Tumor immune response and immunotherapy in gastric cancer

곽윤진,서안나,이희은,이혜승 대한병리학회 2020 Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine Vol.54 No.1

Remarkable developments in immuno-oncology have changed the landscape of gastric cancer (GC) treatment. Because immunotherapy intervenes with tumor immune response rather than directly targeting tumor cells, it is important to develop a greater understanding of tumor immunity. This review paper summarizes the tumor immune reaction and immune escape mechanisms while focusing on the role of T cells and their co-inhibitory signals, such as the immune checkpoint molecules programmed death-1 and programmed deathligand 1 (PD-L1). This paper also describes past clinical trials of immunotherapy for patients with GC and details their clinical implications. Strong predictive markers are essential to improve response to immunotherapy. Microsatellite instability, Epstein-Barr virus, PDL1 expression, and tumor mutational burden are now regarded as potent predictive markers for immunotherapy in patients with GC. Novel immunotherapy and combination therapy targeting new immune checkpoint molecules such as lymphocyte-activation gene 3, T cell immunoglobulin, and mucin domain containing-3, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase have been suggested, and trials are ongoing to evaluate their safety and efficacy. Immunotherapy is an important treatment option for patients with GC and has great potential for improving patient outcome, and further research in immuno-oncology should be carried out.

각종 약용 식물로부터 피부노화 억제 관련 elastase 저해물질의 탐색 및 추출조건

곽윤진,이대형,김나미,이종수 韓國藥用作物學會 2005 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.13 No.6

본 연구에서는 비교적 가격이 저렴하고 부작용이 없으면서 효능이 우수한 피부 노화 억제 제품을 개발하고자 먼저 다양한 종류의 약용식물을 대상으로 각종 유기용매 추출물을 제조한 후 이들의 elastase 저해 활성을 측정하여 우수 식물을 선발하고 이들로 부터 elastase 저해제 추출 최적조건을 검토하였다. 64종의 약용식물에 대한 다양한 추출물 가운데 복분자 메탄올 추출물의 elastase 저해 활성이 85%로 가장 높았고 이 저해물질은 메탄올로 50℃에서 12시간 진탕 시켰을 때 가장 많이 추출 되었다. To develop a new anti-skin aging cosmetics or functional foods by using elastase inhibitor, a potent elastase inhibitor was screened from various extracts of medicinal plants and its optimal extraction condition was investigated. Methanol extracts of Rubi fructus showed the highest elastase inhibitory activity of 85%. The elastase inhibitor of Rubi fructus was maximally extracted when it was treated with 80% methanol at 50℃ for 12hr and its elastase inhibitory activity (IC50) was 0.52 mg.

노후 주거대안으로서 일터가 있는 주거유형 탐색 연구

곽윤진,권오정 가정과삶의질학회 2014 한국가정관리학회 학술발표대회 자료집 Vol.2014 No.11

바깥놀이 활동을 통한 배려교육이 유아의 행복감, 또래 유능성, 타인 정서 인식에 미치는 영향

곽윤진 ( Yun Jin Kwak ),송수희 ( Soo Hee Song ) 한국어린이문학교육학회 2016 어린이문학교육연구 Vol.17 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 바깥놀이 활동을 통한 배려교육이 유아의 행복감, 또래 유능성, 타인 정서 인식에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보는 것이었다. 연구대상은 어린이집 원아 37명이었으며, 바깥놀이 활동을 통한 배려교육을 19차에 걸쳐 실시하였다. 통계처리는 t-test와 paired t-test로 하였다. 본 연구 결과에서는 바깥놀이 활동을 통한 배려교육이 유아의 행복감, 또래 유능성과 타인정서인식 능력을 증진시킨 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 바깥놀이 활동에 실천 중심의 배려교육 교수방법을 적용한 배려교육 프로그램이 교육현장에서 의미 있게 활용 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. The idea of this study was to explore the effect of Caring education through Outdoor playing activities on young children``s happiness, Peer Competence, and Recognition of emotions in others. The subjects for this study were 37 children under 4, from child care facility M and H. Among them, 19 from facility M were the experimental group, and 18 from facility H the comparative group. The experimental group received caring education through outdoor playing activities, while the comparative group experienced the simple outdoor playing activities in the NURI curriculum. The experimental treatments were done for 10 weeks, followed by analysis. The experimental treatments were done 19 times from July 2 to September 3, 2014. The findings from this study are follows: First, the happiness of young children in the experimental group assigned the caring education through outdoor playing activities was much more enhanced than that of the group allocated to the simple outdoor playing activities in the NURI curriculum. Second, the peer competence of children in the experimental group assigned the caring education through outdoor playing activities was much more improved than that of the comparative group allocated to the simple outdoor playing activities in the NURI curriculum. Third, the recognition of emotions in others by the children in the experimental group assigned the caring education through outdoor playing activities was much more improved than that of the comparative group allocated to the simple outdoor playing activities in the NURI curriculum. This study concluded that the caring education through outdoor playing activities had positive effects on young children``s happiness, peer competence, and recognition of emotions in others. Thus, those activities involving caring education could be applied to improve the young children``s happiness, peer competence, and recognition of emotions in others while conducting outdoor activities.

Lung injury associated with inhalation of effective microorganism blends

김지민,곽윤진,윤호일 대한중환자의학회 2020 Acute and Critical Care Vol.35 No.2

Since 2009, effective microorganisms (EMs) have been supplied by the local government to the citizens of Seongnam, Korea, for various environment-protective uses including manufacturing detergents, cosmetics and humidifier disinfectants. A 68-year-old man who had placed an EM blends into a humidifier for inhalation visited the emergency room with complaints of fever and dyspnea. He was in a shock state with hypoxia. Chest computed tomography revealed diffuse ground-glass opacities that were dominant in the bilateral upper lobes. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial lung biopsy was performed. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis and biopsy findings were consistent with alveolar hemorrhage. All microbiological and virological test results were negative. His symptoms and radiographic opacities had improved markedly after several days of conservative care, and he was discharged healthy after 1 week of hospital stay.

Interpretation of PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer: summary of a consensus meeting of Korean gastrointestinal pathologists

안수민,곽윤진,권귀영,김경미,김문식,김현기,박영수,오현정,이경율,이성학,이혜승 대한병리학회 2024 Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine Vol.58 No.3

Nivolumab plus chemotherapy in the first-line setting has demonstrated clinical efficacy in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative advanced or metastatic gastric cancer, and is currently indicated as a standard treatment. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is an important biomarker for predicting response to anti–programmed death 1/PD-L1 agents in several solid tumors, including gastric cancer. In the CheckMate-649 trial, significant clinical improvements were observed in patients with PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS) ≥ 5, determined using the 28-8 pharmDx assay. Accordingly, an accurate interpretation of PD-L1 CPS, especially at a cutoff of 5, is important. The CPS method evaluates both immune and tumor cells and provides a comprehensive assessment of PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment of gastric cancer. However, CPS evaluation has several limitations, one of which is poor interobserver concordance among pathologists. Despite these limitations, clinical indications relying on PD-L1 CPS are increasing. In response, Korean gastrointestinal pathologists held a consensus meeting for the interpretation of PD-L1 CPS in gastric cancer. Eleven pathologists reviewed 20 PD-L1 slides with a CPS cutoff close to 5, stained with the 28-8 pharmDx assay, and determined the consensus scores. The issues observed in discrepant cases were discussed. In this review, we present cases of gastric cancer with consensus PD-L1 CPS. In addition, we briefly touch upon current practices and clinical issues associated with assays used for the assessment of PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer.

경도대학(京都大學) 법과대학원이 안고 있는 문제점

산본극기,곽윤진(역) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2008 고려법학 Vol.0 No.50

Association of CD57+ Natural Killer Cells with Better Overall Survival in DLBCL Patients

이정현,곽윤진,김철환,김인선 대한병리학회 2011 Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine Vol.45 No.4

Background: Malignant tumor cells may evoke the innate and adaptive immune systems. Various immune cells are involved in this immune reaction, and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells are associated with patient prognosis for solid tumors. Methods: Seventy-eight patients who were diagnosed with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) between 2001 and 2009 were selected. CD57+ NK cells, CD68+ tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were evaluated in tissue sections using immunohistochemical staining and compared with clinical parameters including age, gender, performance status, clinical stage, serum lactic dehydrogenase level, number of extranodal sites, international prognostic index score, chemotherapy response, and survival. Results: Patients with high numbers of CD57+ NK cells had a significantly higher overall survival rate than patients with low numbers of CD57+ NK cells. However, no significant difference was observed between the number of CD57+ NK cells and other prognostic parameters. The number of CD68+ TAMs and CD4+ or CD8+ T cells was not significantly correlated with prognostic factors in patients with DLBCL. Conclusions: An evaluation of tumor infiltrating CD57+ NK cells is recommended as a prognostic indicator in patients with DLBCL.

High-Throughput Multiplex Immunohistochemical Imaging of the Tumor and Its Microenvironment

고지원,곽윤진,김진,김우호 대한암학회 2020 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.52 No.1

Purpose The aim of this study was to develop a formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue based multiplex immunochemistry (mIHC) method for high-throughput comprehensive tissue imaging and demonstrate its feasibility, validity, and usefulness. Materials and Methods The mIHC protocol was developed and tested on tissue microarray slides made from archived gastric cancer (GC) tissue samples. On a single FFPE slide, cyclic immunochemistry for multiple markers of immune cells and cytokeratin for tumor cells was performed; hematoxylin staining was used for demarcation of nuclei. Whole slides were digitally scanned after each cycle. For interpretation of mIHC results, we performed computer-assisted image analysis using publicly available software. Results Using mIHC, we were able to characterize the tumor microenvironment (TME) of GCs with accurate visualization of various immune cells harboring complex immunophenotypes. Spatial information regarding intratumoral and peritumoral TME could be demonstrated by digital segmentation of image guided by cytokeratin staining results. We further extended the application of mIHC by showing that subcellular localization of molecules can be achieved by image analysis of mIHC results. Conclusion We developed a robust method for high-throughput multiplex imaging of FFPE tissue slides. The feasibility and adaptability of mIHC suggest that it is an efficient method for in situ single- cell characterization and analysis.

Clinicopathologic Analysis of Pituitary Adenoma - A Single Institute Experience

조화진,김하나,곽윤진,서정욱,백선하,손철호,윤정민,김다스란,Peter Kang,Peom Park,박성혜 대한의학회 2014 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.29 No.3

Pituitary adenoma (PA) is a common benign neuroendocrine tumor; however, theincidence and proportion of hormone-producing PAs in Korean patients remain unknown. Authors analyzed 506 surgically resected and pathologically proven pituitary lesions of theSeoul National University Hospital from 2006 to 2011. The lesions were categorized as: PAs(n = 422, 83.4%), Rathke’s cleft cysts (RCCs) (n = 54, 10.6%), inflammatory lesions (n = 8,1.6%), meningiomas (n = 4), craniopharyngiomas (n = 4), granular cell tumors (n = 1),metastatic renal cell carcinomas (n = 2), germinomas (n = 1), ependymomas (n = 1), andunsatisfactory specimens (n = 9, 1.8%). PAs were slightly more prevalent in women (M:F = 1:1.17) with a mean age of 48.8 yr (9-80 yr). Immunohistochemical analysis revealedthat prolactin-producing PAs (16.6%) and growth hormone-producing adenomas (9.2%)were the most common functional PAs. Plurihormonal PAs and nonfunctioning (null cell)adenomas were found in 14.9% and 42.4% of patients with PAs, respectively. Therecurrence rate of PAs was 11.1%, but nearly 0% for the remaining benign lesions such asRCCs. 25.4% of patients with PAs were treated by gamma-knife after surgery due toresidual tumors or regrowth of residual tumor. In conclusion, the pituitary lesions and theproportions of hormone-producing PAs in Korean patients are similar to those of previousreports except nonfunctioning (null cell) PAs, which are unusually frequent.