화엄사상을 통한 심층생태주의의 특성 연구 - 김선우 시를 중심으로

김동명(Kim, Dong-Myeong) 한국어문학회 2021 語文學 Vol.- No.154

이 논문에서는 김선우 시를 대상으로 화엄사상을 통한 심층생태주의의 특성을 논의했다. 먼저, 김선우 시에서 시공적 초월과 진공묘유의 풍요성을 도출했다. 진공묘유의 풍요성에서는 혼돈으로부터 출현하는 생명발현과 비가시적 생명발현을 포함하는 생성의 특성이 추출되었다. 시공적 초월과 진공묘유의 풍요성이 화엄사상을 통한 심층생태주의 특성으로 형상화된 것이다. 또한, 김선우 시에서 공시적 초월과 사사무애의 생성이 추출되었다. 화엄사상은 자연의 도(道)를 바탕으로 일차자연인 자연과 이차자연인 인간이 사사무애의 과정을 노정함으로써 전체 생태계의 유기론적 생성이 가능하다는 네스의 사유와 닿는다. 이러한 사유가 김선우 시에서 공시적 초월의 특성으로 형상화된 것이다. 마지막으로 김선우 시에서 통시적 초월과 윤회에 대한 영원회귀 의식이 화엄사상을 통한 심층생태주의의 특성으로 도출되었다. 그의 시에서 인간과 인간, 인간사회와 자연은 모두 윤회의 영원회귀를 노정한다. 김선우 시에서 통시적 초월과 윤회의 영원회귀의식이 형상화된 것이다. In this paper, the characteristic of deep ecology through the Hwaeom ideology was discussed for Seon-woo Kim’s poems. First of all, from Seon-woo Kim’s poems was derived the eternal consciousness of spatiotemporal transcendence and odd existence in void. From the generation of odd existence in void were extracted the characteristics of generation including the revelation of invisible life and the revelation of life emerging from chaos. The characteristic of the spatiotemporal transcendence and odd existence in void is embodied as the characteristic of deep ecology through the Hwaeom ideology. Also, from Seon-woo Kim’s poems were extracted the synchronic transcendence and generation of freedom from all obstacles. The Hwaeom ideology is connected to Næss"s thinking that the organic creation of the entire ecosystem is possible as the primary nature, nature, and the secondary nature, humans expose the process of freedom from all obstacles, based on the truth of nature. This thought is embodied as the characteristic of synchronic transcendence in Seon-woo Kim’s poems. Finally, from Seon-woo Kim’s poems, the consciousness of eternal return for diachronic transcendence and reincarnation was derived as a characteristic of deep ecology through Hwaeom ideology. In his poems, humans and humans, human society and nature all expose the eternal return to reincarnation. In Kim Sun-woo"s poem, the consciousness of the eternal return of the diachronic transcendence and reincarnation is embodied.

김지하의 후기시에 나타난 심층생태주의의 양상 연구

김동명(Kim, Dong-Myeong) 한국문학회 2011 韓國文學論叢 Vol.58 No.-

이 논문은 김지하 시의 주제가 중기 이후 변화한 양상을 두고 저항의식의 변절이라는 비판이 제기된 데 대해 해명하고자 하였다. 김지하의 후기시를 대상으로 논의한 결과 관계론적 평등성부터 유기론적 다양성, 순환하는 생태계 등 심층생태주의의 양상으로 파악한 것이다. 첫째, 관계론적 평등성의 시로는 관계 파탄의 양상, 평등성, 관계 속의 자기실현으로 논의되었다. 그 결과 지구생태계 내 존재들은 서로 어울려 하나의 전체를 향해 관계되어 있다는 방향으로 주제가 도출된다. 식물계와 동물계, 인간계, 무기물계까지 상호관계 속에 존재해야 각 개체의 자기실현과 함께 전체 생명현상이 진행될 수 있다는 것이다. 유기론적 다양성은 유기체의 일부로서 존재하는 개체적 생명과 그들의 상보성, 자기복원력을 지닌 생태계로 나뉘어 논의되었다. 지구생태계는 유기체인 동시에 자기조절력을 갖춘 생명체이므로 항상성을 유지하기 위해 다양성을 확보해야 한다는 주제를 확인할 수 있다. 마지막으로 순환하는 생태계는 계절의 순환, 탄생과 죽음의 순환, 순환하는 지구생태계로 분석되었다. 생명은 각 개체인 동시에 전체로서 시간과 공간의 순환을 통하여 생명현상을 발현한다. 인간과 자연은 우주적 생명 공동체로서 상호 순환하면서 생성되고 소멸하고, 죽고 부활한다는 것이다. 이러한 세 가지 주제는 생태계 위기에 대한 대안의 형상화로 파악되었다. 김지하 시는 초기부터 배태된 생태주의가 세월이 갈수록 심화되었으며 후기에는 생명의 근원에 대해 탐구한 결과가 심층생태주의의 양상으로 나타났던 것이다. The aim of this study was to discuss the criticism on Kim Ji-ha which considers the change of subject matters in his later poems as a betrayal of his earlier protest poems. As a result of discussion on his later poems, these poems were examined in terms of deep ecology including relational equality, organic diversity and cyclic ecosystem. First, poems of relational equality can be classified into poems with aspects of destroyed relationship, equality and self-realization within a relationship. It is concluded that all beings of the ecosystem of earth are harmoniously connected with one another towards a unity. His poems can be said that the worlds of plants, animals and humans should coexist with one another to enable an entire life cycle as well as self-realization of an individual existence. A discussion of organic diversity was conducted with a classification of individual life as a part of organism, their complementation, an ecosystem with a life containing selfenforcement. Ecosystem of earth is an organism as well as a life with self-regulation so that its diversity must be guaranteed to keep homeostasis. Finally, cyclic ecosystem in his poems was analyzed as a cycle of seasons, births and deaths, and a cyclic ecosystem of earth. A life is an individual as well as an entirety which reveals a life cycle through the circulation of time and space. Human and nature also circulate, appear, disappear, die and reappear interactively as a cosmic life community. Kim’s works containing the above three subject matters were understood as a figuration of an alternative to the crisis of ecosystem. A dormant philosophy of ecology in his earlier poems became more apparent in the course of the years. Consequently the result of his exploration of the origin of life appeared as an aspect of deep ecology in his later poems.

김선우 시의 생태여성주의적 양상 연구 -모성성을 중심으로

김동명 ( Dong Myeong Kim ) 한국현대문예비평학회 2011 한국문예비평연구 Vol.- No.34

이 논문에서 김선우 시의 생태여성주의는 모성성을 중심으로 논의되며 생장을 주관하는 모성성부터 훼손되고 변질되는 모성성, 보살핌과 치유의 이미지까지 세 가지 층위로 나누어진다. 첫째, 생장을 주관하는 모성성의 시로는 출산과 양육의 시를 든다. 이 시들에서 여성과 자연은 출산하고 기르는 모성적 특징이 동일시되며, 모성성이 살아있는 여성과 자연은 생명을 잉태하고 양육함으로써 숭배의 대상이 된다. 둘째, 상처받은 모성의 시에서는 자연에 내재된 모성성이 남성과 문명에 의해 파괴되고 변질되는 양상으로 형상화된다. 가부장적 인간의 왜곡된 욕망으로 인해 파괴되는 자연생태계의 모성성이 형상화되었으며, 그로 말미암아 자기조정 능력을 상실한 자연 생태계는 생태계 전체를 말살하는 재앙을 초래한다고 경고한다. 마지막으로 보살핌과 치유의 이미지가 논의된다. 김선우 시에서 모성성이 내재된 보살핌의 윤리는 생태계 파괴를 복원하는 치유의 기능으로 작용하며 미래의 대안으로 제시된다. 이와 같이 김선우 시에서 드러나는 여성과 자연의 모성성은 동일한 가치로 파악되며, 생태여성주의의 시로 형상화되었다고 본다. In This Paper, Ecological feminism in Kim seon-woo`s poetry is discussed with a focus on maternity, and it is classified in three aspects including maternity in charge of growth, destroyed and altered maternity, and image of caring and healing. First, her poems about maternity in charge of growth either talk about child birth and child rearing. In those poems, women and nature are embodied in their maternal characteristics of giving birth to children and raising them. Thus women and nature whose maternity is alive and well become the objects of worship by conceiving and rearing life. Second, her poems about wounded motherhood describe the ways the maternity inherent in nature is destroyed and altered by men and civilization. The poet embodies maternity being broken down by the distorted desire of patriarchal people and warns that once the natural ecosystem has its self-regulating abilities damaged, it will bring about huge disasters to annihilate the entire ecosystem. Finally, the image of caring and healing is also discussed in her poems. In Kim`s poems, the ethics of caring with maternity inherent in it acts as the function of healing to recover the destroyed ecosystem and it proposed as a future alternative. Thus, in Kim`s poems, the maternity of women and that of nature have the same value and are embodied in the poems of ecological feminism.

Development of a Rapid and Productive Cell-free Protein Synthesis System

김동명,최차용,안진호,김남영,Tae-Wan Kim,In-Suk Oh,Chang-Gil Park 한국생물공학회 2006 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.11 No.3

Due to recent advances in genome sequencing, there has been a dramatic increase in the quantity of genetic information, which has lead to an even greater demand for a faster, more parallel expression system. Therefore, interest in cell-free protein synthesis, as an alternative method for high-throughput gene expression, has been revived. In contrast to in vivo gene expression methods, cell-free protein synthesis provides a completely open system for direct access to the reaction conditions. We have developed an efficient cell-free protein synthesis system by optimizing the energy source and S30 extract. Under the optimized conditions, approximately 650 mg/mL of protein was produced after 2 h of incubation, with the developed system further modified for the efficient expression of PCR-amplified DNA. When the concentrations of DNA, magnesium, and amino acids were optimized for the production of PCR-based cell-free protein synthesis, the protein yield was comparable to that from the plasmid template.

Process development of a virally-safe dental xenograft material from porcine bones

김동명,강호창,차형준,배정은,김인섭,Kim, Dong-Myong,Kang, Ho-Chang,Cha, Hyung-Joon,Bae, Jung Eun,Kim, In Seop The Microbiological Society of Korea 2016 미생물학회지 Vol.52 No.2

동물유래성분을 원재료로 사용하는 의료기기는 원료물질 유래 바이러스가 오염될 가능성이 있기 때문에 생산과정 중 바이러스가 오염되지 않도록 하여야 한다. 또한 생산공정은 오염될 가능성이 있는 바이러스들을 불활화하거나 제거하는 공정을 포함하여야 한다. 본 연구를 통해 돼지유래 이종골을 원재료로 사용한 바이러스 안전성이 보증된 치과용 골이식재(THE Graft$^{(R)}$) 제조공정을 개발하였다. THE Graft$^{(R)}$ 제조공정은 30% 과산화수소수와 80% 에탄올을 각각 처리하여 지방을 제거하는 공정과 $1,300^{\circ}C$ 열처리 공정을 통해 콜라겐과 유기물을 제거하는 공정을 포함한다. 또한 최종적으로 생산된 hydroxyapatite 성분의 골이식재에 25 kGy의 감마선을 조사하여 감염성 위해인자를 불활화하는 공정을 포함한다. THE Graft$^{(R)}$의 형태학적 특성을 소유래 hydroxyapatite 성분의 골이식재인 Bio-Oss와 SEM과 TEM을 이용하여 비교한 결과 구조적 특성이 유사함을 확인하였다. $1,300^{\circ}C$ 열처리 공정과 25 kGy 감마선 조사 공정의 바이러스 불활화 효과를 평가하기 위해 transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine rotavirus (PRoV), porcine parvovirus (PPV)를 모델 바이러스로 선정하였다. $1,300^{\circ}C$ 열처리 공정에서 TGEV, PRV, PRoV, PPV 모두 검출한계 이하로 불활화되었으며, 바이러스 로그 감소 값은 각각 ${\geq}4.65$, ${\geq}5.81$, ${\geq}6.28$, ${\geq}5.21$이었다. 또한 감마선 조사 공정에서도 TGEV, PRV, PRoV, PPV 모두 검출한계 이하로 불활화되었으며, 바이러스 로그 감소 값은 각각 ${\geq}4.65$, ${\geq}5.87$, ${\geq}6.05$, ${\geq}4.89$이었다. 두 공정에서 TGEV, PRV, PRoV, PPV의 누적 바이러스 로그 감소 값은 각각 ${\geq}9.30$, ${\geq}11.68$, ${\geq}12.33$, ${\geq}10.10$이었다. 이상의 결과에 의하면, THE Graft$^{(R)}$ 제조공정은 바이러스 안전성 보증을 위한 충분한 바이러스 불활화 능력을 가지고 있는 것으로 판단된다. A process for manufacturing virally-safe porcine bone hydroxyapatite (HA) has been developed to serve as advanced xenograft material for dental applications. Porcine bone pieces were defatted with successive treatments of 30% hydrogen peroxide and 80% ethyl alcohol. The defatted porcine bone pieces were heat-treated in an oxygen atmosphere box furnace at $1,300^{\circ}C$ to remove collagen and organic compounds. The bone pieces were ground with a grinder and then the bone powder was sterilized by gamma irradiation. Morphological characteristics such as SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) images of the resulting porcine bone HA (THE Graft$^{(R)}$) were similar to those of a commercial bovine bone HA (Bio-Oss$^{(R)}$). In order to evaluate the efficacy of $1,300^{\circ}C$ heat treatment and gamma irradiation at a dose of 25 kGy for the inactivation of porcine viruses during the manufacture of porcine bone HA, a variety of experimental porcine viruses including transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine rotavirus (PRoV), and porcine parvovirus (PPV) were chosen. TGEV, PRV, PRoV, and PPV were completely inactivated to undetectable levels during the $1,300^{\circ}C$ heat treatment. The mean log reduction factors achieved were $${\geq_-}4.65$$ for TGEV, $${\geq_-}5.81$$ for PRV, $${\geq_-}6.28$$ for PRoV, and $${\geq_-}5.21$$ for PPV. Gamma irradiation was also very effective at inactivating the viruses. TGEV, PRV, PRoV, and PPV were completely inactivated to undetectable levels during the gamma irradiation. The mean log reduction factors achieved were $${\geq_-}4.65$$ for TGEV, $${\geq_-}5.87$$ for PRV, $${\geq_-}6.05$$ for PRoV, and $${\geq_-}4.89$$ for PPV. The cumulative log reduction factors achieved using the two different virus inactivation processes were $${\geq_-}9.30$$ for TGEV, $${\geq_-}11.68$$ for PRV, $${\geq_-}12.33$$ for PRoV, and $${\geq_-}10.10$$ for PPV. These results indicate that the manufacturing process for porcine bone HA from porcine-bone material has sufficient virus-reducing capacity to achieve a high margin of virus safety.

Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄(CZTSSe) 흡수층의 급속 열처리 공정 온도 미세 조절을 통한 특성 향상

김동명,장준성,비제이 가라데,김진혁,Kim, Dong Myeong,Jang, Jun Sung,Karade, Vijay Chandrakant,Kim, Jin Hyeok 한국재료학회 2021 한국재료학회지 Vol.31 No.11

Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ (CZTSSe) based thin-film solar cells have attracted growing attention because of their earth-abundant and non-toxic elements. However, because of their large open-circuit voltage (V_oc)-deficit, CZTSSe solar cells exhibit poor device performance compared to well-established Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂ (CIGS) and CdTe based solar cells. One of the main causes of this large V_oc-deficit is poor absorber properties for example, high band tailing properties, defects, secondary phases, carrier recombination, etc. In particular, the fabrication of absorbers using physical methods results in poor surface morphology, such as pin-holes and voids. To overcome this problem and form large and homogeneous CZTSSe grains, CZTSSe based absorber layers are prepared by a sputtering technique with different RTA conditions. The temperature is varied from 510 ℃ to 540 ℃ during the rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process. Further, CZTSSe thin films are examined with X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, IPCE, Energy dispersive spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy techniques. The present work shows that Cu-based secondary phase formation can be suppressed in the CZTSSe absorber layer at an optimum RTA condition.

EMT-3D 모델을 이용한 동경만의 PFOA 시뮬레이션

김동명,Kim, Dong-Myung 해양환경안전학회 2007 海洋環境安全學會誌 Vol.13 No.3

3차원 생태계 모델(EMT-3D)을 사용하여 도쿄만의 PFOA을 대상으로 그 적용성을 검토하였으며, 민감도 분석 및 시나리오 분석을 행하여 영향인자를 판별하고 대안에 따른 영향을 평가하였다. 계산치와 대상해역 실측치간의 R값과 $R^2$값이 각각 0.7115${\sim}$0.8759와 0.5062${\sim}$0.7672로 계산되어 모델의 재현성은 비교적 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 민감도 분석결과 용존 PFOA의 경우 계수 변화에 따른 농도변화는 미미한 것으로 나타났으며, 입자성유기물질중 PFOA는 분배계수, 흡착속도, 퇴적속도의 영향이, 식물플랑크톤 체내의 PFOA는 생물농축계수, 섭취속도, 분배계수의 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. PFOA에 대한 모델 적용 시에는 목적하는 상태함수에 따라 이들 계수에 대한 정밀한 고찰이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 도쿄만 인근의 각 지역별 하수처리장으로부터의 유입부하 삭감에 따른 변화는 미미한 것으로 평가되었으며, 각 지역의 하천으로부터 공급되는 PFOA량을 감소시킨 경우는 표층의 경우는 도쿄, 저층의 경우는 치바로부터의 유입부하를 줄였을 경우가 변화가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. A three-dimensional ecological model (EMT-3D) was applied to Tokyo Bay for the simulation of PFOA. EMT-3D was calibrated with seawater analysis data obtained from the study area in 2004. The simulated results of dissolved PFOA were in good agreement with the observed values, with a correlation coefficient(R) of 0.7115${\sim}$0.8759 and a coefficient of determination $(R^2)$ of 0.5062${\sim}$0.7672. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that partition rate, adsorption rate and settling rate were important factors for PFOA in particulate organic matter. In the case of PFOA in phytoplankton, bioconcentration factor, uptake rate and partition rate were important factors. Therefore, the parameters must be carefully considered in the modeling. In the case of 50% and 80% total loads reduction, concentration of dissolved PFOA was shown to be lower than 20ng/L and 10ng/L, respectively. In the case of reduction of loads from rivers in each prefecture, Tokyo prefecture was found to have the most influence on the change of dissolved PFOA in surface water while Chiba prefecture was found to have the most influnce on the change of dissolved PFOA in bottom water.

Use of L-Buthionine Sulfoximine for the Efficient Expression of Disulfide-containing Proteins in Cell-freeExtracts of Escherichia coli

김동명,안진호,최차용,In-Seok Oh,Tae-Wan Kim,Jung-Won Keum 한국생물공학회 2007 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.12 No.5

We have developed a technique to improve the formation of correct disulfide bonds within cell-free synthesized proteins. Via the use of a metabolic inhibitor of glutamate-cysteine ligase, the accumulation of glutathione was effectively prevented in cell-free extracts, thereby enabling the stable maintenance of redox potential for extended reaction periods. As a result, in a reaction in which a model protein contatining 9 disulfide bonds was synthesized under cell-free conditions, the final amount of active protein products was increased by 50%. The method presented in this study will provide a rapid and robust route to the high-throughput expression and screening of proteins which require multiple disulfide bonds for their activity.

Preparation of Template Plasmids for Cell-free Protein Synthesis Using a Regenerated Anion-exchange Column

김동명,변주영,Kyeong-Ohn Kim 한국생물공학회 2007 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.12 No.5

In this report, we describe how reactions of cell-free protein synthesis can be successfully conducted using plasmids prepared with regenerated anion-exchange columns. When washed, stripped, and equilibrated with appropriated buffers, regenerated columns were able to be used repeatedly to prepare plasmids with consistent yield and purity. The regenerated columns exhibited comparable performance to a fresh column with respect to the efficiency of protein synthesis using the plasmids prepared from them. Overall, we expect that the presented results will contribute significantly to economizing the technology of cell-free protein synthesis as a practical method for protein production in preparative scales.

국내 23kV 개폐기의 고장사례 분석

김동명,최선규,Kim, Dong-Myeong,Choe, Seon-Gyu 한국전기산업진흥회 2004 電氣産業 Vol.15 No.5