신라 왕실 삼성(三姓)의 연원

김기흥(Kim Ki-Heung) 한국고대사학회 2011 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.0 No.64

신라의 김씨는 진흥왕대에 대중국 외교 관계에서 처음 사용되었다. 『北齊書』에 보이는 신라왕 ‘김진흥’은 ‘왕인 진흥’으로 ‘김’은 ‘왕’의 의미이다. 김씨 왕실의 바로 앞에 있었던 다른 부계 혈통의 ‘예전 왕’들은 ‘옛 왕’ 즉 ‘석김(昔金)’에서 왕을 나타내는 ‘김’을 피하고 석(昔)만을 남겨 구분한 듯하다. 석씨에 앞서 집권하였던 왕실 계통은 시조 혁거세의 이름에 보이는 ‘광명’의 의미를 취하여 ‘박’이란 성씨로 구별하였다. 三姓은 석씨계 집단의 도태 후에 칭해진 것으로서 씨족이나 족단들이 준별되는 상태에서 賜姓하여 준 것이 아니었다. 기존 왕계에 따라 성씨를 나누고, 왕실과 친연관계가 있는 귀족들에 대하여는 부계 혈연관계에 따라 구분하여 가다가 결국 상대적 친소정도에 의해 성씨를 구별하였던 것이다. 그런데 이들 지배층은 누대의 정치적 연합과 통혼관계를 통하여 복합적인 혈연관계를 형성하고 있었다. 이에 중고기 성골왕실의 근친혼이 강화되며 권부의 핵심에서 도태되었던 박씨계에 대해 김씨계는 여전히 혈연적 유대감을 갖기도 하였다. 김씨 왕비가 대외적으로 박씨를 칭하기도 하고, 신라 말에는 김씨였을 가능성이 있는 신덕왕이 박씨를 칭하는 일도 나타났다. 신덕왕은 견훤이나 궁예 등이 신성한 자임을 선전하는 중에 신라 왕실의 권위를 다시 세우고자 퇴락한 김씨왕계 대신 신라 초기 왕계인 박씨의 원손임을 천명하는 복고적 행태를 보였다. 한편, 김씨의 경우 7세기에 이르러 김알지 이외에 중국의 신화적 제왕인 소호금천씨를 시조로 보는 인식이 나타났다. 국제화의 진전 속에 왕실의 위상을 제고하기 위한 정체성의 확대 시도이며, 아울러 국가 중추세력으로 등장한 가야계 김씨까지를 포괄하기 위한 것이었다. 시조를 중국의 신화적 존재로 설정하게 되자 중국의 김씨 시조인 김일제도 먼 일족 정도로 인식할 수 있게 되었다. ‘대당고김씨부인묘명’에는 소호금천씨를 세조로 김일제를 원조라고 하고 그의 후손들이 요동에 피난한 양 말하였다. 그런데 김씨부인이 중국내에 본관을 둔 ‘경조(京兆) 김씨’ 임을 분명히 하고 중국내 연원 관계를 강조하고 있다. 따라서 이 묘명의 성씨 관련 내용은 재당 신라계 귀화인들의 경계인적 사고방식에서 적극 윤색된 것으로 신라 김씨 왕실의 연원을 그대로 말한 것으로 볼 수 없다. Kim, one of the three House names(Kim, Seok, Park) that were used by members of the Shilla royal family, seems to have been used for the first time in 565, by King Jin’heung-wang in his diplomatic dealings with China. At the time, the full and formal name that was used to refer to the Shilla king in diplomatic occasions was ‘Kim Jinheung.’ From the fact that such title literally meant ‘King Jin-heung,’ we can see that the term ‘Kim’ actually had the meaning of ‘King.’ It seems that the houses which provided former kings(which would make them ‘former royal families’), yet now stripped of power and shut out by the Kim House members, were not allowed to use the name ‘Kim,’ as such last name would falsely indicate that they were the present house in power making kings. They may have only been allowed to use the name ‘Seok-Kim(昔金),’ which would have meant ’Past king’ with the prefix ‘Seok(昔),’ while ‘Kim’ alone would be the equivalent of ‘(Present) King.’ Meanwhile, the descendants of kings and Houses which predated the ‘Seok’ kings and its house were also present at the time, and have been part of the Shilla dynasty’s central nobility class for quite some time. They were not to be referred to as ‘Seok.’ So they distinguished themselves with the last name ‘Park,’ which reflected the meaning of the term ‘Gwang’myeong(“light”)’ that can be found inside the Founder Hyeok’-geo‘se’s name. (‘Hyeok’geo‘se’ is usually referred to as “Park Hyeok‘geo’se”). Then in the 7th century, a new perspective to view the name Kim started to emerge. Unlike the previous thinking which believed that Kim Al-ji, the origin of the last name Kim, was the beginning of the house, the new idea came to argue that the mythical emperor of China, ‘Soho Geumcheon,’ was the true beginning and origin of the Kim house family members. This seems to have been a result of the Shilla government’s overall efforts to lift the status of the king and also enhance its importance in the process, as it became necessary for the Shilla dynasty to boost its image and establish its prowess throughout the East Asian region. Once the founder of the House name Kim was established as an ancient and also mythical being from China’s past, another historical figure named Kim Il-je(金日?), the origin of the Chinese last name Kim and whose origin can also be traced to the Huns(‘匈奴’), came to be considered as a distant relative of the Shilla royal family as well, and even be recorded in Shilla epitaphs. This caused a debate concerning the matter of whether or not the Shilla royal Kim family was related to the Hun tribes, yet the possibility of the Shilla Kim house descending from the Huns is nearly nonexistent.

코로나19 질병경관의 구성 : 인간-동물감염병 경험과 공간중심방역

김기흥(Kiheung Kim) 한국환경사회학회 2021 환경사회학연구 ECO Vol.25 No.1

현재 전 세계를 휩쓸고 있는 코로나19에 대한 방역형태는 각 국가가 처한 다양한 상황과 맥락에 따라 매우 다양하게 진행되고 있다. 한국의 경우, 중앙정부의 과감하고 공격적인 억제-격리전략을 통해 다른 국가들과 비교했을 때 상대적으로 효율적으로 코로나19의 확산을 막고 있다. 본 연구는 신종감염병의 확산에 대한 질병 방역의 특징을 인간-동물(가축) 감염병의 질병경험(disease experience)을 통해 설명하려고 한다. 특히, 한국의 방역전략이 보여준 특징은 여타 서구국가의 전략과는 매우 다른 ‘뚜렷한 전례없는 사태에 대한 상상’에 근거한 측면을 보여주고 있다. 한국 방역전략의 다른 특징은 공간을 중심으로 하는 방역전략이다. 공간방역은 여타 다른 서구국가의 행동방역과 매우 구분되는 전략적 접근이기도 하다. 인간-동물(가축) 감염병의 질병경험과 공간방역의 특징은 현재 코로나19의 확산을 막는 질병관리 및 통제의 원칙을 형성하고 있다. 이 과정은 질병경험의 제도화과정으로 볼 수 있다. 질병에 대한 이해는 단순히 몇 가지 요인으로 환원하여 설명할 수 없다. 질병이 갖는 수행적이고 유연한 속성으로 인해 사회·경제적 조건과 맥락에 따라 병원체의 성격은 다르게 구성될 수 있다. 방역전략의 수행도 또한 이러한 전체적인 질병의 속성을 결정하는데 중요한 요인이 된다. 이를 총체적으로 조망하기 위해 본 논문은 ‘질병경관(disease-scape)’라는 개념을 제안한다. Since the mysterious pneumonic disease was reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019, South Korea has been unable to escape from the Covid-19 pandemic. In the early stage of the pandemic, South Korean society had an optimistic view of containing the virus effectively by using the tight containing methods including quick testing and digital surveillances. So far the Korean way of governing the infectious disease has been regarded as relatively successful and effective. This article is to examine the distinct characters of disease governance in South Korea. As novel infectious disease outbreak and creates the pandemic, reactions of governing bodies are various in different contexts. This paper focuses on how specific strategies for preventing and controlling Covid-19 has been shaped by discussing the disease experience since the 2000s. Korean society has experienced a series of human-animal infectious diseases including SARS, FMD, MERS and ASF. From the experience, the specific style of disease governance has been constructed from which distinct policies and strategies are implemented to control the Covid-19 pandemic. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that strategies for controlling infectious disease are based on “space-centred” aggressive suppression and isolation of the disease. From the analysis of the disease governance of Covid-19, the paper concludes that disease is not regarded as a fixed or given entity. The specific characters of a disease can be constructed in different contextual combinations of various social factors. In that sense, the concept, “disease-scapes” is suggested to understand the disease holistically.

한,ASEAN 경제통합시 정보통신 품목에 대한 관세 인하 전략과 경쟁력분석

김기흥 ( Ki Heung Kim ) 한국국제통상학회 2006 국제통상연구 Vol.11 No.3

특수교육학적 관점에서의 히틀러의 인간관 비판에 관한 일 연구

김기흥 ( Ki-heung Kim ) 한국발달장애학회 2022 발달장애연구 Vol.26 No.2

본 연구는 히틀러의 인간이해를 비판적으로 살펴보고, 이를 통해 특수교육학적 관점에서 가져야 할 기본적인 인간관을 알아보고자 했다. 이를 위해 먼저 히틀러의 정치이념들을 개관하였고, 이어서 일반학교나 특수학교가 지향했던 교육적 인간관을 분석하였다. 본 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 히틀러 정권의 정치 이념은 당시 인간관 형성의 주요 요소로서 특히 인종주의와 사회적 다윈주의를 핵심으로 하였다. 둘째, 히틀러의 정치이념은 일반학교뿐만 아니라 특수학교의 교육 정책에도 적용되었다. 이에 유대인 등 수많은 비(非)아리안 인종이나 노동, 학습 또는 치료 불가로 판단된 장애 아동 및 청소년들은 ‘살 가치가 없는 목숨’으로 간주되어 강제적 불임시술과 안락사로 희생되었다. 이러한 주요 연구결과를 바탕으로 인간의 절대적 존엄성은 특수교육의 기초적 사상이며, 인간 가치나 존재 의미를 경제성, 합리성, 생산성을 기준으로 판단해서는 안 됨을 강조하였다. 아울러 학교교육에서 이러한 인간의 존엄성을 견지하기 위해서는 확고한 법적 뒷받침이 필요함을 논의하였다. This study tried to critically examine Hitler's understanding of human beings, and through this, to find out the basic human view to have from the perspective of special education. To this end, first, Hitler's political ideologies were over viewed, and then, the educational view of humanity that general schools and special schools aimed at was analyzed. The results of this study are as follows. First, the political ideology of Hitler's regime was particularly racism and social Darwinism as key elements in the formation of the human view at the time. Second, Hitler's political ideology was applied to the education policy of special schools as well as general schools. As a result, many non-Aryan races, including Jews, and children with disabilities who were judged incapable of work, learning or treatment were considered “lives not worth living” and were sacrificed by forced sterilization and euthanasia. Based on these major research results, it was emphasized that the absolute dignity of human beings is a basic idea of special education, and that human values or meaning of existence should not be judged based on economic efficiency, rationality and productivity. In addition, we discussed the need for firm legal support in order to maintain this human dignity in school education.

한ㆍ일간 무역과 환경-무역정책의 분석

김기흥(Ki-Heung Kim) 한국무역학회 2003 한국무역학회 국제학술대회 Vol.2003 No.10

The Analysis of Environment Policy and the Emissions Transfer through International Trade Flow Between Korea and Japan Through CGE Model. The ability of international trade to alter the composition of domestic production activities allows it to exert an important influence on the environment. Historically, export-oriented growth has often been associated with high and unsustainable pollution levels, and countries on this path of development are increasingly aware of the environmental risks. This paper uses data on the economy of Korea to appraise the environmental risks of its trade orientation and to evaluate some alternative economic instruments for reducing these risks. Three principal conclusions emerge from this preliminary research, two rather negative and one positive. First, Korea's historical trade orientation has been environmentally asymmetric in the sense that is occasioned significant transfers of pollution services from its trading partners to the domestic economy. Secondly, given current technology, increasingly outward trade orientation by Korea is likely to raise both the levels and intensities of major industrial effluents, posing an ever more serious threat to public health. Other things being equal, these effects would be intensified by across-the-board Korean tariff reductions. Third, there is considerable scope within the economy for reducing both the level and intensity of domestic pollution under existing technologies. This can apparently be achieved by economic instrument which change the composition of domestic output, including important tariffs and effluent taxes. Such taxes may lead to reductions in real output, but by significantly smaller percentages than the pollution reductions. We have assessed the relative cost of curtailing pollution with a variety of instruments, including export taxes, specific effluent taxes, and uniform effluent taxes. A combination of uniform tax and tariff removal is simulated to examine the possibility of lowering domestic emissions and raising material welfare simultaneously. Our simulation results indicate that a uniform effluent tax is the most cost effective instrument in abating S02 emissions. Our results shows that it is possible to abate industrial pollution while maintaining or increasing real output when uniform taxation is combined with trade liberalization.. Trade liberalization shluld not be discouraged because of its environmental effects.

한 · 일간 무역과 환경-무역정책의 분석 : 일반균형모형을 사용한 배출오염을 중심으로

김기흥(Ki-Heung Kim) 한국무역학회 2003 國際學術大會 論文集 Vol.2003 No.10

The Analysis of Environment Policy and the Emissions Transfer through International Trade Flow Between Korea and Japan Through CGE Model. The ability of international trade to alter the composition of domestic production activities allows it to exert an important influence on the environment. Historically, export-oriented growth has often been associated with high and unsustainable pollution levels, and countries on this path of development are increasingly aware of the environmental risks. This paper uses data on the economy of Korea to appraise the environmental risks of its trade orientation and to evaluate some alternative economic instruments for reducing these risks. Three principal conclusions emerge from this preliminary research, two rather negative and one positive. First, Korea's historical trade orientation has been environmentally asymmetric in the sense that is occasioned significant transfers of pollution services from its trading partners to the domestic economy. Secondly, given current technology, increasingly outward trade orientation by Korea is likely to raise both the levels and intensities of major industrial effluents, posing an ever more serious threat to public health. Other things being equal, these effects would be intensified by across-the-board Korean tariff reductions. Third, there is considerable scope within the economy for reducing both the level and intensity of domestic pollution under existing technologies. This can apparently be achieved by economic instrument which change the composition of domestic output, including important tariffs and effluent taxes. Such taxes may lead to reductions in real output, but by significantly smaller percentages than the pollution reductions. We have assessed the relative cost of curtailing pollution with a variety of instruments, including export taxes, specific effluent taxes, and uniform effluent taxes. A combination of uniform tax and tariff removal is simulated to examine the possibility of lowering domestic emissions and raising material welfare simultaneously. Our simulation results indicate that a uniform effluent tax is the most cost effective instrument in abating S02 emissions. Our results shows that it is possible to abate industrial pollution while maintaining or increasing real output when uniform taxation is combined with trade liberalization.. Trade liberalization shluld not be discouraged because of its environmental effects.

모래하천의 골재채취로 인한 하천의 물리적 교란 : 감천의 골재채취 사례

김기흥(Kim Ki Heung),정혜련(Jung Hea Reyn) 대한토목학회 2009 대한토목학회 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.10

발해 건국집단의 역사적 정체성

김기흥(Kim, Ki-heung) 역사학회 2011 역사학보 Vol.0 No.210

The founders of the Balhae kingdom mostly consisted of the people of the late Goguryeo and their allied tribe of Sog"mal Mal"gal which had been loyal to the Goguryeo Dynasty. On account of the duality of its origin, the Balhae kingdom was reported in the historical records of both Tang and Silla Balhae, sometimes as a successor of Goguryeo, yet more oftentimes as a kingdom with Mal"gal tribe predominant among its population. In this article, existing records related to the history of Balhae are reexamined in order to prove that Balhae"s historical identity was largely that of a successor state to the Goguryeo dynasty, in spite of its multi-faceted nature in terms of tribal descent and bloodlines. After the Balhae people defeated Tang, they intended to found a dynasty in the "Old land of Gye"ru" 桂婁 故地, which essentially translates to "the old land of Goguryeo." They also named the fortress where their first capital proudly stood Mt. "Dongmo-san," and called it the "Mountain of Dongmyeong," who was the founder of the Goguryeo dynasty. Further evidence can be found in the title of the eldest son of Dae Jo-yeong, who was called ‘The King of Gye"rugun 桂婁郡王, in order to display his and his seat"s Goguryeo ancestry. Finally and most importantly, Dae Jo-yeong appears to have been Goguryeo, rather than Mal"gal with regard to ethnicity.

지역주의의 효과에 대한 경제적인 분석 논의

김기흥(Ki Heung Kim) 한국국제통상학회 1997 국제통상연구 Vol.2 No.2

N/A

독일 장애대학생 교육복지 지원 체계 및 동향 탐색

김기흥(Ki-Heung Kim) 한국발달장애학회 2021 발달장애연구 Vol.25 No.2

본 연구는 독일의 장애대학생을 위한 교육복지 지원체제와 대학사례를 살펴보고, 그 특성을 통하여 우리나라 장애인 고등교육정책의 발전을 위한 의미를 알아보고자 한다. 본 연구는 먼저 독일의 장애대학생들의 교육복지 지원체제와 관련된 주요 법령들과 주(州)의 교육부장관 회의와 대학총장협의회 등의 각종 권고들을 중심으로 고찰하였다. 이어서 장애대학생을 위한 교육복지 사례로 쾰른 대학교의 현황을 간단히 소개했다. 본 연구결과에서 도출된 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 독일의 장애대학생들을 위한 교육복지 체제는 법률적인 측면에서 체계적인 연속적 특성을 보인다는 점이다. 둘째, 독일의 장애대학생 복지정책이나 실천적 과정에서 각각 최고 행정책임자인 문화교육부장관이나 대학교총장들의 지속적이고 적극적인 관심과 협력적 실천의지를 볼 수 있다. 셋째, 독일의 고등교육정책에서는 장애인뿐만 아니라 만성질환을 가진 대학생들까지 포함하여 대학교육의 무장애 환경을 조성하고 있다는 점이다. This study examines the educational welfare policies and university cases for students with disabilities in Germany, and seeks to find out the implications for the development of higher education policies for the disabled in Korea. This study first examined major laws related to the educational welfare support system for students with disabilities in Germany, and various recommendations from the Minister of Education s Meeting and the University President s Council. Next, the case of educational welfare for students with disabilities was examined, centering on the University of Cologne. The implications derived from the results of this study are as follows. First, the educational welfare for students with disabilities in Germany shows a systematic and continuous characteristic in terms of legal terms. Second, we can see the continuing and active interest and willingness of cooperative practice of the Minister of Culture and Education and the university presidents, who are in charge of higher education in Germany s welfare policy or practical process for students with disabilities. Third, Germany s higher education policy emphasizes the creation of a barrier-free environment for university education, including not only the disabled but also college students with chronic diseases.