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국소 허혈성 뇌손상 흰쥐 모델에서 경두개직류전기자극이 앞다리 운동감각 기능 증진에 미치는 효과
김기도(Gi-Do Kim),심기철(Ki-Cheol Sim),김경윤(Kyung-Yoon Kim) 한국콘텐츠학회 2011 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.11 No.4
본 연구는 국소 허혈성 뇌손상 흰쥐 모델에서 tDCS의 자극 적용시간을 달리하였을 때, 앞다리 운동감각 기능변화와 선경영양인자(GAP-43)발현에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 뇌손상 모델은 Sprague-Dawley계 흰쥐 80마리를 ‘Longa'방법을 이용하여 중대뇌동맥(middle cerebral artery)을 폐색하여 유발하였고, 실험군을 4개로 나누었다; 실험군Ⅰ은 허혈성 뇌손상 유발군(n=20), 실험군Ⅱ는 허혈성 뇌손상 유발 후 tDCS(10분) 적용군(n=20), 실험군Ⅲ은 허혈성 뇌손상 유발 후 tDCS(20분) 적용군(n=20), 실험군Ⅳ는 허혈성 뇌손상 유발 후 tDCS(30분) 적용군(n=20)으로 나누었다. 앞다리운동감각 기능검사를 위해 수정 된 앞다리배치 검사와 단일 팰릿 닿기 검사를 실시하였으며, 신경가소성에 대한 면역조직화학적 검사로 운동감각 영역에서의 GAP-43 단백질 발현을 관찰하였다. 앞다리운동감각 검사는 14일에서 실험군Ⅲ (p<0.05)이 다른 군들에 비해 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 단일 팰릿 닿기 검사는 14일에서 실험군Ⅲ(p<0.01)과 실험군Ⅳ(p<0.05)에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 또한, 면역조직학적 검사는 14일에 실험군Ⅲ이 다른 군들에 비해 현저한 면역양성반응의 증가를 보였다. 따라서, 0.1 ㎃의 강도로 20분간 적용했을 때가 앞다리운동 감각 기능과 신경가역성 인자 GAP-43 발현에 가장 좋은 조건임을 알 수 있었다. This study was to investigate the effect of improve forelimb sensorimotor function and neurotrophic factor(GAP-43) expression when differing an application time of tDCS in ischemic brain injury rat model(pre, 1<SUP>st</SUP> 7<SUP>th</SUP>, 14<SUP>th</SUP>). Focal ischemic brain injury was induced in 80 Sprague-Dawley rats through middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) by 'Longa' method. And then experimental groups were randomly divided into four groups; Group Ⅰ: MCAO induction, Group Ⅱ: application of tDCS(10 min) after MCAO induction, Group Ⅲ: application of tDCS(20 min) after MCAO induction, Group Ⅳ: application of tDCS(30 min) after MCAO induction. Modified limb placing test and single pellet reaching test were performed to test forelimb sensorimotor function. And the histological examination was also observed through the immunohistochemistric response of GAP-43(growth-associated protein-43) in the cerebral cortex. In modified limb placing test, groupⅢ(p<0.05) showed significantly improve than the other groups on 14<SUP>th</SUP> day. In single pellet reaching test, groupⅢ(p<0.01) and group Ⅳ(p<0.05) significantly improved on 14<SUP>th</SUP> day. And in immunohistochemistric response of GAP-43, group Ⅲ showed significantly positive response than the other groups on 14<SUP>th</SUP> day. These results suggest that the intensity (0.1 ㎃)/time(20 min) condition of tDCS application has a significant impact on the sensorimotor functional recovery in focal ischemic brain injury rat models.
연속 반응기에서 분산제 없이 제조된 TiO2 나노 입자와 회분식 및 반회분식 반응기에서 분산제를 사용하여 제조된 입자와의 비교
김기도(Ki Do Kim),최정환(Jeong Hwan Choi),김희택(Hee Taik Kim) 한국공업화학회 2002 공업화학 Vol.13 No.4
티타니아 (TiO_2) 나노 입자를 제조하기 위한 새로운 제조 방법이 소개되었다. 본 연구에서 사용한 연속 반응법은 원료를 혼합하는 반응기와 생성된 입자의 크기와 입도 분포를 제어하기 위한 에이징 튜브로 이루어져 있다. 분산제를 사용하지 않고서 연속식 반응기에 의하여 제조된 입자들은 분산제를 사용하여 회분식 또는 반회분식과 같은 반응기에 의하여 제조된 입자들 보다 입경이 작았으며, 입도 분포 또한 동등한 수준을 보였다. 그 외에 에이징 튜브 내에서의 용액의 흐름을 연속이 아닌 끊어진 흐름을 적용함으로써, 입경이 감소하고, 입도 분포에 유리하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 상기 연속 반응기를 사용하여 약 50 nm의 평균 입경을 갖는 TiO_2 나노 입자를 얻을 수 있었다. A new preparation method to produce TiO_2 nanoparticles is introduced. This method consisted of a small reactor for mixing starting materials and an aging tube to control the size and distribution of TiO_2 fine particles. The particles prepared by a continuous reaction method without dispersant had a smaller mean particle size and smaller standard deviation than that obtained from the batch or semi-batch process with dispersant. In this work, it was also found that the size and standard deviation of TiO_2 particles decreased by using an intermittent flow type for the aging tube. With the optimal process, TiO_2 particles obtained had a mean diameter as small as 50 nm.
분체공학 유동층 재료 ( 무기 , 유기 , 고분자 ) / 회분과 반회분 공정에 의해 생성된 실리카 미립자의 특성 비교
김기도(Ki Do Kim),김희택(Hee Taik Kim) 한국화학공학회 2000 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.38 No.3
Silica fine particles were synthesized from the hydrolysis of Si(OC₂H_5)₄by using a semibatch process in order to overcome difficulties in production of fine particles by a batchwise reaction. To predict the particle size distribution, mean particle size and the yield of silica fine particles prepared by using a semibatch and a batch process, in this work, nondimensional reaction rate equations for TEOS, Si(OH)₄, and SiO₂of each system were suggested. The change of the concentration with time and the yield, therefore, were compared, respectively. As a result of the test, silica fine particles obtained by semibatch process were better than those prepared from batch system in particle size distribution, yield, and mean particle size. Especially, it was found that semibatch process was a successful method for controlling the size, i.e., a narrow distribution of a particle size which ranges to several microns. Also, the theoretical results for the yield were in good agreement with the experimental data.
흥분독성 소뇌손상 백서모델에서 운동기술학습이 균형 및 협응력에 미치는 영향
김기도 ( Gi Do Kim ),민경옥 ( Kyung Ok Min ),심재환 ( Jae Hwan Shim ),정재영 ( Jae Young Jeong ),김용억 ( Young Eok Kim ),김경윤 ( Kyung Yoon Kim ),김계엽 ( Gye Yeop Kim ),심기철 ( Ki Cheol Sim ),김은정 ( Eun Jung Kim ),남기원 ( K 대한물리의학회 2010 대한물리의학회지 Vol.5 No.3
Purpose:This study is intended to examine the motor skill learning on balance and coordination in the cerebellar injured rats by 3AP. Methods:This study selected 60 Sprague-Dawley rats of 8 weeks. Experiment groups were divided into four groups and assigned 15 rats to each group. Group Ⅰ was a normal control group(induced by saline); Group Ⅱ was a experimental control group(cerebellar injured by 3AP); Group Ⅲ was a group of motor skill learning after cerebellar injured by 3AP; Group Ⅳ was a group of treadmill exercise after cerebellar injured by 3AP. In each group, motor performance test, histologic observations, synaptophysin expression and electron microscopy observation were analyzed. Results:In motor performance test, the outcome of group Ⅱ was significantly lower than the group Ⅲ, Ⅳ (especially group Ⅲ)(p<.001). In histological finding, the experimental groups were destroy of dendrities and nucleus of cerebellar neurons. Group Ⅲ, Ⅳ were decreased in degeneration of cerebellar neurons(especially group Ⅲ). In immunohistochemistric response of synaptophysin in cerebellar cortex, experimental groups were decreased than group Ⅰ. Group Ⅲ`s expression of synaptophysin was more increased than group Ⅱ, Ⅳ. In electron microscopy finding, the experimental groups were degenerated of Purkinje cell. Conclusion:These result suggest that improved motor performance by motor skill learning after harmaline induced is associated with dynamically altered expression of synaptophysin in cerebellar cortex and that is related with synaptic plasticity.
수중운동이 허혈성 뇌졸중 유발 백서의 하지근육 및 운동기능회복에 미치는 영향
김기도,김은정,최기복,유영대,김계엽,Kim, Gi-Do,Kim, Eun-Jung,Choi, Ki-Bok,Yoo, Young-Dae,Kim, Gye-Yeop 대한물리치료학회 2006 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.18 No.3
Purpose: This study is intended to examine the aquatic exercise on the improvement of muscle atrophy and motor function in an ischemic stroke model induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Methods: We used 60 Sprague-Dawely rats which were divided into 4 groups; the subjects were divided into group of 5 rats. Group I was a group of high dose aquatic exercise after inducing ischemic stroke; Group II was a group of low dose aquatic exercise after inducing ischemic stroke; Group III was a control group, Group IV was a sham group without ischemic stroke. Results: Muscle weight of gastrocnemius muscle was significantly difference in Group II compared to Group III on 8 weeks(p<0.05). For the changes in relative muscle weight of gastrocnemius muscle, there was significant increase in Group II compared to Group III on 8 weeks(p<0.05). For neurologic exercise behavior test, Group II generally had the highest score, compared to other groups. The results of behavior test that Group II improved in degeneration and inflammation of muscle fiber and decreased in destruction of nerve cells and cerebral infarction, indicating a similar state of muscle fiber and brain to Group III. Conclusion: Based on these results, aquatic exercise may improve muscle atrophy and contribute to the improvement of motor function.
복수 개의 광파장에 대한 상대적 흡광 특성을 이용한 글루코스 농도 측정
김기도,손근식,임성수,이상신,Kim, Ki-Do,Son, Geun-Sik,Lim, Seong-Soo,Lee, Sang-Shin 한국광학회 2008 한국광학회지 Vol.19 No.6
본 논문에서는 복수 개의 측정 광파장 대역에서의 글루코스 수용액의 상대적인 흡광 특성을 이용한 글루코스 농도 예측 방법을 제안하고 검증하였다. 각 측정 파장에서의 상대적인 흡광도는 기준 파장에서의 흡광도를 기준하여 얻어진다. 선정된 기준 파장(1310 nm)과 네 개의 측정 파장(1064, 1550, 1685, 1798 nm) 대역에서는 글루코스에 대한 흡광도가 서로 반대의 부호를 갖도록 하였으며, 이 특성은 측정 정확도를 높이는데 도움이 된다. 최종적인 글루코스 수용액의 예측 농도는 각 측정 파장에서 얻어진 예측 값의 평균으로 결정된다. 5 mm의 광경로와 $0{\sim}1000mg/dL$ 농도 범위에서 실제로 측정된 글루코스의 흡광도를 살펴보면, 기준 파장 1310 nm에서는 $-1.42{\times}10^{-6}\;AU$/(mg/dL), 측정 파장 1685 nm에서는 $+8.12{\times}10^{-6}\;AU$/(mg/dL)로 최대였다. 그리고 제안된 방법을 이용하여 글루코스 용액의 농도를 예측할 경우 얻어진 표준예측오차(SEP: standard error of prediction)는 ${\sim}28\;mg/dL$였다. 또한, 온도와 지방층이 글루코스 농도 측정에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 먼저 $26{\sim}40^{\circ}C$ 온도 범위에서 측정된 흡수량 변화율은 기준 파장 1310 nm에서 $-9.1{\times}10^{-5}\;AU/^{\circ}C$였고, 측정 파장 1550 nm에서 $-2.08{\times}10^{-2}\;AU/^{\circ}C$였다. 그리고 글루코스 수용액에 존재하는 지방층 두께에 따른 흡수량 변화율은 1685 nm 파장 대역에서 +1.093 AU/mm로 측정되었다. A scheme for predicting the concentration of a glucose solution based on its relative optical absorbance at multiple probe wavelengths was proposed and verified. The relative absorbance at each of the probe wavelength was obtained with respect to the absorbance at a reference wavelength. The single reference wavelength (1310 nm) and a group of four different probe wavelengths (1064, 1550, 1685, 1798 nm) were selected to exhibit the glucose absorbance with opposite signs, thereby enhancing the accuracy of the prediction. The final glucose concentration was estimated by taking the average of the predicted values provided by the four probe wavelengths. The absorbance of the glucose solution for the path length of 5 mm was $-1.42{\times}10^{-6}\;AU$/(mg/dL) at the reference wavelength of 1310 nm and peaked at $+8.12{\times}10^{-6}\;AU$/(mg/dL) at 1685 nm. The concentration of the glucose solution was decently predicted by means of the proposed scheme with the standard error of prediction of ${\sim}28\;mg/dL$. In addition, the influence of the ambient temperature and the fat thickness upon the prediction of the glucose concentration was examined. The absorption change with the temperature was $-9.1{\times}10^{-5}\;AU/^{\circ}C$ in the temperature range of $26{\sim}40^{\circ}C$ at the reference wavelength, and $-2.08{\times}10^{-2}\;AU/^{\circ}C$ at 1550 nm. And the absorption change with respect to the fat thickness was +1.093 AU/mm at the probe wavelength of 1685 nm.