가정폭력에 있어 관습국제법으로서 “due diligence”의 개념과 적용 - 유럽인권재판소 결정을 중심으로 -

권혜영 이화여자대학교 법학연구소 2022 法學論集 Vol.27 No.1

Domestic violence is a form of gender-based violence against women that is prevalent around the world, and was raised in the 1970s, starting with the women’s movement that claimed that the issue of women’s violence was not an issue in the private sector but a social structural problem. In addition, since the mid-1980s, related resolutions and studies have continued at the United Nations, and it has emerged as a core human rights issue that requires joint response by individual countries and the international community. Traditionally, due diligence in Anglo-American law is the principle of national responsibility for damage caused by the actions of non-state actors, and has a meaning as a precautionary principle to prevent damage in advance. Since the 1990s, this principle has been expanded and applied to the field of international human rights law and has developed into a frame for recognizing the international legal responsibility of the state for preventing domestic violence, protecting victims, and punishing perpetrators. UN DEVAW(1993) and General Recommendation No. 19(1992) and No. 35(2017) of the Committee on CEDAW, Belém do Pará Convention(1994) covering the Americas, Istanbul Convention(2011) led by the European Council is a representative international and regional human rights guarantee documents that stipulates the state’s due diligence obligation. The due diligence principle institutionalized in this way was actively used as a review standard for judging violations of national obligations by judicial bodies such as the IACtHR and the ECtHR, and now has the status of a rule of customary international law. Ten years after the ECtHR ruled Opuz v. Turkey(2009), which established specific requirements for the state’s due diligence obligations in domestic violence cases, States’ positive obligations to prevent domestic violence is still incomplete and insufficient. The essence of due diligence is that the state has a legal obligation to prevent domestic violence. Therefore, in order to avoid the state’s complicity in domestic violence, the state must not tolerate domestic violence and must fulfill its ‘systemic due diligence’ by improving the gendered hierarchy inherent in society. 가정폭력은 전 세계적으로 만연한 형태의 젠더기반 여성폭력으로서, 1970년대 여성폭력문제가 사적 영역내 이슈가 아니라 사회구조적 문제라고 주장한 여성운동을 시작으로, 1980년대 중반이후 유엔에서 관련 결의안과 연구가 이어지며 개별 국가와 국제사회의 공동대처가 필요한 핵심적인 인권이슈로 부상하게 되었다. 영미법에서 전통적으로 due diligence는 비국가 행위자의 행위로 인해 발생한 피해에 대한 국가책임원칙이며, 피해 발생을 사전에 막기 위한 예방원칙으로서의 의미를 가졌다. 이것이 국제인권법으로 확대ㆍ적용되면서, 가정폭력의 예방과 피해자 보호, 가해자 처벌을 위한 국가의 국제법적 책임을 인정하기 위한 프레임으로 등장한 것은 1990년대 이후였다. 유엔여성폭력철폐선언(1993)과 여성차별철폐위원회의 일반권고 제19호(1992) 및 제35호(2017), 미주지역을 포괄하는 Belém do Pará협약(1994), 유럽이사회가 주도한 Istanbul협약(2011) 등이 국가의 due diligence의무를 명문화한 대표적인 국제적ㆍ지역적 인권보장문서이다. 이렇게 제도화된 due diligence원칙은 구체적 분쟁사건을 다루는 미주인권위원회, 유럽인권재판소 등의 사법기구에서 국가의 의무위반을 판단하기 위한 심사기준으로 적극적으로 원용됨으로써, 이제는 확립된 국제법규로서 국가간 일반적 승인을 획득한 관습국제법의 지위를 가졌다고 평가된다. 일반적으로 due diligence의 확대적용을 주장하는 한편으로, 이 원칙이 국가 책임을 강화함으로써 발생하는 사생활의 자유나 자기결정권에 대한 국가개입 문제, 형사사법적 조치에 대한 과도한 의존과 한계 등이 비판을 받고 있다. 그러나, 이러한 점은 장기간 지속성, 악화위험성, 피해자의 심리적 종속성과 같은 친밀한 관계에서의 폭력의 특징을 고려하고, 가정폭력에 대한 과도한 형사개입보다 소극적 형사개입의 문제가 훨씬 크다는 점을 생각하면 극복될 수 있다고 판단된다. 유럽인권재판소가 가정폭력사건에서 국가의 due diligence의무의 구체적 요건을 정립한 Opuz v. Turkey판결을 내린지 10년이 지난 현재에도, 가정폭력방지를 위한 국가의 적극적 의무이행은 여전히 미완성이며 불충분하다. due diligence의 핵심은 국가가 가정폭력 방지에 대한 법적 의무자라는 것이다. 따라서, 가정폭력에 대한 국가의 연루를 피하기 위해 국가는, 가정폭력을 용인하지 않아야 하며, 사회속에 내재된 젠더화된 위계질서를 개선함으로써 ‘체계적 due diligence의무’를 다해야 한다.

비정규직이 노동의 주체로 노동운동의 주체로 나서야 할 때

권혜영 한국비정규노동센터 2005 비정규 노동 Vol.38 No.-

교도교사의 學生 指導活動을 돕기 위한 學校內 資源人力 活用方案

권혜영 이화여자대학교 사범대학 교육심리학과 1977 心理硏究 Vol.- No.18

광범위한 지역 감시시스템에서의 물체기반 비디오 요약

권혜영,이경미 덕성여자대학교 자연과학연구소 2007 자연과학 논문집 Vol.13 No.-

본 논문에서는 광범위한 지역을 감시하기 위해 설치된 여러 대의 카메라로부터 획득된 비디오에 대해 물체를 기반으로 한 비디오 요약 시스템을 제안한다. 제안된 시스템은 시야가 겹쳐지지 않은 다수의 CCTV 카메라를 통해서 촬영한 비디오들을 30분 단위로 나누어 비디오 데이터베이스를 구축하고 시간별, 카메라별 비디오 검색이 가능하다. 비디오에서 물체기반 키프레임을 추출하여 카메라별, 사람별로 비디오를 요약할 수 있도록 하였다. 또한 임계치에 따라 키프레임 검색정도를 조절함으로써 비디오 요약정도를 조절할 수 있다. 이렇게 검색된 키프레임에 대한 카메라별, 시간별 통계를 통해서 감시지역의 물체기반 이벤트를 간단히 확인해 볼 수 있다.

대학생들의 보완대체요법 이용 실태 조사

권혜영,김보배,김지혜,박유나,박지현,신나래,심지수,하주희,이자형,엄지연 이화여자대학교 간호과학대학 2008 이화간호학회지 Vol.- No.42

Incidence and Mortality of Osteoporotic Fracture in Rheumatoid Arthritis in South Korea Using Nationwide Claims Data

권혜영,김현호,성윤경,하용찬 대한골대사학회 2019 대한골대사학회지 Vol.26 No.2

Background: To investigate incidence and mortaltiy of osteoporotic fractures (including hip, spine, distal radius, and proximal humerus) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and compare them with those in the genearal population. Methods: Data provided by National Health Insurance Service were used to identify osteoporotic fractures in patients aged >50 years between 2010 and 2012. Patients with RA were identified by the diagnostic code for seropositive RA. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs; observed/expected deaths) of osteoporotic fractures were calculated based on age and gender-specific rates in the entire Korean population. Incidence, mortality, and SMR of osteoporotic fractures in RA patients and the general population were calculated and compared. Results: Osteopororic fractures in the general population and RA patients were increased by 11.6% and 17.4% over 3 years (195,271 and 1,356 in 2010; 217,985 and 1,592 in 2012), respectively. Mean age-specific incidence of osteoporotic fracture in women and men with RA increased from 932.1/100,000 and 306.1/100,000 for aged 50 to 59 year to 9,377.0/100,000 and 3,700.9/100,000 for aged ≥80 years, respectively. Cumulative mortality rate in the first year after osteoporotic fracture in patients with RA was higher than that in the general population (7.8% in RA and 6.6% in the general population). SMR of osteoporotic fracture in RA patients was 1.4 times higher in men and 1.3 times higher in women than that for the general population. Conclusions: This study demonstated that incidence, 1-year mortality, and SMR of osteoporotic fracture in RA patients aged 50 years and older were higher than those in the general papulation.

Yanagihara's System을 이용한 구안와사의 호전도 평가

권혜영,조태성,손인석,윤현민,서정철,장경전,송춘호,안창범 대한침구의학회 2002 대한침구의학회지 Vol.19 No.1

창작무용 프로그램 참여가 청각장애아동의 평형성과 신체균형의 변화에 미치는 영향

권혜영,서지혜 韓國舞踊敎育學會 2010 韓國舞踊敎育學會誌 Vol.21 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the balance and body s equilibrium on creative dance program of the children with hearing deficits. Twenty subjects was divided two groups as test group and control group. The balance and body's equilibrium was tested before and after the program. The balance was significantly statistical differences in "single leg standing on closed eye" and "forward walking". The body's equilibrium was significantly statistical differences in "right, left, front, back balances". The creative dance program of the children with hearing deficits was affirmative in the balance and body's equilibrium. From the results, we could prepare basis upon which to improve the balance and body's equilibrium of the children with hearing deficits by the creative dance program. We believe that study will help to develop a similar study and propose a experimental grounds.

Health-related Quality of Life in Accordance with Fracture History and Comorbidities in Korean Patients with Osteoporosis

권혜영,하용찬,유준일 대한골대사학회 2016 대한골대사학회지 Vol.23 No.4

Background: The purpose of this study was to explore health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among Korean patients with osteoporosis and to measure the impact of fractures and comorbidity on their quality of life (QOL) using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data with a nationwide representativeness. Methods: This study was based on 4-year-data obtained from the KNHANES 2008 to 2011. Osteoporosis was diagnosed in 2,078 survey participants according to their bone mineral density measurements using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. According to the World Health Organization study group, T-scores at or above -1.0 are considered normal, those between -1.0 and -2.5 as osteopenia, and those at or below -2.5 as osteoporosis The EuroQol fivedimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D) index score was used to assess the QOL. Results: Of 2,078 patients diagnosed with osteoporosis, fractures were found to occur at 11.02%. Wrist fracture was the most frequent, affecting 4.52% of the patients, with a significantly different prevalence among men and women (P<0.001). The overall EQ-5D index score was 0.84±0.01 among patients with osteoporosis. With the exception of cancer, the EQ5D index score were significantly lower for those having osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular events compared to those without the related diseases. Conclusions: We found that low health utility was associated with previous spine fracture and comorbidities in patients with osteoporosis. In particular, the number of fracture experiences greatly deteriorated the HRQOL in patients with osteoporosis. Thus, prevention of secondary fractures and chronic care model for comorbidities should be a priority for osteoporosis management in order to improve HRQOL.

Effect of Household Processing on Pesticide Residues in Field-sprayed Tomatoes

권혜영,김택겸,홍수명,서은경,조남준,경기성 한국식품과학회 2015 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.24 No.1

Tomatoes sprayed with chlorothalonil, oxadixyl, and thiophanate-methyl in a greenhouse were cooked to juice and puree using washing, blanching, peeling, and boiling. Washing reduced amounts of chlorothalonil, oxadixyl, and thiophanate-methyl pesticide residues by 92, 52, and 84%, respectively. A concentration of 3.66% chlorothalonil remained in peeled tomatoes, 0.32% in juice, with no detection in puree. Oxadixyl remained at a concentration of 40% in peeled tomatoes, 54% in juice, and 77% in puree, and the remaining concentration of thiophanate-methyl was 6.2% in peeled tomatoes, 8.7% in juice, and 16.2% in puree. Non-systemic pesticide residues on tomato surfaces could be largely removed through washing and peeling. Reductions in levels of systemic pesticides in tomato pulp during boiling were dependent on the physico-chemical characteristics of pesticides.