate organizations, which supported independent organizations to overcome limits. The ‘Punish-Movement Ki-jeong Kim’ was triggered by Won-seok Kim (an individual who had participated in the ‘Jeongeuidan (the first ideology organization in Tongyeong))’s Punish-Movement and also by Ki-jeong Kim’s remark during the Gyeongsangnam-do provincial council. Furthermore, the pro-Japanese organization ‘Samgoohwae’, consisting of personnel with backgrounds as policemen and in pro-Japanese organization, had forced the people of Tongyeong to foster a sense of rebellion towards the Japanese during this organization’s development. Following the imprisonment of Won-seok Kim, a briefing conference had been held on the 25th of March when ‘Punish-Movement Ki-jeong Kim’ was expanding. This period marked a point when Ki-jeong Kim was to be repositioned for office by the government as a provincial councillor, and marked the amplification of the incidence when 11 more member of the executive committee (briefing conference) were imprisoned on the 9th of May. This movement, which started on the 15th of March, resulted in 33 total individuals being imprisoned until the 15th of May and ended with Ki-jeong Kim’s resignation from public office. Those who led this movement were nonetheless, the Tongyeong Youth Union and the region’s youth organizations. The reasons as to how this movement continued for two months were down to the unanimity of Tongyeong residents’ anti-Japanese sentiment and the rage felt towards traitors. The ‘Punish-Movement Ki-jeong Kim’ of the Tongyeong region spread across the nation to overseas, which attached the fabrication of the ‘Naeseon Ilche (‘Korea and Japan are One’ policy) which was part of Japan’s policy of domination. Lastly, it sounded the alarm for those who acted for the Japanese domination over Korea; traitors.

간찰을 통해 본 扶安金氏家의 교유관계 : 陶菴 李?가 醉醒堂 金守宗에게 보낸 親筆 簡札을 중심으로

김상환(Kim Sang-hwan) 한국학중앙연구원 2004 장서각 Vol.- No.12

Ganchal (簡札, handwritten letters) was one of the most widely used forms of written communication by which the men of old could exchange information among themselves. The form and substance of ganchal differed according to the relationship between the sender and the recipient. Studies on ganchal are stagnant because ganchal is not only hard to understand but illegible in most cases due to the difficulty in understanding the writing style in cursive (草書) or semi-cursive (行書) script. This paper analyzes the contents and the characteristics on ganchal which was sent by Lee Jae (李縡, 1680~1746, pen name of Doam 陶菴) to Kim Soo-Jong (金守宗, 1671~1736, pen name of Chwiseongdang 醉醒堂) and has been handed down within the Buan Kim family since then. this study shows the aspects of their companionship. Lee Jae is from Woobong Lee clan (牛峯李氏) and Kim Soo-Jong is from Buan Kim clan (扶安金氏). They were closely related to each other because the two families were connected through marriage in that the mother of Kim Soo-Jong was a daughter of Lee Man-Hee (李晩熙) from the Woobong Lee clan. Of the 50 ganchal sent to Kim Soo-Jong by Lee Jae, 19 included in the book entitled Gancheop (間帖, Collection of Ganchal) and 31 in Doam sudok (陶菴手牘, Handwritten Letters by Doam) have been handed down to date. These 50 ganchal were not included in the Doamjip (陶菴集, Collection of Doam's Works) at all, and Kim Soo-Jong's works were not published in the form of a book in his life time, much less posthumously. However, the ganchal with which literary men like Lee Jae and the family of Kim Soo-Jong corresponded are very valuable materials to Buan Kim clan, resulting in the publication of collected works. Gandok (簡牘, Printed Version of Ganchal from Doam and Other Scholars) is one book divided into three chapters with 116 ganchal sent by 44 people. The third chapter includes 28 ganchal sent by Lee Jae sent to Kim Soo-Jong. Lee Jae, a scholar in the late Joseon dynasty period (朝鮮), was an outstanding scholar in calligraphy. The characteristics of the 50 ganchal which he sent to Kim Soo-Jong are as below: First, ganchal written by his own hand with which he corresponded with Kim Soo-Jong for 41 years from 1701 to 1742. Second, Lee Jae lived in Seoul, Injae (麟蹄) in Gangwon Province, and then Hwajeon (花田) in Goyang, etc, and Kim Soo-Jong lived in Wooban-dong in Buan. Third, ganchal was not sent or received from Doam when Kim Soo-Jong was involved in the Musin Rebellion (戊申亂) of 1728 and suffered hardships. This seems to be due to his attempt to avoid any suspicion of being linked to the rebellion. Fourth, the content of the ganchal varied, ranging from asking after the welfare of the recipient as well as the daily activities in purchasing and management of the farm. Due to the fact that the Woobong Lee clan and the Buan Kim clan were related by marriage, not only Lee Jae but four generations from his grandfather, Lee Suk (李?, 1626~1688), and his father's older brother, Lee Man-Sung (李晩成, 1659~1722), to his son, Lee Jae-Won (李濟遠), and a niece of collateral family corresponded with each other. The contents of ganchal are various as follows ① asking after the welfare; ② sending of condolences; ③ sending of gifts or expressing gratitude for gift and warm friendship; ④ introducing his friend who was being exiled and asking for adequate arrangements for him; ⑤ sending of congratulations and admonitions; ⑥ entrusting of household affairs; ⑦ writer's recent state of affairs. The contents of ganchal, however, did not contain scholarly attainments, moral cultivation, opinions on the current state of politics. Through ganchal, the scholars of old kept in touch with each other by exchanging news of neighboring families, relatives, friends, and the government. If we analyze ganchal in conjunction with other documentary records, ganchal can become a valuable foundation for understanding matters that cannot be clearly understood through other material

연약지반 거동의 이해

김상환(Sang-Hwan Kim),박인준(In-Jun Park),김낙영(Nak-Young Kim) 한국지반환경공학회 2005 한국지반환경공학회 학술발표회논문집 Vol.2005 No.4

연구발표논문초록 ( 공업화학 (2) ) : 구조 세라믹 합성을 위한 SHS 공정

김상환(Sang Hwan Kim),전경수(Gyung Soo Jeon),박형상(Hyung Sang Park) 한국화학공학회 1988 추계학술발표회 Vol.- No.-

50대 이상 성인에서의 인지기능과 치매위험요인

김상환(Sang-Hwan Kim),문상훈(Sang-Hoon Moon),이혜리(Hye-Ree Lee),이덕철(Duk-Chul Lee) 대한임상노인의학회 2005 대한임상노인의학회지 Vol.6 No.2

연구 배경: 연구가 진행됨에 따라 50대 이상의 성인에게서 나타나는 기억력 저하가 연령 증가에 동반되는 독립적인 실체라기보다 알츠하이머병의 전 단계일 가능성이 높다는 것이 알려지고 있다. 본 연구는 50대 이상 성인의 인지기능과 치매와 관련된 위험인자들과의 관련성을 살펴보고자 한다. 방법: 2004년 10월부터 2005월 2월까지 서울시내 대학병원 1곳, 병원 1곳, 경기지역 종합병원 1곳에서 건강검진을 받는 사람들을 대상으로 하였으며 K-MMSE를 이용하여 인지기능 평가를 하였다. 24점 이상 28점 이하인 군을 기억장애군으로, 29점 이상인 군을 정상군으로 나누고 이 두군간에 분석을 시행하였다. 결과: 연구대상자는 남자 209명, 여자 207명으로 전체 416명이다. 정상군에서 고졸, 대졸 이상인 경우가 상대적으로 많았으며(P<0.001), 기억장애군에서 현재 흡연 중인 경우(P=0.008)와 고혈압을 가진 경우가 상대적으로 많았다(P<0.001). K-MMSE 세부항목 중, 기억회상의 평균 점수는 기억장애군 1.6± 0.8점, 정상군 2.6±0.5점이며, 주의집중 및 계산의 평균 점수는 기억장애군 3.5±1.1점, 정상군 4.8±0.4점으로 기억장애군이 낮았다. 인지기능(기억장애)에 미치는 영향에 대한 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과, 학력, 흡연력, 고혈압이 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 학력의 경우, 초졸 이하에 비해 교차비는 중졸 0.38 (95% 신뢰구간 0.15~0.97), 고졸 0.20 (0.09~0.45), 대졸 이상 0.10 (0.04~0.25)로 기억장애가 각각 감소하였다. 또한 현재 흡연 중인 경우 2.3배, 고혈압의 경우 2.7배 기억장애가 증가하였다. 결론: 본 연구에서는 50세 이상 성인에서 인지기능저하(기억장애)는 나이, 학력, 흡연, 고혈압과 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. MMSE 28점 이하인 대상자들에서도 기억 검사와 같은 추후 검사가 필요하리라 본다. Background: Recently, there is known that memory impairment in elders above 50 years old is not independent age-associated problem but preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease. The objectives of our study were to determine the relation of cognitive function and dementia-related risk factors in elders above 50 years old. Methods: We examined persons that admitted in health promotion center of one college hospital, one hospital in seoul and one hospital in Kyung-gi do. We checked Korean version of MMSE (K-MMSE) and divided two groups. We named that one group of above 29 score is memory impairment group and other group of 24~28 score is normal cognitive group. Results: There were 209 men and 207 women. In the normal cognitive group, persons were with higher education level of high school or college (P<0.001), less current smoking (P=0.008) and hypertension (P<0.001). In subcategories of K-MMSE, average scores of delayed recall were lower in the memory impairment group (1.6±0.8) than in the normal group (2.6±0.5) and average scores of concentration or calculation were lower in the memory impairment group (3.5±1.1) than in the normal group (4.8±0.4). Logistic regression yielded education level, smoking and hypertension to be independent predictors of the lower MMSE score. The risk of memory impairment was decreased in persons with higher education level of high school or college vs of elementary school (adjusted OR 0.20; 95% CI, 0.09~0.45 for high school, adjusted OR 0.10; 95% CI, 0.04~0.25 for above college). The risk of memory impairment was increased 2.3-fold in persons with current smoking and 2.7-fold with hypertension. Conclusion: We found the relationship between cognitive decline (memory impairment) and dementia- related risk factors (aging, education, smoking and hypertension).

데리다와 은유

김상환(Sang Hwan Kim) 한국기호학회 1999 기호학연구 Vol.5 No.-

N/A

우리나라 주식시장에서의 군집행태 검증

김상환(Sangwhan Kim) 한국경제연구학회 2013 한국경제연구 Vol.31 No.3

군집행태(herding behavior)는 금융자산의 시장가격을 펀더멘탈한 가치에서 벗어나게 하기 때문에 장기적으로 시장불안정을 유발하는 원인으로 지적되고 있다. 게다가 전통적인 재무이론과 행태재무이론 간의 투자자 행동에 대한 학술적 논쟁에도 군집행태는 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 이러한 중요성에도 불구하고 우리나라 시장에 대한 기존의 실증연구는 펀드매니저의 군집성향에만 초점을 두어 왔다. 본 연구는 Chang, Cheng, and Khorna(2000)의 군집행태식을 이용한 군집행태 검증을 처음으로 시도하였고 분위수회귀모형을 이용하여 분포의 다양한 영역에서의 군집행태 발생 여부를 검토하였다. 검증결과를 요약하면 대형주에서는 군집행태가 유의적으로 나타나지 않았으나 중형주와 소형주에서 매우 강한 군집행태가 나타남을 확인하였다. 시장 상승기와 하락기의 군집행태를 분석한 결과에서는 시장이 상승할 때에는 유의적인 군집행태가 발견되지 않았으나 시장이 하락할 때에는 매우 유의적인 군집행태가 나타났다. 이는 시장이 급락할 때 나타나는 투자자의 공포심이 군집행태를 유발하는 주요 원인임을 시사하며, 투자자 심리를 강조하는 형태재무이론을 지지하는 증거로 볼 수 있다. 분위수회귀모형으로 추정한 결과를 보면, 대형주는 모든 분위수에서 군집행태 계수추정치가 유의적이지 않았던 반면 중형주와 소형주에서는 왼쪽 꼬리부분과 오른쪽 꼬리부분에서 군집행태가 강하게 나타났다. 특히, 중형주시장에서는 10% 이하의 낮은 분위수에서 강한 군집형태가 발견되었고, 소형주에서는 50% 이상의 모든 분위수에서 군집형태가 강하게 나타났다. Herding behavior is known to cause the instability of stock markets by deviating the market prices far from the fundamental prices corresponding to the rational asset price models. So the existence of herding behavior is the important policy issue for the financial market stability. The herding behavior is also an academic issue since it can provide the evidence on the investors. Trading behavior which is at the center of controversial debates between the traditional finance advocating investors. rationality and the behavioral finance. Despite the policy implications and the academic significance of the herding behavior, the in-depth empirical examination on its existence in the Korean market has not been sufficient. This paper applied the testing procedure of Chang, Cheng and Khorna(2000) on the Korean market from 2000 to 2010. In addition, it tested the existence of herding behavior in the various quantiles of return dispersion distribution by quantile regression. Based on testing the herding behavior by finn size, herding behavior is not significant in the large-cap stocks, but we found the strong evidence of its existence in the middle-cap and small-cap stocks. Testing results during different market conditions indicate that herding is present in down markets. However, we are unable to find significant evidence of herding when the market is up. This result implies that the panic psychology during the market crash is the major reason of herding behavior. By applying quantile regression analysis to estimate the herding equation, we find strong evidence of herding behavior conditional on the dispersions of returns in the lower and upper quantile region.

주식시장간 상관계수의 시간불변성에 대한 검증

김상환 ( Sang Whan Kim ) 한국금융연구원 2011 금융연구 Vol.25 No.1

Knowledge about movements of correlation has important implications for econometric modeling and the empirical study of financial issues. In Bollerslev (1990), the constant correlation assumption allows a simple parameterization of the conditional covariance matrix in multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model. In contrast to other multivariate GARCH models, such as Vech representation (Engle et al., 1984) and BEKK representation (Engle and Kroner, 1995), the constant correlation model involves a relatively small number of parameters and, moreover, the conditions for positive definiteness of covariance matrix are easy to impose. However, many empirical results including Longin and Solnik (1995) show that the assumption of constant correlation does not hold for some financial data. The correlation constancy is also an important problem in financial studies. The correlation structure among different national stock returns is a crucial factor in determining the gains from international portfolio diversification, which was studied by Levy and Sarnat (1970) and Longin and Solnik (1995) among others. One of the inputs required for international investments is the ex-ante measure of the correlation, which is usually estimated by ex-post measures. But its reliability as proxies for ex-ante measures depends on whether the international correlation structure is intertemporally stable. The constant correlation also plays an important role in the context of hedge ratio estimation. Under the constant correlation assumption, the hedge ratio could be estimated by the ratio of two univariate conditional standard deviations multiplied by the correlation between the spot and futures returns. These observations indicate that a formal test of the constant correlation assumption will be a very useful tool for correctly specifying financial models. The objective of this paper is to extend Bera and Kim (2002)`s test for the constancy of correlations to the multi-correlation case and apply the extended test to the 5 Asian stock markets. To circumvent the blow-up of the tests when applied to the financial data following fat-tailed distributions, studentizing was used instead of asymptotic variance in the original test. The test results on the unconditional correlation between Asian markets in the period 1985~2010 rejected the constancy of correlation, which agrees with most previous empirical studies. In the pre-crisis and post- crisis periods, however, the null of constant correlations are not rejected in most markets. The tests on conditional correlations provides the almost same results: the inter-market correlations do change over time in the whole sample period, but do not show significant movements in the subsamples of pre-crisis and post-crisis period. These empirical results imply that the relationships between markets was stable at low level in the pre-crisis period, and increased to a higer level during the Asian crisis. The high correlation stays continued afterwards. Contrary to previous studies mostly denying the constant correlations, this paper states that the constancy of correlations depends on which sample period was chosen to be tested.

시장금리의 은행금리 전가에 관한 연구

김상환 ( Sang Whan Kim ) 한국경제통상학회(구 한국경상학회,한국국민경제학회) 2015 경제연구 Vol.33 No.1

본 연구는 화폐시장금리의 은행금리에 대한 전가과정(pass-through)을 패널 오차수정모형을 이용하여 실증적으로 분석하였다. 장기 전가율 분석 결과 시장금리 변화가 대출금리에 장기적으로 100% 반영되는 것으로 나타난 반면 예금금리에는 70% 정도만 전가되는 것으로 나타났다. 통제변수로 거시경제변수를 추가해도 장기 전가율에는 거의 변화가 없었다. 그러나 은행경영지표를 통제변수로 추가할 경우에는 대출금리의 장기 전가율은 80%로 하락한 반면 예금금리의 장기 전가율은 90%로 상승하였다. 은행금리가 균형으로 회복되는 속도와 방향을 측정하는 오차수정 계수는 대출금리와 예금금리 모두 매우 유의적인 음의 값을 나타내어 은행금리의 불균형부분이 다음기의 은행금리에 올바른 방향으로 수정되어 반영되는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 단기 전가율의 경우 당기의 시장금리는 은행금리에 유의적인 영향을 미치지 않지만 전기의 시장금리는 매우 유의적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 은행금리가 시장금리변화에 대해 시차를 두고 반응함을 시사한다. This paper deals with the relationship between a money market rate and banks’ interest rates in Korea by empirically examining the pass-through that is defined as the degree and the speed of adjustment of interest rates to money market rate. Long-run pass-through has been confirmed to be complete in bank loan rates. On the other hand, about 70% of a change in the money market rate is estimated to be transmitted to deposit rates. Error-correction coefficients, which measure the speed and direction of bank rates’ convergence to the equilibrium, are significantly negative. Negative error-correction term implies that the divergent bank rates are correctly adjusted to equilibrium levels. As for the short-rum pass-through, the effect of the current period’s market rate on bank rates is not significant. But the previous period’s market rate is estimated to be very significant, which implies the existence of time-lag in the pass-through on banks rates.

온몸의 춤, 온몸의 논리 : 김수영의 시학에서 무용학으로

김상환 ( Kim Sang-hwan ) 한국무용예술학회 2015 무용예술학연구 Vol.54 No.3

Kim Sou-young (1921~1968) is one of the most important poets representing Korean literary modernism, and his original aesthetic thinking is called poetics of onmom (whole body). In this paper, I will try to apply his poetics into a choreographical theory, while arranging his scattered remarks on dance in a progressive order and commenting them in a systematic way so as to get a coherent image of dance. I will argue that the poetics of onmom implies ultimately a logic of tele-affection, in and by which auto-affection and hetero-affection of the body are coordinated to produce a new ideal scheme of world’ appearance, a logic of tele-affection in and by which a dancing body is reborn as pure differential whole body, liberated from subject-object relation, cultural codes and even from the musics.