수평방향 가이드 휠이 부착된 소형궤도차량의 동역학 해석을 위한 시뮬레이션 환경 구축 및 결과

김백준,전원석(Wonseok Jeon),양현석(Hyunseok Yang),Hoe Woong Kim 대한기계학회 2016 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2016 No.4

Planning Non-Invasive Conservation Genetic Experiments Based on Factors Affecting DNA Amplification Using Fecal Samples of Korean Long-Tailed Goral (Naemorhedus caudatus)

김백준 국립생태원 2024 국립생태원회보(PNIE) Vol.5 No.3

In this review, we compared the success rates of DNA amplification and introduced the efficient non-invasive sampling of fecal samples collected from captive and wild Korean long-tailed gorals (Naemorhedus caudatus) by referring to previous non-invasive studies, including three important references (Kim et al., 2008; Kim, 2021; Kim, 2022). A large difference in PCR success rates in the captive and wild populations was observed for mitochondrial (100 and 70.0%), sex-linked (44.4 and 20.8%), and microsatellite markers (73.9 and 34.8%, respectively). Out of the three types of genetic markers, the mitochondrial maker showed the highest success rate, followed by microsatellite and sex-linked markers. In addition, we estimated two factors that affected the PCR success, including the length of the amplified fragments (long, medium, and short) and the type of primer (universal and specific) in fecal samples from a captive population. The length of the PCR fragment was inversely proportional to the PCR success (5.3, 44.4, and 55.6% for long, medium, and short fragments, respectively), and the specific primer set (100%) was more efficient than the universal primer set (60.0%). This review is fundamental but would be greatly helpful for new non-invasive conservation genetic studies, particularly those that use fecal samples from captive and wild populations of rare endangered species. We recommend beginning conservation genetic experiments using mitochondrial markers and then nuclear markers, such as microsatellite and sex-linked markers, to save time, costs, and labor.

Species and Sex Identification of the Korean Goral (Nemorhaedus caudatus) by Molecular Analysis of Non-invasive Samples

김백준,이윤선,안정화,박한찬,Hideo Okumura,이항,민미숙 한국분자세포생물학회 2008 Molecules and cells Vol.26 No.3

Korean long-tailed goral (Nemorhaedus caudatus) is one of the most endangered species in South Korea. However, detailed species distribution and sex ratio data on the elusive goral are still lacking due to difficulty of identification of the species and sex in the field. The primary aim of this study was to develop an economical PCR-RFLP method to identify species using invasive or non-invasive samples from five Korean ungulates: goral (N. caudatus), roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), feral goat (Capra hircus), water deer (Hydropotes inermis) and musk deer (Moschus moschiferus). The secondary aim was to find more efficient molecular sexing techniques that may be applied to invasive or non-invasive samples of ungulate species. We successfully utilized PCR-RFLP of partial mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (376 bp) for species identification, and sex-specific amplification of ZFX/Y and AMELX/Y genes for sexing. Three species (goral, goat and water deer) showed distinctive band patterns by using three restriction enzymes (XbaI, StuI or SspI). Three different sexing primer sets (LGL331/335 for ZFX/Y gene; SE47/48 or SE47/53 for AMELX/Y gene) produced sex-specific band patterns in goral, goat and roe deer. Our results suggest that the molecular analyses of non-invasive samples might provide us with potential tools for the further genetic and ecological study of Korean goral and related species.

4차 산업혁명 이후 건축분야 인공지능 연구동향 분석 - 기계공학 분야와의 비교분석을 중심으로 -

김백준,이권형 대한건축학회지회연합회 2022 대한건축학회연합논문집 Vol.24 No.3

4차 산업혁명 중 가장 핵심 기술인 인공지능은 산업·경제·문화 전반에 걸쳐 많은 변화를 야기하고 있다. 인공지능은 인간의 지능적인 행동을 모방할 수 있도록 만들어졌으며 현재 우리의 일상생활에 들어와 우리에게 편리함을 제공해 주고 있다. 이러한 인공지능을 이용한 기술들이 점차 늘어나게 되면서 다양한 분야에서 연구가 진행되고 있다. 인공지능을 활용한 건축 분야의 연구 논문을 분석하여 핵심 키워드를 도출한다. 이를 바탕으로 기계공학분야와 비교분석하여 인공지능 연구방향을 도출하고 인공지능을 활용한 연구를 파악해본다. Artificial intelligence, the most important technology in the Fourth Industrial Revolution, causes many changes across industry, economy, and culture. Artificial intelligence is designed to imitate human intelligent behavior and currently provides us with convenience in our daily lives. As technology using artificial intelligence develops, research in various fields is being conducted. The purpose of this study is to analyze research papers in the field of architecture using artificial intelligence and derive key keywords to understand the research flow. In the field of architecture, three analysis results were derived: architectural planning convergence research, smart system convergence research, structural and facility convergence research, and artificial intelligence level. In addition, the level of artificial intelligence research was confirmed through the analysis of papers in the field of mechanical engineering, where research in the field of artificial intelligence is being actively conducted. As a result of the analysis, the level of artificial intelligence in the architectural field is the stage of accumulating data through convergence research. Convergence research can be conducted in various ways, but it takes a considerable amount of time to apply the data accumulation process and research. Beyond this data accumulation stage, it can help us derive the research direction for the next artificial intelligence stage.

Considering threats to population viability of the endangered Korean long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) using VORTEX

김백준,이배근,이항,장갑수 한국통합생물학회 2016 Animal cells and systems Vol.20 No.1

Population viability analysis (PVA) has frequently been used in conservation biology to predict extinction rates for threatened or endangered species. In this study, we used VORTEX to model Korean long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) using previously collected ecological data. We focused on modelling population extinction, mean population size and heterozygosity. The minimum viable population size was found to be at least 50 gorals for 100 years, regardless of carrying capacity. However, populations with fewer than 50 gorals could not remain successful in the model. Inbreeding depression, catastrophes and supplementation also affected patterns of population extinction, mean population size and heterozygosity. Supplementation with new individuals had the strongest effect on extinction, mean population size and heterozygosity, followed by initial population size, inbreeding, catastrophes and carrying capacity. These results suggest that a supplementation by extra goral individuals from goral proliferation facilities would be the most helpful means for the restoration programme. More Korean goral-specific information regarding demographic and habitat parameters is needed for further PVA of the species.

Home range study of the Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis agyropus) using radio and GPS tracking in South Korea: comparison of daily and seasonal habitat use pattern

김백준,이상돈 한국생태학회 2011 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.34 No.4

The water deer (Hydropotes inermis) is one of the most primitive extant deer of the family Cervidae. Unlike Chinese water deer, Korean water deer have rarely been studied, even though they have relatively well remained in Korea. In particular,the home range of the Korean water deer has not yet been studied. Here we estimated the home range of the Korean water deer using two different methods (GPS and radio tracking) and analyzed the home range according to sex, time,and season. The mean home range size of four individuals was 2.77 km2 and 0.34 km2 under the 95% minimum convex polygon (MCP) and the 50% kernel (K) method, respectively. There seemed to be a difference in home range size between males (3.30 km2) and females (2.25 km2) under the 95% MCP method. We also found a difference in home range size between day (1.90 km2) and night (2.43 km2) by 95% MCP method. In addition, a home range size difference was observed between summer (4.65 km2) and spring (0.48 km2) or fall (0.85 km2) using the 95% MCP method. Water deer seemed to have a larger home range in night than in day, and males also have a larger home range. We presumed that the GPS tracking method of the code division multiple access system could be a very useful tool for understanding the ecology of the water deer using the radio tracking method. Using these tracking methods and through future research, we can better understand the habitat use pattern of these water deer.

Species- and Sex-specific Multiple PCR Amplifications of Partial Cytochrome b Gene and Zfx/Zfy Introns from Invasive and Non-invasive Samples of Korean Ungulates

김백준,이항,이상돈 한국유전학회 2009 Genes & Genomics Vol.31 No.5

There are five representative ungulates (e.g., goral, Nemorhaedus caudatus; goat, Capra hircus; roe deer, Capreolus pygargus; water deer, Hydropotes inermis; musk deer, Moschus moschiferus) in the wild of South Korea. Their fecal morphologies are similar to each other between species or sexes, and therefore it is very difficult to identify the species or sex. To distinguish the species and sex of the elusive animals, we developed species- and sex-specific multiple PCR amplifications using pairs of primer sets. Partial cytochrome b gene and Zfx / Zfy introns were targeted for the PCR amplifications. For species identification using a multiple primer set (BJGL-F1 / GT-F1 / RD-F1 / WD-F1 /MD-F1 and BJGL-R / GT-R / RD-R /WD-R /MD-R), all (n = 21 / 21) of the invasive samples were correctly identified. About 71% (n = 15 / 21) of the non-invasive samples were successfully identified. The multiple primer set could determine each species which showed a unique sized PCR fragment. For sex identification using a multiple primer set (BJSexX-F/Y-F and BJSex-R1), about 90% (n = 19 / 21) of invasive samples were correctly determined. About 62% (n = 13 / 21) of the non-invasive samples were successfully identified. Using the multiple primer set, both X- and Y-chromosome linked bands for males (n = 21) and only X-chromosome linked band for females (n = 11) could be detected. The results would be applicable to the species and sex identification of the Korean and the Far-East Asian wild ungulates. There are five representative ungulates (e.g., goral, Nemorhaedus caudatus; goat, Capra hircus; roe deer, Capreolus pygargus; water deer, Hydropotes inermis; musk deer, Moschus moschiferus) in the wild of South Korea. Their fecal morphologies are similar to each other between species or sexes, and therefore it is very difficult to identify the species or sex. To distinguish the species and sex of the elusive animals, we developed species- and sex-specific multiple PCR amplifications using pairs of primer sets. Partial cytochrome b gene and Zfx / Zfy introns were targeted for the PCR amplifications. For species identification using a multiple primer set (BJGL-F1 / GT-F1 / RD-F1 / WD-F1 /MD-F1 and BJGL-R / GT-R / RD-R /WD-R /MD-R), all (n = 21 / 21) of the invasive samples were correctly identified. About 71% (n = 15 / 21) of the non-invasive samples were successfully identified. The multiple primer set could determine each species which showed a unique sized PCR fragment. For sex identification using a multiple primer set (BJSexX-F/Y-F and BJSex-R1), about 90% (n = 19 / 21) of invasive samples were correctly determined. About 62% (n = 13 / 21) of the non-invasive samples were successfully identified. Using the multiple primer set, both X- and Y-chromosome linked bands for males (n = 21) and only X-chromosome linked band for females (n = 11) could be detected. The results would be applicable to the species and sex identification of the Korean and the Far-East Asian wild ungulates.

가상 전시관에서 발생하는 소실선의 미시 권력 분석 연구 - 국내외 온라인 가상 전시관 사례를 ANT 관점 해석으로 -

김백준,한정엽 한국공간디자인학회 2024 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.19 No.7

(연구배경 및 목적) 팬데믹 이후 온라인으로 이동했던 일상의 대부분이 팬데믹 이전의 규범으로 돌아오면서 가상 공간에 대한 관심이 감소했다. 그러나 또 다른 팬데믹의 발생 가능성은 여전히 우려되고 있으며, 최근 애플의 비전 프로와 같은 장치의 공개로 산·학계 모두에서 가상공간에 대한 관심이 다시 고조되고 있다. 하드웨어 개발에 대한 관심은 꾸준히 유지되고 있지만, 이를 통해 표현될 콘텐츠와 내러티브에 대한 연구는 여전히 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 논문의 목적은 가상 전시 공간 내에서 다양한 내러티브를 위한 기초 연구를 수행하는 것이다. (연구방법) 연구 범위는 사용자의 접근성을 고려하여 검색이 용이한 콘텐츠를 사례로 선정하였다. 그러나 유의미한 기준을 충족하는 대표 사례가 부족하다는 점은 본 연구의 한계로 간주할 수 있다. 또한, 본 연구자가 선행 연구에서 분석한 사례 중 가상 오피스와 게임은 가상공간적 분석의 차이가 미미하여 제외하였으며, 공간 구현 방식에 따른 차이에 따른 분석을 연구에 반영하였다. 연구 방법은 가상 전시관에서 발생하는 소실점과 소실선의 특징을 게슈탈트 이론을 통해 분석하고, 이에 따라 발생하는 사용자의 어포던스를 브루노 라투르의 ANT 관점에서 의미론적 요소들의 상호 관계를 살펴보았다. (결과) 사례분석 결과, 소실선의 수렴에 의해 형성되는 소실점은 공간에 따라 어포던스를 느낄 수 있게 했다. 또한, 소실점의 위치에 따른 어포던스의 방향은 4가지 유형으로 구분되었다. 가상공간의 공간감은 최소한의 오브젝트 배치만으로도 공간감을 느낄 수 있으며, 이에 따른 어포던스도 발생하였다. 특히 좌, 우측의 어포던스 발생에서 가상의 수평선과 교차 되는 절선의 각도는 어포던스의 역방향 예각으로 형성되었고, 이 예각은 회전 시 역방향으로 수평에 수렴되어 긴장감이 완화되었다. (결론) 가상 전시관에서 공간 경험은 오브젝트에서 발생한 다중의 소실선에서 시작하며, 공간에서의 이동은 소실선과 소실점의 어포던스 발생으로 행동이 유도되는 것을 발견하였다. 이 어포던스는 미시 권력으로 사용자에게 작용하며, ANT의 관점으로 해석하면, 인간과 비인간이 동등한 자격으로 서로의 영향력을 행사함을 알 수 있다. 결과적으로 콘텐츠 제작자는 다양한 어포던스를 고려하여 공간의 내러티브를 구성할 수 있으며, 사용자는 다양한 어포던스의 행동 유도를 통해 기존의 가상 전시관 서비스보다 향상된 몰입과 사용성을 증진할 수 있을 것이다. (Background and Purpose) As our daily lives, which shifted online during the pandemic, gradually returned to pre-pandemic norms, interest in virtual spaces declined notably. However, the possibility of a further pandemic remains a pressing concern. Additionally, the recent release of devices such as Apple’s Vision Pro has reignited interest in virtual spaces in both industry and academia. While interest in hardware development continues to flourish, there remains a significant lack of research on the content and narratives that can be expressed through these platforms. Therefore, this study aims to conduct basic research on various narratives within a virtual exhibition space. (Method) The scope: This study focused on selecting easily accessible content to ensure user accessibility. However, a limitation of this study is the scarcity of representative cases that met the research criteria. In addition, virtual offices and games were excluded from this study, as previous research conducted by the author indicated minimal differences in the analysis of virtual spaces within these categories. Instead, this study analyzed the differences in spatial implementation methods. Specifically, the characteristics of vanishing points and lines in virtual exhibition halls were analyzed using the Gestalt theory, and the affordances experienced by users were examined from the perspective of Bruno Latour’s Actor-Network Theory (ANT). (Results) The case analysis revealed that the vanishing lines and points formed by their convergence created affordances that influenced the user’s experience of space. The affordances based on the location of the vanishing point were categorized into four types. Even with minimal object placement, users could still perceive a sense of space within the virtual environment. Notably, the generation of left and right affordances involved an acute angle formed between the intersecting lines and the virtual horizontal plane, which reversed the direction of the affordance. As this acute angle converged with the horizontal angle when rotated, the tension within the space was reduced. (Conclusions) The spatial experience in the virtual exhibition hall begins with several vanishing lines created from objects, and intra-space movement is induced by the affordance of these vanishing lines and points. These affordances exert micro-power on users. Interpreting them from the perspective of the ANT clarifies that human and nonhuman elements interact equally and influence each other. Thus, content creators can construct spatial narratives with a view towards various affordances that can improve user immersion and usability in future virtual exhibition hall services.

Morphometric analyses of non-invasive fecal samples of the Korean long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) for species and age identification

김백준,최태영,박그림,이항,이재민,최성훈 한국통합생물학회 2018 Animal cells and systems Vol.22 No.1

The Korean long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) is at risk of population decline due to habitat loss and fragmentation. Therefore, it is essential to ascertain its presence and/or the identity of individuals of the goral using non-invasive fecal samples for its conservation and management. In this study, we examined the morphology of fecal samples to provide the baseline data that can be used to distinguish species and age of goral individuals. We detected a significant difference in the length-to-width ratios of feces among the five ungulate species found in Korea. Also, we detected a significant difference in the length-to-width ratios of feces of gorals depending on the age groups. To assess the accuracy of species and age identification based on the fecal morphology, we conducted a series of blind comparison between the mean length-towidth ratios of the fecal pellets and the reference mean ratio values of the fecal pellets. Using 20 fecal pellets, our results showed 73%–86% probability of correct identification of the three species (gorals, goats, and roe deer), and 83%–90% probability of correct identification of >5 year-old goral individuals. The use of fecal morphometric analyses will be useful for the studies of Korean ungulate species, particularly the endangered gorals.

전라남도 구례 농촌지역에서의 단기원격무선추적을 이용한 너구리(Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis) 한 쌍의 행동권에 관한 연구

김백준 ( Baek Jun Kim ),최태영 ( Tae Young Choi ),박종화 ( Chong Hwa Park ),김영준 ( Young Jun Kim ),이항 ( Hang Lee ) 한국환경생태학회 2008 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.22 No.3

이 연구의 주된 목적은 구례 농촌지역에 서식하는 1쌍의 너구리(Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis) 행동권을 측정하고 이전 너구리 연구와 비교하는데 있다. 원격무선추적은 2개체의 너구리를 이용하여 2개월 간격(2000년 6, 8, 10, 12월)으로 2일씩 주기적으로 수행되었다. 모니터링 기간 동안, 무선추적은 주간과 야간에 걸쳐 보통 1~3시간 간격으로 실시되었다. 전체 46~64개의 무선추적 자료의 분석 결과는 95% 최소볼록다각형(MCP) 방법에서 1쌍의 너구리의 전체행동권 크기가 1.41㎢, 평균행동권 크기가 0.32㎢임을 보여주었다. 암컷과 수컷의 행동권은 상당 부분 중첩되었고(약 70~95%), 행동권 크기는 서로 유사한 양상을 나타내었다. 그러나 주간(0.01㎢)과 야간(0.35㎢)의 행동권 크기는 매우 큰 차이를 보였고, 여름(0.56㎢)에 가장 컸지만 겨울(<0.01㎢)에 가장 작았다. 추가적으로, 1쌍의 너구리는 1개의 핵심지역과 4개의 서로 다른 섭식지역들을 가지고 있었다. 결론적으로, 동일한 개체들을 이용하여 하루 동안 더 빈번한 추적 수와 더 긴 추적 간격을 이용한 이 너구리 행동권 자료는 하루 동안 덜 빈번한 추적 수와 더 짧은 추적 간격을 이용한 이전의 연구와 매우 유사한 결과를 보여 주었다. The primary aim of this study is to estimate the home range of a pair of raccoon dogs(Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis) and to compare with the previous study of raccoon dogs in a rural area of Gurye, the southern part of South Korea. Radiotracking was regularly carried out on 2 raccoon dogs for 2 days every 2 months(in June, August, October and December, 2006). During the 2 days, radiotracking was usually conducted every 1~3 hours through day and night. The analysis of tracking data with a total of 46~64 bearings showed that the total home range size of the pair was 0.41㎢, and mean home range size was 0.32㎢ by 95% minimum convex polygons(MCP) estimate. The home ranges of the male and female were largely overlapping(about 70~ 95%), and the sizes were not very much different from each other. However, there was a big difference between day(0.01㎢) and night-time(0.35㎢) home ranges, and it was largest in summer(0.56㎢) and smallest in winter(<0.01㎢). In addition, the home range of the pair included 1 core area and 4 different feeding areas. In conclusion, our raccoon dog home range data using the same individuals but with more frequent bearings per day and more extended tracking intervals still showed very similar results to the previous study with less frequent bearings per day and more extensive tracking days.